李新 晁康 姚佳燕 鐘碧慧 陳旻湖
·論著·
急性胰腺炎床旁嚴(yán)重度指數(shù)和無害性胰腺炎評(píng)分對(duì)急性胰腺炎預(yù)后的評(píng)估價(jià)值
李新 晁康 姚佳燕 鐘碧慧 陳旻湖
目的評(píng)價(jià)急性胰腺炎床旁嚴(yán)重度指數(shù)(BISAP)與無害性胰腺炎評(píng)分(HAPS)評(píng)估急性胰腺炎(AP)預(yù)后的價(jià)值。方法回顧性分析2003年1月至2010年12月中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院收治的442例AP患者資料,計(jì)算BISAP和HAP評(píng)分,繪制受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線并計(jì)算曲線下面積(AUC),分析它們對(duì)AP嚴(yán)重度、局部并發(fā)癥、器官功能不全、預(yù)后的評(píng)估價(jià)值,并與傳統(tǒng)的Ranson評(píng)分進(jìn)行比較。結(jié)果442例AP患者中,73例(16.5%)為重癥急性胰腺炎(SAP)。BISAP評(píng)分預(yù)測SAP、局部并發(fā)癥、器官功能不全、病死結(jié)局的AUC分別是0.90(95%CI:0.86~0.93)、0.82(95%CI:0.76~0.89)、0.93(95%CI:0.89~0.96)、0.93(95%CI:0.87~0.98)。BISAP評(píng)分和Ranson評(píng)分上述4項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的AUC差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。HAP評(píng)分預(yù)測輕癥急性胰腺炎(MAP)的特異性為85%,陽性預(yù)測值95%,AUC為0.73(95%CI:0.67~0.79)。將BISAP和HAP評(píng)分相結(jié)合,2種評(píng)分均異常的患者發(fā)生不良結(jié)局的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)逐漸升高。結(jié)論BISAP評(píng)分對(duì)AP預(yù)后的評(píng)估價(jià)值與Ranson評(píng)分相當(dāng),但更為簡便。HAP評(píng)分能簡單且準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測MAP的預(yù)后,BISAP和HAP評(píng)分相結(jié)合有助于更好地判斷AP患者的預(yù)后。
急性胰腺炎; BISAP評(píng)分; HAP評(píng)分; 預(yù)后; 評(píng)分系統(tǒng)
急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP) 是臨床常見的急腹癥之一,其中重癥急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)約占20%,常出現(xiàn)全身及局部并發(fā)癥,病死率高達(dá)10%~30%[1]。早期進(jìn)行預(yù)后評(píng)估有助于及時(shí)啟動(dòng)監(jiān)護(hù)及采取相應(yīng)治療措施,從而改善患者的臨床結(jié)局。臨床上常用的AP預(yù)后評(píng)分包括APACHEⅡ評(píng)分、Ranson評(píng)分[2]、Balthazar CT嚴(yán)重指數(shù)(CT severity index,CTSI)。APACHEⅡ評(píng)分因項(xiàng)目繁多且計(jì)算方法復(fù)雜,臨床實(shí)用價(jià)值有限。Ranson評(píng)分在臨床應(yīng)用最為廣泛,但需入院48 h才能完成評(píng)分,無法動(dòng)態(tài)評(píng)估病情,且11項(xiàng)指標(biāo)相對(duì)較多,計(jì)算復(fù)雜。CTSI評(píng)分也需要48~72 h才能準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估AP預(yù)后[3]。因此,臨床上需要更簡便且能早期評(píng)估AP預(yù)后的指標(biāo)或評(píng)分系統(tǒng)。近年新制定了一些AP預(yù)后評(píng)分——急性胰腺炎床旁嚴(yán)重度指數(shù)(bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis,BISAP)與無害性急性胰腺炎評(píng)分(harmless acute pancreatitis score,HAPS)。國外大樣本回顧性研究及前瞻性研究初步證實(shí)了BISAP預(yù)測AP嚴(yán)重度尤其是病死風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的價(jià)值[4-6]。HAP評(píng)分是一種預(yù)測輕癥急性胰腺炎(mild acute pancreatitis,MAP)的評(píng)分方法,研究顯示其預(yù)測MAP結(jié)局的特異性為97%,陽性預(yù)測值為98%[7]。本研究應(yīng)用上述2個(gè)評(píng)分系統(tǒng)分析AP患者的臨床資料,并以Ranson評(píng)分作為參照,評(píng)價(jià)它們對(duì)AP預(yù)后的評(píng)估價(jià)值。
一、研究對(duì)象
收集2003年1月至2010年12月中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院就診的具有完整臨床資料的AP患者。AP診斷依據(jù)2006年美國胃腸病學(xué)院及其實(shí)踐委員會(huì)制定的《急性胰腺炎診治指南》的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8]。SAP診斷依據(jù)2007年美國胃腸病學(xué)會(huì)制定的 《美國胃腸病學(xué)會(huì)關(guān)于急性胰腺炎的聲明》標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9]。
二、研究方法
收集患者入院后相關(guān)檢查結(jié)果,采用相應(yīng)指標(biāo)于入院24 h內(nèi)計(jì)算BISAP和HAP評(píng)分,入院48 h內(nèi)計(jì)算Ranson評(píng)分,根據(jù)評(píng)分結(jié)果進(jìn)行嚴(yán)重度和預(yù)后評(píng)價(jià)。Ranson評(píng)分根據(jù)病因分為非膽源性和膽源性兩種。非膽源性[2]入院時(shí)的5項(xiàng)指標(biāo):(1)年齡>55歲;(2)WBC>16×109/L;(3)血糖>11.1 mmol/L;(4)LDH>350 U/L;(5)AST>250 U/L。入院48 h后的6項(xiàng)指標(biāo):(1)血細(xì)胞比容下降>10%;(2)BUN增加>1.8 mmol/L;(3)血 Ca2+<2.0 mmol/L;(4)PaO2<60 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa);(5)堿缺失>4 mmol/L;(6)液體丟失>6 L。膽源性[10]入院時(shí)的指標(biāo):(1)年齡>70歲;(2)WBC>18×109/L;(3)血糖>11.1 mmol/L;(4)LDH>400 U/L;(5)AST>250 U/L。入院48 h后的6項(xiàng)指標(biāo):(1)血細(xì)胞比容下降>10%;(2)BUN增加>0.72 mmol/L;(3)血Ca2+<2.0 mmol/L;(4)PaO2<60 mmHg;(5)堿缺失>5 mmol/L;(6)液體丟失>6 L。每項(xiàng)1分,≥3分提示為SAP。BISAP評(píng)分[4]:(1)BUN>17.9 mmol/L;(2)精神障礙(Glasgow評(píng)分<15分);(3)全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS)的4項(xiàng)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中≥2項(xiàng)陽性;(4)年齡>60歲;(5)影像學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)胸腔積液。每項(xiàng)1分,≥3分提示為SAP。HAP評(píng)分[7]:(1)無反跳痛和肌緊張;(2)血細(xì)胞比容正常(異常:男性>43%,女性>39.6%);(3)血肌酐正常(異常:>177 μmol/L)。HAP評(píng)分3項(xiàng)均無異常定義為無害,提示為MAP,有一項(xiàng)或一項(xiàng)以上異常定義為非無害。評(píng)價(jià)的預(yù)后指標(biāo)為:局部并發(fā)癥(胰腺壞死、胰腺膿腫、假性囊腫),器官衰竭,病死。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
一、一般情況
共納入AP患者442例,其中男性255例,女性187例,年齡11~95歲,平均55歲。AP病因:膽源性228例(51.6%),特發(fā)性105例(23.8%),酒精性50例(11.3%),高脂血癥性20例(4.5%),腫瘤、手術(shù)、藥物、ERCP等39例(8.8%)。SAP共73例(16.5%),其中出現(xiàn)胰腺局部并發(fā)癥42例(9.5%),器官功能衰竭41例(9.3%),兩者同時(shí)出現(xiàn)10例(2.3%),病死9例(2.0%)。
二、BISAP評(píng)分和Ranson評(píng)分對(duì)AP嚴(yán)重度及預(yù)后的評(píng)估價(jià)值
Ranson評(píng)分≥3分共75例,評(píng)估MAP的中位數(shù)及四分位間距為1.0(1.0~0),SAP為2.0(3.0~2.0);BISAP評(píng)分≥3分共53例,評(píng)估MAP、SAP的中位數(shù)及四分位間距分別為1.0(1.0~0)、3.0(4.0~2.0)。2種評(píng)分的差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001),但預(yù)測SAP的敏感性、特異性、陰性預(yù)測值、陽性預(yù)測值、約登(Youden)指數(shù)的差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(圖1a,表1)。
BISAP評(píng)分和Ranson評(píng)分預(yù)測AP局部并發(fā)癥、器官功能不全和病死結(jié)局的AUC差異及敏感性、特異性、陽性預(yù)測值、陰性預(yù)測值、Youden指數(shù)均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(圖1b、c、d,表1)。SAP 患者病死9例,其中BISAP評(píng)分≥3分7例, 2分2例,Ranson評(píng)分均≥3分。
圖1BISAP評(píng)分和Ranson評(píng)分評(píng)估重癥急性胰腺炎(a)、局部并發(fā)癥(b)、器官功能不全(c)、病死結(jié)局(d)的ROC曲線
三、HAP評(píng)分預(yù)測MAP的價(jià)值
442例患者中,HAP評(píng)分為無害性胰腺炎236例(53.4%),其中MAP符合率達(dá)95.3%,評(píng)分為非無害性胰腺炎206例,其中SAP符合率為30.1%。兩者比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。HAP評(píng)分預(yù)測MAP的AUC為0.73(95%CI:0.67~0.79),評(píng)分為無害性胰腺炎預(yù)測MAP的敏感性為61%,特異性為85%,陽性預(yù)測值高達(dá)95%,陰性預(yù)測值為30%,Youden指數(shù)為0.46。
將BISAP≥3分或Ranson≥3分的病例根據(jù)HAP評(píng)分結(jié)果分為無害性胰腺炎組與非無害性胰腺炎組。BISAP≥3分的53例中7例為無害性胰腺炎,46例為非無害性胰腺炎。無害性胰腺炎組中1例(14%)為SAP ,非無害性胰腺炎組中35例(76%)為SAP ,無害性胰腺炎組SAP發(fā)生率明顯降低(P=0.005)。無害性胰腺炎組無1例器官功能不全,非無害性胰腺炎組器官功能不全27例(59%),無害性胰腺炎組器官功能不全發(fā)生率明顯降低(P=0.004)。Ranson≥3分的75例中17例為無害性胰腺炎,58例為非無害性胰腺炎。無害性胰腺炎組中4例(24%)為SAP ,非無害性胰腺炎組44例(76%)為SAP,無害性胰腺炎組SAP發(fā)生率明顯降低(P<0.001)。無害性胰腺炎組器官功能不全2例(12%),非無害性胰腺炎組器官功能不全32例(55%),無害性胰腺炎組器官功能不全發(fā)生率明顯降低(P=0.004)。
四、BISAP評(píng)分和HAP評(píng)分相結(jié)合評(píng)估AP嚴(yán)重度
根據(jù)2種評(píng)分結(jié)果分為3組:第1組,BISAP評(píng)分<3分且HAP評(píng)分為無害,定義為2種評(píng)分均正常;第2組,BISAP評(píng)分≥3分或HAP評(píng)分為非無害,定義為2種評(píng)分有一種異常;第3組,BISAP評(píng)分≥3分且HAP評(píng)分為非無害,定義為2種評(píng)分均異常。2種評(píng)分均異常組發(fā)生SAP、胰腺并發(fā)癥、器官功能不全、病死的比例最高(表2)。
傳統(tǒng)的胰腺炎評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)難以實(shí)現(xiàn)早期簡便的AP預(yù)后評(píng)估。在近年新制定的評(píng)分中,APACHE O評(píng)分在APACHEⅡ評(píng)分的基礎(chǔ)上加上了肥胖指標(biāo)評(píng)分,計(jì)算更加復(fù)雜[11],BALI評(píng)分包含了臨床未廣泛應(yīng)用的指標(biāo)IL-6[12],因此實(shí)際應(yīng)用價(jià)值有限。另外一些評(píng)分則僅關(guān)注了SAP患者的病死風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[13-14],并不適用于所有AP患者的預(yù)后評(píng)估。一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)單項(xiàng)預(yù)測指標(biāo)如IL-6[15-16]、降鈣素原[17]、血清淀粉樣蛋白A[18]等與AP的預(yù)后有關(guān),然而這些研究多數(shù)為單中心小樣本的研究,其研究結(jié)果臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值有限[19]。CRP是目前被廣泛應(yīng)用的單項(xiàng)預(yù)測指標(biāo),但其評(píng)估AP預(yù)后需要發(fā)病48 h以后,不適宜早期評(píng)估[20]。一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)BUN及其動(dòng)態(tài)變化可以預(yù)測AP病死風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[21-22],其應(yīng)用價(jià)值有待進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。因此,上述評(píng)分或指標(biāo)均不能早期簡便評(píng)估AP預(yù)后。
表1 BISAP評(píng)分和Ranson評(píng)分對(duì)急性胰腺炎嚴(yán)重度和預(yù)后指標(biāo)的評(píng)估比較
表2 BISAP評(píng)分和HAP評(píng)分相結(jié)合評(píng)估急性胰腺炎預(yù)后的結(jié)果[例(%)]
注:BISAP評(píng)分<3分或HAP評(píng)分為無害,定義為正常,BISAP評(píng)分≥3分或HAP評(píng)分為非無害,定義為異常;P1為1組和2組比較的P值,P2為2組和3組比較的P值,P3為1組和3組比較的P值
最近報(bào)道的BISAP評(píng)分僅包含5項(xiàng)指標(biāo),計(jì)算簡便,且可于入院24 h內(nèi)完成。國外一項(xiàng)前瞻性的研究[5]顯示,BISAP評(píng)分≥3分較BISAP評(píng)分<3分的患者發(fā)生器官功能不全的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高7.4倍,發(fā)生持續(xù)性器官功能不全的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高12.7倍,但該研究并未詳細(xì)評(píng)估BISAP評(píng)分≥3分預(yù)測器官功能不全的診斷價(jià)值。另一項(xiàng)研究[6]發(fā)現(xiàn),BISAP評(píng)分≥3分發(fā)生SAP(該研究將SAP定義為器官功能不全持續(xù)48 h以上)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高7.3倍,發(fā)生胰腺壞死的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高4.8倍;BISAP評(píng)分≥3分評(píng)估SAP和胰腺壞死的AUC分別為0.81和0.78,同Ranson和APACHE-Ⅱ評(píng)分相比,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。但該研究認(rèn)為BISAP評(píng)分需計(jì)算SIRS評(píng)分,因此并不簡便,較Ranson評(píng)分并無明顯優(yōu)勢。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,BISAP評(píng)分與傳統(tǒng)的Ranson評(píng)分在預(yù)測SAP、局部并發(fā)癥、器官功能不全、病死結(jié)局方面無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,提示BISAP評(píng)分對(duì)AP的嚴(yán)重度及預(yù)后的評(píng)估價(jià)值與Ranson評(píng)分相似。SIRS在AP疾病進(jìn)程中起重要作用,研究顯示AP患者早期出現(xiàn)SIRS與AP嚴(yán)重度相關(guān)[23]。SIRS評(píng)分只需收集生命體征和血常規(guī)數(shù)據(jù),可迅速獲得,便于臨床使用,因此本研究認(rèn)為,SIRS評(píng)分不會(huì)降低BISAP評(píng)分的簡便程度。
以往的研究初步證實(shí),BISAP評(píng)分的優(yōu)勢為對(duì)病死結(jié)局有很好的預(yù)測價(jià)值,其預(yù)測病死結(jié)局的AUC為0.82(0.67~0.95)[4-6]。本研究中BISAP評(píng)分≥3分預(yù)測病死結(jié)局的AUC為0.92(95%CI:0.86~0.98),高于以往的研究,與Ranson評(píng)分相比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。BISAP評(píng)分≥3分預(yù)測病死結(jié)局的敏感性為4項(xiàng)預(yù)測指標(biāo)中最高(78%),提示BISAP評(píng)分對(duì)AP病死風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測價(jià)值較高。
BISAP評(píng)分具有以下優(yōu)勢:(1)所有評(píng)分項(xiàng)目均可于入院24 h內(nèi)獲得,可以實(shí)現(xiàn)早期評(píng)估;(2)評(píng)分項(xiàng)目少,易于計(jì)算,便于臨床使用;(3)各評(píng)分項(xiàng)目均極易獲取,為常見臨床資料及檢查項(xiàng)目。在中國,許多基層醫(yī)院缺乏CT或血?dú)夥治鰞x等設(shè)備,難以實(shí)現(xiàn)Ranson或APACHEⅡ等評(píng)分,而BISAP評(píng)分項(xiàng)目容易獲取,便于在基層醫(yī)院推廣。
HAP評(píng)分創(chuàng)新性地提出了預(yù)測MAP的方法,目前關(guān)于該評(píng)分的研究很少。本研究結(jié)果顯示,HAP評(píng)分預(yù)測MAP的特異性為85%,陽性預(yù)測值為95%,與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道相似[7],提示其預(yù)測MAP價(jià)值較高。為進(jìn)一步探索其應(yīng)用價(jià)值,本研究首次將HAP評(píng)分和BISAP、Ranson評(píng)分相結(jié)合,對(duì)BISAP評(píng)分或Ranson評(píng)分預(yù)測為SAP的患者用HAP評(píng)分結(jié)果進(jìn)一步分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)在這些患者中,如果HAP評(píng)分為無害性胰腺炎,則患者發(fā)生SAP、器官功能不全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均明顯低于非無害性胰腺炎,且無害性胰腺炎組無1例病死。研究顯示,Ranson評(píng)分<3分多數(shù)為MAP,Ranson評(píng)分≥6分多數(shù)為SAP,其病死率>50%,然而對(duì)于評(píng)分在3~5分之間的患者,其預(yù)后難以判斷[24]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Ranson評(píng)分≥3分者再按照HAP評(píng)分進(jìn)行分析,能更好地判斷患者的預(yù)后,可能有助于解決這一難題。由于HAP評(píng)分非常簡便,臨床上容易完成并迅速作出判斷,有助于避免對(duì)患者的過度監(jiān)護(hù)和治療,在一定程度上降低醫(yī)療費(fèi)用。
一項(xiàng)最新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),目前所有的AP評(píng)分對(duì)AP時(shí)的持續(xù)性器官功能不全的評(píng)估價(jià)值均為中等,都難以實(shí)現(xiàn)非常精確地評(píng)估器官功能不全發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[25]。該研究提出將9種AP評(píng)分系統(tǒng)相結(jié)合評(píng)估AP預(yù)后的方法。該方法評(píng)估預(yù)后較為準(zhǔn)確,但方法過于復(fù)雜,沒有臨床價(jià)值。本研究將較為簡便的BISAP評(píng)分和HAP評(píng)分相結(jié)合,根據(jù)2種評(píng)分均正常、1種評(píng)分有異常、2種評(píng)分均異常的分組將患者發(fā)生不良結(jié)局的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分為低、中、高3種,并進(jìn)一步制定診療措施。在更精確的評(píng)分制定之前,這種方法可以作為一種很好的過渡。
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EvaluationofBISAPandHAPscoringsysteminpredictingprognosisofacutepancreatitis
LIXin,CHAOKang,YAOJia-yan,ZHONGBi-hui,CHENMin-hu.
Departmentofgastroenterology,TheFirstAffiliatedHospitalofSunYat-senUniversity,Guangdong510080,China
Correspondingauthor:ZHONGBi-hui,Email:sophiazhong@hotmail.com
ObjectiveTo evaluate the bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis (BISAP) and harmless acute pancreatitis (HAP) scoring system in predicting prognosis of acute pancreatitis (AP).MethodsA total of 442 AP patients, who were admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2003 to December 2010, were retrospectively studied. BISAP and HAP scores were evaluated respectively. The value of BISAP and HAP scores in predicting severity, local complications, organ failure and mortality were measured by the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC), and it was compared with that of traditional Ranson′s score.ResultsAmong 442 patients, 73 patients (16.5%) were diagnosed to have severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). AUC for BISAP score in predicting SAP, local complications, organ failure and mortality were 0.90 (95%CI:0.86~0.93),0.82(95%CI:0.76~0.89),0.93(95%CI:0.89~0.96),0.93(95%CI: 0.87~0.98). There were no statistically significant differences in AUCs of the four prognostic parameters between BISAP and Ranson′s score. The specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and AUC of HAP score in predicting mild AP were 85%, 95% and 0.73 (95%CI:0.67~0.79). The risk of dismal prognosis increased when both BISAP and HAP score were abnormal.ConclusionsBISAP and Ranson′s score have comparable ability in predicting prognosis of patients with AP. However, BISAP score is simpler. HAP score is a simple and accurate method for predicting prognosis of patients with mild AP. Combination of BISAP score with HAP score can better help predict the prognosis of AP patients.
Acute pancreatitis; BISAP score; HAP score; Prognosis; Scoring systems
2012-12-14)
(本文編輯:呂芳萍)
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2013.03.004
廣東省自然科學(xué)基金資助(8151008901000103)
510080 廣州,中山大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科
鐘碧慧,Email:sophiazhong@hotmail.com