賈 睿,郭躍偉 ,黃才國
1上海海洋大學(xué)水產(chǎn)與生命學(xué)院,上海201306;2 中國科學(xué)院上海藥物研究所新藥研究國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,上海201203;3第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué),上海200433
石海綿 (Petrosia sp.)屬于多孔動物門(Spongia)尋常海綿綱(Demospongiae)簡骨海綿目(Haplosclerida)磯海綿科(Renieridae)石海綿屬(Petrosia)動物。該屬海綿種類多樣,分布廣泛,且含有豐富的結(jié)構(gòu)新穎的次生代謝產(chǎn)物。文獻(xiàn)報道石海綿(Petrosia sp.)屬的特征代謝產(chǎn)物是長鏈多烯多炔類化合物,還有少量的萜類和甾體[1]。含有氰基和異硫氰的沒藥烷型倍半萜多發(fā)現(xiàn)于海綿Theonella cf.swinhoei 和Halichondria sp.中,還未見從海綿Petrosia sp.中分離得到該類倍半萜的報道,且氰基和異硫氰及甲酰胺型多相伴而生,這暗示它們在生源上有密切的關(guān)系。由于樣品量的限制(粗提物287mg),也可能是采集地和季節(jié)的差異,我們并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)該屬特征的代謝產(chǎn)物-長鏈多烯多炔類化合物,但是我們從中首次分離得到四個倍半萜類化合物(1~4)和1 個芳香化合物(5)。
蜂海綿 (Haliclona sp.)屬于多孔動物門(Spongia)尋常海綿綱(Demospongiae)簡骨海綿目(Haplosclerida)蜂海綿科(Renieridae)蜂海綿屬(Haliclona)動物。該屬海綿含有豐富的代謝產(chǎn)物,也是被研究較多的一個屬。蜂海綿屬(Haliclona)典型的代謝產(chǎn)物是生物堿和甾體,還有少量的萜類和脂類[2]。我們從中分離得到兩個異喹啉型生物堿(6 和7)、4 個甾體(8~11)、2 個苷類(12 和13)、1 個三萜(14)及1 個芳香化合物(5)。其中化合物6 能有效抑制黃嘌呤氧化酶。
圖1 化合物1~14 的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)Fig.1 The chemical structures of compounds 1-14
Bruker DRX-400 核磁共振儀,1H NMR 位移值以氘代溶劑中殘存的CHCl3(δ7.26 ppm)為內(nèi)標(biāo),13C NMR 位移值以CDCl3(δ77.0 ppm)為內(nèi)標(biāo);Q-TOF Micro LC-MS-MS 質(zhì)譜儀(測定ESIMS);Finnigan-MAT-95 質(zhì)譜儀 (測定EI-MS);Sephadex LH-20(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech 生產(chǎn));柱層析硅膠(青島海洋化工分廠);TLC 預(yù)制板(煙臺匯友硅膠開發(fā)有限公司);石油醚(杭州煉油廠);正己烷(上海試劑一廠);丙酮(上海溶劑廠)。
實(shí)驗(yàn)樣品于2003 年1 月采自我國南海三亞海域水下20 m 處,立即冷凍備用。種屬由中國科學(xué)院海洋研究所李錦和研究員鑒定為石海綿(Petrosia sp.)和蜂海綿(Haliclona sp.);樣品標(biāo)本(LS-59和LS-77)保存在中國科學(xué)院上海藥物研究所海洋天然產(chǎn)物研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室。
石海綿(Petrosia sp.,干重14 g)切碎后用丙酮超聲提取3 次,將提取液減壓濃縮除去有機(jī)溶劑,濃縮物懸浮于30 mL 水中,用等體積的乙醚及正丁醇分別萃取4 次,有機(jī)相萃取液經(jīng)減壓濃縮分別得到乙醚粗浸膏113 mg 及正丁醇粗浸膏63 mg。正丁醇粗浸膏經(jīng)硅膠薄層層析檢測未發(fā)現(xiàn)感興趣的點(diǎn),故舍棄。乙醚粗浸膏經(jīng)硅膠(200~300 目)柱層析,以石油醚-丙酮梯度洗脫(丙酮0~100%),然后經(jīng)SephadexLH-20 凝膠柱層析,以石油醚/氯仿/甲醇(2∶1∶1)洗脫,然后經(jīng)硅膠(400~600 目)柱反復(fù)柱層析,分別得到5 個化合物:1 (3.2 mg),2 (2.7 mg),3 (4.1 mg),4 (5.3 mg)和5 (6.6 mg)。
蜂海綿(Haliclona sp.,干重103 g)切碎后用丙酮超聲提取3 次,將提取液減壓濃縮除去有機(jī)溶劑,濃縮物懸浮于200 mL 水中,用等體積的乙醚及正丁醇分別萃取4 次,有機(jī)相萃取液經(jīng)減壓濃縮分別得到乙醚粗浸膏2.6 g 及正丁醇粗浸膏1.8 g。乙醚粗浸膏經(jīng)硅膠(200~300 目)柱層析,以石油醚-丙酮梯度洗脫(丙酮0~100%),然后經(jīng)SephadexLH-20 凝膠柱層析,以石油醚/氯仿/甲醇(2∶1∶1)洗脫,然后經(jīng)硅膠(400~600 目)柱反復(fù)柱層析,分別得到7 個化合物:6 (23. 6 mg),7 (4. 7 mg),8 (136.1 mg),9 (12.3 mg),10 (10.7 mg),11(19.2 mg),14 (10.8 mg)。正丁醇粗浸膏經(jīng)凝膠柱層析和正相硅膠柱層析純化,得到2 個化合物:12(11.4 mg),13 (9.6 mg)。
化合物1 無色油狀物,1H NMR (CDCl3,400 MHz):δ 6.20 (1H,ddd,J = 15,10.8,1 Hz,H-9),5.79 (1H,d,J = 10.8 Hz,H-8),5.58 (1H,dd,J= 15,6.8 Hz,H-10),2.33 (1H,m,H-11),1.7(3H,br s,CH3-14),1.42 (3H,t,J = 2 Hz,CH3-13),0.99 (6H,d,J = 6.8 Hz,CH3-12,15);13C NMR (CDCl3,100 MHz):δ 26.3 (C-1,5),38.1 (C-2,4),56.6 (C-3),44.6 (C-6),138.4 (C-7),123.7(C-8),123.3 (C-9),140.5 (C-10),31.5 (C-11),22.4 (C-12,15),15.1 (C-14),152.2 (C-16);ESIMS (m/z):231[M]+。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[3]對照基本一致,故鑒定化合物1 為3-isocyanotheonellin。
化合物2 無色油狀物,1H NMR (CDCl3,400 MHz):δ1.00 (6H,d,J = 6.6 Hz,CH3-12,15),1.41(3H,s,CH3-13),1.71 (3H,d,J = 1 Hz,CH3-14),2.34 (1H,m,H-11),5.56 (1H,dd,J = 15,6.6 Hz,H-10),5.78 (1H,br d,J = 11 Hz,H-8),6.21 (1H,ddq,J = 15,11,1 Hz,H-9);13C NMR (CDCl3,100 MHz):δ 15.2 (C-14),38.1 (C-2,4),56.6 (C-3),44.6 (C-6),138.7 (C-7),123.9 (C-8),123.4 (C-9),140.6(C-10),31.4 (C-11),22.5 (C-12,15);ESI-MS (m/z):263[M]+。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[4]對照基本一致,故鑒定化合物2 為theonellin isothiocyanate。
化合物3 無色油狀物,1H NMR (CDCl3,400 MHz):δ 1.00 (6H,d,J = 6.6 Hz,CH3-12,15),1.42(3H,s,CH3-13),1.72 (3H,s,CH3-14),2.35(1H,m,H-11),5.56 (1H,dd,J = 16,6.5 Hz,H-10),5.79 (1H,br d,J = 11 Hz,H-8),6.21 (1H,dd,J = 15,11 Hz,H-9);13C NMR (CDCl3,400 MHz):δ 140.7 (d),139.2 (s),123.7 (d),123.4(d),55.1 (s),45.6 (d),35.9 (t),31.4 (t);ESIMS (m/z):222 [M + H]+。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[4]對照基本一致,故鑒定化合物3 為theonellin amine。
化合物4 無色油狀物,1H NMR (CDCl3,400 MHz):δ 1.00 (6H,d,J = 6.6 Hz,CH3-12,15),1.35,1.42 (each 1/2H,s,H-13),1.73 (3H,br s,CH3-14),2.34 (1H,m,H-11),5.59 (1H,dd,J =15,6.6 Hz,H-10),5.81 (1H,br d,J = 11 Hz,H-8),6.22 (1H,dd,J = 15,11 Hz,H-9),8.04 (1/2H,d,J = 2.1 Hz,H-CHO),8.31 (1/2H,d,J =12.3 Hz,H-CHO);13C NMR (CDCl3,100 MHz):δ 14.9 (C-14),22.1,24.3 (each 1/2 C,C-13),22.4(C-12,15),27.2 (C-1,5),31.2 (C-11),36.7,39.0(each 1/2 C,C-2,4),46.0,46.2 (each 1/2 C,C-3),123.2 (C-8),123.4 (C-9),139.1,139.6 (each 1/2 C,C-7),139.8,140.1 (each 1/2 C,C-10),160.4,162.8 (each 1/2 C,C-CHO);EI-MS (m/z):249(M+)。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[4]對照基本一致,故鑒定化合物4 為theonellin formamide。
化合物5 無色油狀物,1H NMR (CDCl3,400 MHz):δ7.7 (2H,ddd,J = 7.9,3.6,0.6 Hz,H-3,H-6),7.5 (2H,m,H-4,H-5),4.06 (4H,dd,J =6.6,0.6 Hz,H2-8,H2-8'),2.01 (2H,m,H-9,H-9'),0.96 (12H,dd,J = 6.8,0.7 Hz,CH3-10,CH3-11,CH3-10',CH3-11')。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[5]對照基本一致,故鑒定化合物5 為鄰苯二甲酸二異丁酯。
化合物6 黃色粉末,1H NMR (CDCl3,400 MHz):δ 8.94 (1H,d,J = 4.95 Hz,H-3),7.92(1H,d,J = 7.92 Hz,H-4),4.84 (1H,t,J = 4.81 Hz,H-OH),5.19 (2H,d,J = 4.80 Hz,CH2-9),4.15 (3H,s,OCH3-7),2.10 (3H,s,CH3-6);13C NMR (CDCl3,100 MHz):δ 160.3 (C-1),152.8 (C-3),118.2 (C-4),139.1 (C-4a),184.5 (C-5),121.7 (C-6),158.2 (C-7),181.6 (C-8),130.7 (C-8a),64.1 (C-9),9.1 (C-CH3),61.4 (C-OCH3);EI-MS (m/z):233 (M+)。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[6]對照基本一致,故鑒定化合物6 為renierol。
化合物7 黃色粉末,1H NMR (CDCl3,400 MHz):δ 8.26 (1H,s,H-1),7.11 (1H,s,H-4),4.17(3H,s,OCH3-7),2.07 (3H,s,CH3-6),3.67 (3H,s,CH3-2);13C NMR (CDCl3,100 MHz):δ 142.0 (C-1),162.8 (C-3),116.7 (C-4),138.9 (C-4a),183.5 (C-5),133.1 (C-6),159.5 (C-7),177.3 (C-8),111.3 (C-8a),38.4 (C-9),9.5 (C-CH3),61.3(C-OCH3);EI-MS (m/z):233 (M+)。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[7]對照基本一致,故鑒定化合物7 為isoquinolinequinones mimosamycin。
化合物8 白色針晶,1H NMR (CDCl3,400 MHz):δ 5.33 (1H,t,J =2.5 Hz),3.50 (1H,m),0.98 (3H,s,CH3-19),0.90~0.78 (9H,m),0.66(3H,s,CH3-18);EI-MS (m/z):386 (M+),368,353,301,275,273,255,231,213,159。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[8]對照基本一致,故鑒定化合物8 為膽甾醇。
化合物9 白色固體,1H NMR (CDCl3,400 MHz):δ5.54 (1H,d,J = 3.9 Hz,H-6),5.36 (1H,d,J = 3.9 Hz,H-7),5.18 (2H,m,H-22,H-23),3.61 (1H,m,H-3),1.03 (3H,d,J = 6.6 Hz ),0.94 (3H,s),0.91 (3H,d,J = 6.8 Hz),0.84(3H,d,J = 6.8 Hz),0.82 (3H,d,J = 6.6 Hz),0.62 (3H,s);EI-MS (m/z):396 (M+),363,271,253,211。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[9]對照基本一致,故鑒定化合物9 為麥角甾醇。
化合物10 白色固體,1H NMR (C5D5N,400 MHz):δ 5.76 (1H,br s),5.25 (1H,m),5.15 (1H,m),4.82 (1H,m),4.36 (1H,br d),1.58 (3H,s),0.68 (3H,s),0.84 (3H,d,J = 6.8 Hz),0.82(3H,d,J = 6.6 Hz),0.62 (3H,s)。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[10]對照基本一致,故鑒定化合物10 為(24R)-ergosta-7,22-diene-3β,5β,6β-triol。
化合物11 無色針晶,1H NMR (CDCl3,400 MHz):δ 6.50 (1H,d,J = 8.5 Hz,H-7),6.24 (1H,d,J = 8.5 Hz,H-6),5.18 (2H,m,H-22,H-23),3.97 (1H,m,H-3),1.00 (3H,d,J = 6.6 Hz,CH3-21 ),0.91 (3H,d,J = 6.8 Hz,CH3-28),0.88 (3H,s,CH3-19),0.83 (3H,d,J = 6.8 Hz,CH3-27),0.82 (3H,d,J = 6.6 Hz,CH3-26),0.82 (3H,s,CH3-18);EI-MS (m/z):428 (M+),410,397,396,303。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[11]對照基本一致,故鑒定化合物11 為5α,8α-epidioxycholest-6-en-3β-ol。
化合物12 白色固體,1H NMR (C5D5N,400 MHz):δ 7.70 (1H,s),7.0 (1H,t),5.02 (2H,m),4.44 (1H,q),4.24-4.10 (2H,m),2.72 (2H,m),1.84 (3H,s);ESI-MS (m/z):243[M+H]+。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[12]對照基本一致,故鑒定化合物12 為胸苷。
化合物13 白色固體,1H NMR (C5D5N,400 MHz):δ 8.38 (1H,d,J = 8.1 Hz),6.96 (1H,t,J= 6.6 Hz),5.90 (1H,d,J = 8.1 Hz),4.97 (1H,m),4.42 (1H,m),4.15 (2H,m),2.60 (2H,m),1.84 (3H,s);ESI-MS (m/z):229[M+H]+。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[12]對照基本一致,故鑒定化合物13 為胞苷。
化合物14 無色油狀物,1H NMR (CDCl3,400 MHz):δ 5.18 (6H,m,H-3,7,11,14,18,22),2.15(20H,m,CH2-4,5,8,9,12,13,16,17,20,21),1.69(6H,s,2 ×CH3),1.60 (18H,s,6 ×CH3);13C NMR(CDCl3,100 MHz):δ 135.0 (C-10,15),134.8 (C-6,19),131.1 (C-2,23),124.4 (C-3,22),124.3(C-7,18),39.7 (C-5,9,20,16),28.2 (C-12,13),26.7 (C-4,21),26.6 (C-8,17),25.6 (C-1,24),17.6(2 CH3),15.9 (4 CH3);EI-MS (m/z):410[M+]。以上波譜數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[13]對照基本一致,故鑒定化合物14 為鯊烯。
在對這些化合物進(jìn)行廣泛的活性篩選后,發(fā)現(xiàn)化合物renierol (6)對黃嘌呤氧化酶有明顯的抑制作用,采用尿酸生成法[14]和超氧離子致NBT 顯色法[15]測定其對黃嘌呤氧化酶的抑制活性,IC50分別為1.85 μg/mL 和1.36 μg/mL,顯示其對黃嘌呤氧化酶有明顯的抑制作用。
表1 Renierol (6)對次黃嘌呤造成的小鼠高尿酸血癥模型的影響Table 1 Effect of renierol (6)on hypoxanthine-induced animal models of hyperuricemia
此外,還做了renierol (6)對次黃嘌呤造成的小鼠高尿酸血癥模型的影響實(shí)驗(yàn)[16]。結(jié)果如表1 所示,在實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下,renierol 組小鼠血清尿酸水平與正常值相比有不同程度的升高,但與生理鹽水相比,有顯著降低(P <0.01),說明它能部分抑制由次黃嘌呤引起的血清尿酸水平的升高。
人體內(nèi)次黃嘌呤在黃嘌呤氧化酶的作用下生成黃嘌呤,黃嘌呤再在黃嘌呤氧化酶的作用下生成尿酸,同時也生成一分子超氧離子,由于人體缺乏尿酸氧化酶,因此尿酸是嘌呤代謝的終產(chǎn)物,最后通過腎臟排出體外,血中尿酸長期偏高就會造成痛風(fēng)。黃嘌呤氧化酶是尿酸生成的關(guān)鍵酶,可以作為降尿酸藥物的靶點(diǎn)。黃嘌呤氧化酶的活性可以通過其產(chǎn)物的生成量來測定,本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過分別測定尿酸和超氧離子的生成,觀察renierol 體外對黃嘌呤氧化酶活性的影響,兩者的結(jié)果一致,證明renierol 是黃嘌呤氧化酶的抑制劑。為了證明其在體內(nèi)是否也具有降尿酸作用,采用尿酸生成的前體物質(zhì)(次黃嘌呤)造成小鼠高尿酸血癥,試驗(yàn)結(jié)果證明renierol 在體內(nèi)也有明顯的降尿酸作用,其作用稍弱于別嘌呤醇,但由于它是天然產(chǎn)物,毒性作用小,很有希望開發(fā)成防治痛風(fēng)的新藥。
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