稻茬小麥公頃產(chǎn)量9000 kg群體氮素積累、 分配與利用特性

丁錦峰， 楊佳鳳， 王云翠， 陳芳芳， 封超年， 朱新開，李春燕， 彭永欣， 郭文善

(揚(yáng)州大學(xué)江蘇省作物遺傳生理重點(diǎn)實驗室/農(nóng)業(yè)部長江中下游作物生理生態(tài)與栽培重點(diǎn)開放實驗室/揚(yáng)州大學(xué)小麥研究所，江蘇揚(yáng)州 225009)

稻茬小麥公頃產(chǎn)量9000 kg群體氮素積累、 分配與利用特性

丁錦峰， 楊佳鳳， 王云翠， 陳芳芳， 封超年， 朱新開，李春燕， 彭永欣， 郭文善*

(揚(yáng)州大學(xué)江蘇省作物遺傳生理重點(diǎn)實驗室/農(nóng)業(yè)部長江中下游作物生理生態(tài)與栽培重點(diǎn)開放實驗室/揚(yáng)州大學(xué)小麥研究所，江蘇揚(yáng)州 225009)

稻茬小麥; 高產(chǎn); 氮素積累、 分配與利用

Abstract: Nitrogen (N) is one of the essential nutrients for wheat production. It is very important to figure out what are the definite characteristics of N accumulation, distribution and utilization in different yield level populations, which is much theoretical and practical meaning to agricultural production. In this study, these characteristics of wheat population at yield level of 9000 kg/ha (LV. 9000) were studied by agronomic management on the medium-gluten wheat, Yangmai 20 (TriticumaestivumL.), grown in rice-wheat rotation. The field experiments were performed at 32 combinations of two planting densities (150×104and 225×104/ha) and different N managements, including N amount (210 and 262.5 kg/ha), the ratio of basis ∶tillering ∶elongation ∶late topdressing of N (3 ∶1 ∶3 ∶3 and 5 ∶1 ∶2 ∶2), and N topdressing stage (flag leaves stage, booting stage, heading stage and anthesis). The results show that the LV. 9000 N accumulation amounts (NAA) at stages from the elongation to the anthesis, at the anthesis and at the maturity are 104-117, 197-205 and 234-251 kg/ha, respectively, which are significantly higher than those of other populations. The NAAs in leaves, stems and spikes at the anthesis and in grain at the maturity are respectively significant linear positive correlation with the grain yield, and are 89-91, 74-83, 32-33 and 177-188 kg/ha under the LV. 9000. The N translocation amount (NTA) from vegetative organ at anthesis to grain is significantly linear positive correlation with grain yield. The LV. 9000 NTAs from leaves, stems, and raches and hulls at the thesis to grain are 65-73, 53-54 and 16-20 kg/ha, separately. For the LV. 9000 in rice-wheat rotation, the N amount to produce 100 kg of grain, N use efficiency and N harvest index are 2.9-3.0 kg, 32.9-34.5 kg/kg and 0.73-0.77, respectively.

Keywords: wheat in rice-wheat rotation; high-yielding; accumulation; distribution and utilization of nitrogen

不同產(chǎn)量水平小麥群體各生育期氮素積累量及階段積累量存在差異[1-4]。黃淮麥區(qū)產(chǎn)量高于9000 kg/hm2的旱茬小麥氮素吸收與利用特性已有相關(guān)報道，張洪程等[5]認(rèn)為與一般高產(chǎn)群體相比，9000 kg/hm2高產(chǎn)群體吸氮總量約增加10%，主要是生育中、 后期的吸氮量的增加; 于振文等[6]認(rèn)為9000 kg/hm2高產(chǎn)小麥每公頃吸收氮的總量高于高產(chǎn)麥田，但生產(chǎn)100 kg籽粒所需的氮少于高產(chǎn)麥田; 張法全等[7]認(rèn)為10000 kg/hm2小麥具有較高的植株氮素積累量、 籽粒氮素積累量和花后營養(yǎng)器官氮素向籽粒的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量。長江中下游麥區(qū)稻茬小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量在7500 kg/hm2左右的群體氮素吸收與利用特性也已有報道[1,8-9]，9000 kg/hm2高產(chǎn)群體的氮素積累、 分配與利用特性尚少有涉及。本研究在稻-麥兩熟制條件下，以揚(yáng)麥20為材料，通過基本苗和氮肥施用量、 施用時期和比例調(diào)控建立不同產(chǎn)量水平群體，分析不同產(chǎn)量水平群體氮素積累動態(tài)、 氮素吸收與利用及其與籽粒產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系，探討稻茬小麥9000 kg/hm2群體的氮素積累、 分配與利用特性，為稻茬小麥大面積高產(chǎn)及高產(chǎn)栽培提供理論與實踐依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

表1 小麥不同生育期積溫、 日照和降水

注(Note)： S—Seeding; BW—Beginning winter stage; G—Green-turning stage; EL—Elongation stage; B—Booting stage; A—Anthesis; M—Maturity

1.1 試驗設(shè)計

采用4因素裂區(qū)設(shè)計，以基本苗數(shù)為主區(qū)，設(shè)150×104plant/hm2(A1)、 225×104plant /hm2(A2)兩個水平; 施氮量(純N)為副區(qū)，設(shè)施N 210 kg/hm2(B1)、 262.5 kg/hm2(B2)兩個水平; 以不同基肥 ∶壯蘗肥 ∶拔節(jié)肥 ∶穗肥為裂區(qū)，設(shè)3 ∶1 ∶3 ∶3(C1)、 5 ∶1 ∶2 ∶2(C2)兩個水平; 以后期追肥時期為小裂區(qū)，設(shè)劍葉露尖(D1)、 孕穗期(D2)、 抽穗期(D3)和開花期(D4)4個水平，共32個處理?；视诓シN前施用，壯蘗肥于4葉期施用，拔節(jié)肥于葉齡余數(shù)2.5時(主莖尚有2.5張葉片未長出)施用，N ∶P2O5∶K2O為1 ∶0.6 ∶0.6，磷、 鉀肥50%基施，50%于葉齡余數(shù)2.5時追施。2010年11月1日播種，人工條播，行距30 cm，3葉期定苗，小區(qū)面積為18 m2，重復(fù)3次。其余管理措施同大田高產(chǎn)栽培。

1.2 測定項目與方法

1.2.1氮素積累動態(tài) 分別于越冬始期、 返青期、 拔節(jié)期、 孕穗期、 開花期、 乳熟期和成熟期各小區(qū)連續(xù)取植株樣20株，樣品按器官分開，105℃殺青30 min， 80℃烘至恒重，測定干物重。將不同生育期植株樣本烘干后磨碎，用H2SO4-H2O2消解—靛酚藍(lán)比色法[10]測定植株樣本含氮量，計算各器官氮素積累量及植株氮素積累總量。

1.2.2 產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量結(jié)構(gòu) 成熟期在各小區(qū)調(diào)查穗數(shù)、 每穗實粒數(shù)及千粒重，每小區(qū)收獲1.2 m2計產(chǎn)，重復(fù)三次，折算成籽粒含水率為13%時的產(chǎn)量。

1.3 統(tǒng)計分析

100kg籽粒吸氮量(kg)=植株氮素積累量/籽粒產(chǎn)量[11]

花后營養(yǎng)器官氮素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量(kg/hm2)=開花期營養(yǎng)器官氮素積累量-成熟期營養(yǎng)器官氮素積累量[7]

氮素利用效率(kg/kg)=籽粒產(chǎn)量/植株氮素積累量[12]

氮素收獲指數(shù) =籽粒氮素積累量/植株氮素積累量[13]

試驗數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 15.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析，LSD法檢驗差異顯著性。主要生育期、 生育階段、 不同器官氮素積累量和花后氮素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量與產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系采用線性方程y=ax+b進(jìn)行擬合，以RMSE、 R2檢驗方程擬合精度，并用SigmaPlot 10.0作圖。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 不同產(chǎn)量水平群體氮素吸收積累差異

2.2 群體不同器官氮素積累、 分配和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)差異及其與產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系

圖1 不同產(chǎn)量水平群體氮素積累動態(tài)Fig.1 Nitrogen accumulation amount(NAA) dynamics under different yield levels population[注(Note): BW—Beginning winter stage; G—Green-turning stage; EL— Elongation stage; B—Booting stage; A—Anthesis; MR—Milk-ripe stage; M—Maturity. 圖中ns、 *、 **分別表示不同產(chǎn)量水平群體間差異不顯著、 顯著及極顯著 ns, * and ** in figure are non significantly, and significantly or very significantly different at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels under different yield levels population.]

圖2 不同生育階段氮素積累量與籽粒產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系Fig.2 Relationship between NAA at different growth and development stages and yield of wheat[注(Note): NAA—Nitrogen accumulation amount. 實線為線性回歸趨勢線，虛線為95%置信區(qū)間Solid lines are linear regressions, dashed lines are the 95% confidence intervals.]

圖3 開花期氮素在不同器官中的積累量與籽粒產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系Fig.3 Relationship between NAA in different organs at the anthesis and yield of wheat[注(Note): NAA—Nitrogen accumulation amount. 實線為線性回歸趨勢線，虛線為95%置信區(qū)間Solid lines are linear regressions, dashed lines are the 95% confidence intervals.]

圖4 成熟期氮素在不同器官中的積累量與籽粒產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系Fig.4 Relationship between NAA in different organs at the maturity and yield of wheat[注(Note): NAA—Nitrogen accumulation amount. 實線為線性回歸趨勢線，虛線為95%置信區(qū)間Solid lines are linear regressions, dashed lines are the 95% confidence intervals. ]

圖5 花后不同營養(yǎng)器官氮素的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量與籽粒產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系Fig.5 Relationship between nitrogen translocation amount (NTA) from different organs to grains and yield of wheat[注(Note): NTA—N translocation amounts. 實線為線性回歸趨勢線，虛線為95%置信區(qū)間Solid lines are linear regressions, dashed lines are the 95% confidence intervals. ]

2.3 不同產(chǎn)量水平群體100 kg籽粒吸氮量、 氮素利用效率、 氮收獲指數(shù)的差異

3 討論與結(jié)論

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Nitrogenaccumulation,distributionandutilizationcharacteristicsofwheatatyieldlevelof9000kg/hainrice-wheatrotation

DING Jin-feng, YANG Jia-feng, WANG Yun-cui, CHEN Fang-fang, FENG Chao-nian, ZHU Xin-kai, LI Chun-yan, PENG Yong-xin, GUO Wen-shan*

(KeyLaboratoryofCropGeneticsandPhysiologyofJiangsuProvince/KeyLaboratoryofCropPhysiology,EcologyandCultivationinMiddleandLowerReachesofYangtzeRiverofMinistryofAgriculture/YangzhouWheatResearchInstituteofYangzhouUniversity,Yangzhou,Jiangsu225009,China)

S512.1.01

A

1008-505X(2013)03-0543-09

2012-06-13接受日期2013-02-04

國家自然科學(xué)基金項目(30971729、 31171480); 江蘇省科技廳項目(BE2009426); 江蘇省農(nóng)業(yè)三項工程; 江蘇高校優(yōu)勢學(xué)科建設(shè)工程項目； 江蘇高校優(yōu)秀科技創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊項目資助。

丁錦峰(1984—)，男，博士研究生，主要從事作物高產(chǎn)栽培生理、 農(nóng)業(yè)信息技術(shù)研究。E-mail:yzdingjinfeng@yahoo.com.cn * 通信作者 E-mail:wheat@yzu.edu.cn