梁 英,石偉杰,田傳遠(yuǎn)
(中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)海水養(yǎng)殖教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,山東 青島266003)
微藻是個(gè)體微小且能進(jìn)行光合自養(yǎng)的單細(xì)胞藻類,分布廣、種類多。微藻生長(zhǎng)速度快、易培養(yǎng)、光合效率及生物量高并富含蝦青素、多糖、藻藍(lán)蛋白以及脂肪酸等多種營(yíng)養(yǎng)組分[1]。微藻中脂肪酸含量和組成不僅影響微藻的醫(yī)藥和營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值,而且還決定微藻生產(chǎn)的生物柴油的性能。微藻中的多不飽和脂肪酸(尤其是二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸)不僅對(duì)防治哮喘、動(dòng)脈硬化、心臟疾病以及糖尿病等疾病有明顯的效果,而且還是許多魚類、蝦類和雙殼類等幼蟲的必需脂肪酸[2]。另外,脂肪酸組成決定脂肪酸甲酯的碳鏈長(zhǎng)短、不飽和的程度等特性,而脂肪酸甲酯的這些特性決定生物柴油的十六烷值、低溫流動(dòng)性、氧化穩(wěn)定性、碘值等性能[3-5]。因此,脂肪酸的測(cè)定對(duì)優(yōu)良藻種的選育、微藻營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值的評(píng)價(jià),以及微藻油脂是否適合生產(chǎn)生物柴油的評(píng)估是十分必要的。本文分別概述了測(cè)定微藻脂肪酸時(shí),樣品前過(guò)程中不同的皂化、甲酯化和萃取方法,以期為微藻科學(xué)研究和開發(fā)利用提供理論依據(jù)。
目前脂肪酸大多采用氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜儀測(cè)定,其性能高并配置了高效的石英毛細(xì)管色譜柱,對(duì)脂肪酸樣品的分析快速、準(zhǔn)確。微藻油脂含有的脂肪酸大多為12碳以上的脂肪酸,其極性大、沸點(diǎn)高、不易揮發(fā)、高溫不穩(wěn)定。因此,氣相色譜分析脂肪酸的組成時(shí),一般都需要進(jìn)行樣品的前處理[6]。樣品的前處理方法對(duì)測(cè)定的準(zhǔn)確性和可靠性非常關(guān)鍵。微藻脂肪酸樣品測(cè)定的前處理一般包括脂類的抽提、皂化、甲酯化、脂肪酸甲酯的萃取等幾個(gè)步驟。對(duì)于脂類的抽提,一般都采用有機(jī)溶劑提取或索氏提取法,這里就不再敘述了。下面就其他幾個(gè)步驟分別進(jìn)行介紹。
一般在進(jìn)行微藻樣品的甲酯化之前,先對(duì)微藻樣品進(jìn)行皂化。皂化的目的是將脂肪酸和堿反應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)化為脂肪酸鈉鹽或鉀鹽,而脂肪酸鈉鹽或鉀鹽為親水性的,不斷的皂化促使脂肪酸從樣品中充分溶入溶劑中,有利于抽提完全[7]。皂化多采用氫氧化鉀或氫氧化鈉的甲醇溶液以及其他溶液。各種方法在使用時(shí)其藥品的種類、藥品的濃度、處理溫度、處理時(shí)間上都存在較大差異。表1概述了微藻樣品皂化的方法。
微藻樣品進(jìn)行脂肪酸測(cè)定時(shí),一般將抽提出的脂類先進(jìn)行皂化,再進(jìn)行甲酯化處理。甲酯化是脂肪酸與甲醇反應(yīng)生成沸點(diǎn)低、極性小、易揮發(fā)的脂肪酸甲酯[6]。也可不經(jīng)過(guò)皂化,直接對(duì)提取的脂類進(jìn)行甲酯化處理;還可以不提取樣品中的脂類,而是直接對(duì)冷凍干燥的微藻樣品進(jìn)行甲酯化處理。甲酯化反應(yīng)迅速與否、甲酯化反應(yīng)完全程度等對(duì)脂肪酸的分析是至關(guān)重要的。各種甲酯化方法有各自的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),適用的范圍也各不相同。各種方法在使用時(shí)其藥品的種類、藥品的濃度、處理溫度、處理時(shí)間上都存在較大差異。表2 概述了微藻甲酯化處理方法。
表1 微藻樣品皂化方法概述Table 1 Summarization of the methods of saponification in microalgae
表2 微藻樣品甲酯化方法概述Table 2 Summarization of the methods of methyl esterification in microalgae
如表2所示,甲酯化方法可分為:酸催化法、堿催化法以及其他一些甲酯化方法。酸催化法一般包括:鹽酸甲醇法、硫酸甲醇法、三氟化硼甲醇法和三氯化硼甲醇法等。在硫酸甲醇法和鹽酸甲醇法中,硫酸和鹽酸的濃度不宜過(guò)高(硫酸為1%~2%,鹽酸一般為5%),以免造成脂肪酸中雙鍵結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。三氟化硼甲醇溶液的有效期較短,所以需要現(xiàn)配現(xiàn)用,存放過(guò)久會(huì)產(chǎn)生怪峰,甚至可能導(dǎo)致不飽和脂肪酸損失,此法不宜測(cè)定含有環(huán)氧酸、環(huán)丙烯酸的脂肪酸[6]。堿催化法有氫氧化鉀甲醇法等[6]。該法不需要皂化而直接對(duì)脂類進(jìn)行甲酯化,操作簡(jiǎn)便,但不適宜甲酯化酸值>2的脂類,而且油脂樣品中不能含有水,因?yàn)閴A易與游離的脂肪酸反應(yīng)生成脂肪酸鹽,而很難甲酯化為脂肪酸甲酯[6,50,76-80]。同樣 可 以 直 接 甲 酯 化 的 方 法 還 有 三 氟 化硼甲醇法和鹽酸甲醇法,其中三氟化硼甲醇法適合大多數(shù)的脂類,而鹽酸甲醇法更適合酸值>3的脂類[6]。乙酰氯甲醇法可直接對(duì)微藻樣品進(jìn)行甲酯化處理而得到脂肪酸甲酯,該法操作步驟更少,所用時(shí)間更短,且效果好[86]。重氮甲烷(CH2N2)活性很高,重氮甲烷甲醇溶液低溫下可存放較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,甲酯化反應(yīng)快、不發(fā)生副反應(yīng),適合甲酯化短鏈脂肪酸,但其有劇毒且濃度高時(shí)易燃易爆[6]。
微藻樣品甲酯化后,一般用正己烷對(duì)脂肪酸甲酯進(jìn)行萃取,也可用正己烷和其他藥品的混合溶液,或用其他藥品進(jìn)行萃取。該步驟在脂肪酸分析中非常關(guān)鍵,不同的溶劑、不同的溶劑比例、不同的溶劑加入順序適用于不同的微藻。若萃取溶劑或方法不理想,所得的脂肪酸將有損失。表3概述了不同的脂肪酸甲酯萃取方法。
表3 微藻樣品脂肪酸甲酯萃取方法概述Table 3 Summarization of the extraction methods of fatty acid methyl ester in microalgae
不管是優(yōu)良藻種的選育、微藻營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值的評(píng)價(jià),還是微藻油脂是否適合生產(chǎn)生物柴油的評(píng)估都需要經(jīng)常測(cè)定脂肪酸含量和組成。脂肪酸測(cè)定步驟一般是先將微藻樣品進(jìn)行前處理(脂類抽提、皂化、甲酯化以及萃取),然后將得到的脂肪酸甲酯在氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜儀上分析并計(jì)算得出脂肪酸的含量和組成。堿催化法不需要皂化而直接對(duì)脂類進(jìn)行甲酯化,操作簡(jiǎn)便,但不適宜甲酯化酸值>2的脂類。酸催化法使用過(guò)程中,硫酸和鹽酸濃度不宜太高,而三氟化硼甲醇溶液存放期較短,需要現(xiàn)用現(xiàn)配。其中,三氟化硼甲醇法和鹽酸甲醇法也可以直接甲酯化脂類,三氟化硼甲醇法適合大多數(shù)的脂類,而鹽酸甲醇法更適合酸值>3的脂類。乙酰氯甲醇法不需要提脂,可直接對(duì)干燥的微藻樣品進(jìn)行甲酯化,操作簡(jiǎn)單,效果好。而重氮甲烷雖甲酯化反應(yīng)快且不發(fā)生副反應(yīng),但其有劇毒且濃度高時(shí)易燃易爆。
作者所在實(shí)驗(yàn)室在測(cè)定微藻脂肪酸組成時(shí),對(duì)微藻樣品的前處理主要采用2種方法,一種是先用氫氧化鈉甲醇溶液對(duì)干燥的微藻樣品進(jìn)行皂化,然后用鹽酸甲醇溶液對(duì)樣品進(jìn)行甲酯化,最后用正己烷對(duì)脂肪酸甲酯進(jìn)行萃取后進(jìn)行氣相色譜分析[15-19]。結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確可靠,有較好的重復(fù)性。但該法所用鹽酸甲醇溶液是將氯化氫氣體緩慢溶解到甲醇溶液配制而成的。所用的氯化氫氣體不能從濃鹽酸直接獲得,而必須通過(guò)一定的化學(xué)反應(yīng),比如濃硫酸與氯化鈣反應(yīng)而獲得。鹽酸甲醇溶液配制過(guò)程存在一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),操作需要格外小心,操作時(shí)間也較長(zhǎng)。目前本實(shí)驗(yàn)室主要采用乙酰氯甲醇法直接對(duì)干燥的微藻樣品進(jìn)行甲酯化,該法減少了提脂及皂化的步驟,直接對(duì)樣品甲酯化然后進(jìn)行萃取,操作步驟少且效果好,是微藻脂肪酸測(cè)定時(shí)理想的樣品前處理方法。但乙酰氯遇水劇烈分解,因此在配制乙酰氯甲醇溶液時(shí),一定要使用無(wú)水甲醇且需現(xiàn)配現(xiàn)用[83-85]。
關(guān)于皂化和甲酯化的處理溫度和處理時(shí)間,不同作者的結(jié)果差異很大,溫度最高用到100℃,處理時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)達(dá)16h。作者對(duì)上述所采用的2種前處理方法進(jìn)行了多次不同溫度和不同處理時(shí)間的實(shí)驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明,皂化和甲酯化溫度太低,時(shí)間太短,甲酯化不完全,影響實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,但并不是處理溫度越高,處理時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),結(jié)果就越好。達(dá)到一定的溫度和時(shí)間后,即使再增加處理溫度,延長(zhǎng)處理時(shí)間,結(jié)果也并沒(méi)有變化。上述處理一般在水浴鍋中進(jìn)行,如果溫度太高,時(shí)間太長(zhǎng),溶劑很容易揮發(fā),增加了操作難度,延長(zhǎng)了樣品處理時(shí)間。因此,可以根據(jù)樣品的不同特點(diǎn),進(jìn)行預(yù)備實(shí)驗(yàn),找出合適的處理溫度和時(shí)間。
關(guān)于脂肪酸甲酯萃取時(shí)溶劑的選擇,一般用正己烷或石油醚萃取能達(dá)到較好的結(jié)果,但有時(shí)需要加入蒸餾水或飽和鹽水以促進(jìn)分層。但每種微藻情況不同,例如本文的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,對(duì)于三角褐指藻,萃取時(shí)先加正己烷,震蕩后再加蒸餾水,分層快,效果好[83-85]。但用同樣的方法處理牟氏角毛藻和筒柱藻的樣品時(shí),則上層泡沫多,不易分層,效果不理想,而如果先加蒸餾水,震蕩后再加正己烷,則能取得較好的萃取效果[83-85]。而綠藻中的海綠球藻、微綠球藻和金藻中的棕鞭藻萃取時(shí),只需加入2~3mL的正己烷就可清晰地分層。
綜上所述,根據(jù)實(shí)際需要選擇合適的脂肪酸測(cè)定方法,不僅可以降低實(shí)驗(yàn)成本、省時(shí)省力,而且對(duì)微藻科學(xué)研究和開發(fā)利用都具有重要的意義。
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