在高考英語(yǔ)試卷中,讀寫任務(wù)中的“以約30詞概括上文的主要內(nèi)容”是學(xué)生普遍覺(jué)得比較難的一個(gè)部分。
一、2013年讀寫任務(wù)寫作題分析
今年的考題是要求學(xué)生閱讀一篇短文后談?wù)剬?duì)平凡工作的想法。絕大多數(shù)考生對(duì)這一話題都非常熟悉,符合考生的認(rèn)知能力。閱讀材料由三個(gè)段落組成,第一段是講述人們普遍不喜歡自己的工作;第二段是人們不喜歡自己工作的原因是因?yàn)橛X(jué)得自己的工作太枯燥而又普通;第三段是作者對(duì)普通工作的看法,講述每一項(xiàng)普通工作都很重要,要求人們要尊重這些普通的勞動(dòng)者。概括部分應(yīng)包括下面三個(gè)要點(diǎn): “many people find their work unpleasant”“They cannot get real satisfaction from the work they are doing because they are boring and ordinary”“We should respect ordinary workers”
二、考生的答題情況
從今年的閱卷情況來(lái)看,大部分考生的得分都不盡人意,甚至有相當(dāng)一部分考生的得分為1或0分。在考生的答卷中主要出現(xiàn)了下面幾個(gè)問(wèn)題:
1. 要點(diǎn)不齊,概括不全。如:
This passage mainly tells us that many people dislike their jobs because they think their jobs are small part and ordinary jobs.
2. 直接引用原文,窮于變化。如:
The passage tells us that they simply do not enjoy the job they are doing. It does not give them any real satisfaction. It may be quite easy, like making up wooden boxes,but it is very boring. No matter how ordinary a job is,it plays a part in society and therefore deserves our due respect.
3. 未能準(zhǔn)確理解,脫離短文主題。如:
The passage tells us that the same man,who dislikes his job in the factory or even in the office,may work hard at the weekend, painting the house or digging the garden. They are very lazy. They don’t want to find work.
4. 概括中出現(xiàn)了部分關(guān)鍵詞,但句子結(jié)構(gòu)混亂,詞性誤用和拼寫錯(cuò)誤比較嚴(yán)重。如:
The passage tells us that to many people even the word “work” sounds unpleasant, not necessarily because they are lazy. They are not satisfactioned with their jods. They think their works are bored and easy, but also are bored and dulling.
5. 直接抄寫短文,或其它與主題不相關(guān)的語(yǔ)句或語(yǔ)段。如:
To many people even the word “work” sounds unpleasant, not necessarily because they are lazy. The same man, who dislikes his job in the factory or even in the office, may work hard at the weekend, painting the house or digging the garden.
三、如何全面而又準(zhǔn)確地概括短文的主要內(nèi)容
1. 通過(guò)寫作內(nèi)容二和各要點(diǎn)提示,迅速、準(zhǔn)確地捕捉短文中的要點(diǎn)。
縱觀近幾年的高考讀寫任務(wù)題,閱讀材料都是主題鮮明、語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)單易懂,符合絕多數(shù)考生的認(rèn)知水平。題目中的概括部分的主題與寫作部分的主題密切相關(guān),兩個(gè)部分是一個(gè)整體,組成一個(gè)完整的語(yǔ)篇。
因此,筆者認(rèn)為考生可以通過(guò)讀寫任務(wù)中的第二項(xiàng)寫作任務(wù)的內(nèi)容和寫作要點(diǎn)提示,預(yù)測(cè)短文的主要內(nèi)容,并從文章中找出與這些提示相關(guān)的句子或詞組,迅速、準(zhǔn)確、全面地捕捉短文中的要點(diǎn)?,F(xiàn)以2013年廣東省高考英語(yǔ)試題中的讀寫任務(wù)題為例。
以約120個(gè)詞談?wù)勀銓?duì)平凡工作的想法,內(nèi)容包括:
(1)描述清潔工工作的艱辛;
(2)假如沒(méi)有清潔工,環(huán)境會(huì)變得如何?
(3)你對(duì)平凡的工作的看法。
根據(jù)寫作中的這一部分內(nèi)容,考生們可以預(yù)測(cè)閱讀材料的主題應(yīng)當(dāng)與平凡工作相關(guān),從下面的三個(gè)要點(diǎn)提示中也可以得出閱讀材料應(yīng)該涉及到平凡工作的重要性。然后通讀閱讀材料,考生不難找到下面這些語(yǔ)句或詞組:To many people even the word “work” sounds unpleasant. These people simply do not enjoy the job they are doing. It does not give them any real satisfaction. It may be quite easy, but it is very boring. No matter how ordinary a job is, it plays a part in society and therefore deserves our due respect.
2. 同義改寫這些要點(diǎn)并按照一定的邏輯形成一個(gè)語(yǔ)段。
在捕捉到文章的要點(diǎn)之后,對(duì)這些語(yǔ)句進(jìn)行同義改寫,改寫經(jīng)常采用改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)、同義詞替換等方法。然后根據(jù)短文的主題和這些要點(diǎn)的邏輯關(guān)系,使用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞,使其組成一個(gè)連貫的語(yǔ)段。
重新整理后:
Many people do not enjoy the job they are doing. It may be quite easy, but it is very boring. No matter how ordinary a job is, it plays a part in society and therefore deserves our due respect.
同義改寫后:
Many people complain about the job they are doing because they find it easy and boring. However, every ordinary job is an essential part in society so we should show respect for them. (33 words)
通過(guò)這兩個(gè)步驟之后,可以清晰發(fā)現(xiàn)上面這個(gè)語(yǔ)段的內(nèi)容與短文的內(nèi)容相一致,語(yǔ)段中的句子來(lái)源于上面的短文,但不是直接引用和抄摘短文中的句子。
總之,在讀寫任務(wù)題中,快速準(zhǔn)確地概括,一是根據(jù)寫作內(nèi)容二和各個(gè)要點(diǎn)預(yù)測(cè)短文大致內(nèi)容;二是要讀懂短文的內(nèi)容并找出能體現(xiàn)短文主題的語(yǔ)句;三要對(duì)這些語(yǔ)句進(jìn)行同義改寫,用自己的話表達(dá)出來(lái)。
(作者單位:汕頭市澄海實(shí)驗(yàn)高級(jí)中學(xué))
責(zé)任編校 蔣小青