王 艷 汪 寧 林辰雨
(安徽中醫(yī)藥大學(xué) 安徽 合肥 230038)
中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(CNS)內(nèi)的神經(jīng)信號傳遞需要一個(gè)高度可控的微環(huán)境,在三個(gè)關(guān)鍵界面上的細(xì)胞形成了血液和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)之間的屏障:血腦屏障(BBB)、血腦脊液屏障和蛛網(wǎng)膜屏障。BBB是由腦微血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(brain microvascular endothelial cells,BMEC)、基膜(細(xì)胞外基質(zhì))和星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞足突三層結(jié)構(gòu)組成[1-2],其中BMEC是構(gòu)成BBB的重要單位,在維持CNS內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定中發(fā)揮著重要的作用[3-4]。BBB若受到破壞,其通透性增大,使本不能透過BBB的大分子物質(zhì)自由進(jìn)出腦部,最終導(dǎo)致腦功能紊亂或喪失。
決定BBB通透性的主要因素是細(xì)胞旁路和跨細(xì)胞途徑。細(xì)胞旁路主要由緊密連接(tight junction,TJ)介導(dǎo),TJ是BBB的基本結(jié)構(gòu),是一種具有調(diào)節(jié)作用的復(fù)雜的細(xì)胞系統(tǒng),其是由跨膜蛋白、胞質(zhì)附著蛋白和細(xì)胞骨架蛋白共同組成。跨膜蛋白又包括咬合蛋白Occludin、閉合蛋白Claudin和連接粘附分子(junctional adhesive molecule,JAM)3種完整的膜蛋白;胞質(zhì)附著蛋白有三種,即閉合小環(huán)蛋白ZO-1、ZO-2和ZO-3[5]。這些蛋白的表達(dá)與排列方式與BBB的功能有著密切的關(guān)系??缂?xì)胞途徑主要由內(nèi)源性的運(yùn)載體介導(dǎo),主要包括4類:載體介導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體 (carrier mediated transporters,CMT)、主動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)出的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體(activeefflux transport,AET)、受體介導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體(receptor mediated transport,RMT),以及caveolae主導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞內(nèi)吞作用[6]。
目前在針對BBB通透性改變的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中,關(guān)于緊密連接介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞旁路研究比較多,作用比較肯定,而跨細(xì)胞途徑中caveolae主導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞內(nèi)吞作用對BBB通透性影響研究較少,caveolae早在19世紀(jì)50年代被Palade和Yamada在細(xì)胞表面上發(fā)現(xiàn)[7-8],直到1992年,作為Caveolae的標(biāo)志蛋白Caveolin才被發(fā)現(xiàn)[9],隨著相關(guān)研究的逐漸增加,大量實(shí)驗(yàn)證明或暗示[10]Caveolin/Caveolae在多種細(xì)胞功能,包括細(xì)胞信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)、胞吞和胞吐、膽固醇穩(wěn)態(tài)和腫瘤生成等起著重要的作用,且caveolin-1表達(dá)水平的改變與BBB通透性的增加相關(guān)聯(lián),并且與TJ有著重要的聯(lián)系[11]。
1.1 分型與分布:細(xì)胞質(zhì)膜微囊(caveolae)是細(xì)胞質(zhì)膜上一種特殊的微結(jié)構(gòu),發(fā)揮受體介導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)小分子胞飲作用[12]。caveolins是caveolae的主要結(jié)構(gòu)成分和唯一功能載體,是caveolae中的標(biāo)志性分子[13]。Caveolin家族蛋白包括:Caveolin-1(Cav-1)、Caveolin-2(Cav-2)和Caveolin-3(Cav-3),應(yīng)用免疫親和性色譜法和特殊的堿性PH洗脫法純化腦中的caveolin,利用銀染色法鑒定出三種分子量的條帶。采用離子阱質(zhì)譜鑒別出異源低聚物之一是caveolin-1,通過細(xì)胞免疫和組織化學(xué)分析證明caveolin-1主要在腦內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中表達(dá)。Caveolin-2和Caveolin-3也可在腦細(xì)胞中表達(dá)。后者主要在腦的星型膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中表達(dá)[14-15]。
1.2 蛋白結(jié)構(gòu):Caveolin家族成員的蛋白質(zhì)序列中存在“腳手架結(jié)構(gòu)域(Caveolin scaffolding domain,CSD)”。Cav-1蛋白通過CSD與具有“Caveolin結(jié)合域(Caveolin binding domain,CBD)”的多種信號蛋白質(zhì)分子如eNOS、PKC結(jié)合,從而調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。Caveolin分子單體之間還能通過其寡聚化結(jié)構(gòu)域(oligomerization domain,OD)相互作用形成同源或異源寡聚體,促進(jìn)Caveolae形成及裝配,在細(xì)胞膜的重組中發(fā)揮重要作用[16]。
Nag等[17]研究顯示在BBB開放的過程中緊密連接蛋白的表達(dá)改變遲caveolin-1的表達(dá)改變,說明caveolin-1在BBB開放早期具有重要作用。目前研究認(rèn)為caveolin-1表達(dá)改變同TJ表達(dá)改變和BBB開放存在一定關(guān)系,caveolin-1可能是TJ的穩(wěn)定因素[18],其表達(dá)上調(diào)和下調(diào)都可能導(dǎo)致相關(guān)蛋白o(hù)ccludin和claudin-5的改變,從而致BBB通透性發(fā)生改變。
超微結(jié)構(gòu)研究表明大腦損傷初期內(nèi)皮型caveolae在血管部位有著顯著地高表達(dá)導(dǎo)致BBB受損,緊密連接的改變發(fā)生在損傷過程的后期[19-21]。這些結(jié)果暗示BBB受損后caveolin-1表達(dá)的改變可能發(fā)生在緊密連接蛋白變化之前。也有研究表明[22]BBB受損后caveolin-1表達(dá)顯著升高。這些變化發(fā)生在缺血損傷12h后,然而緊密連接蛋白o(hù)ccludin和claudin發(fā)生在損傷2天后。因此,caveolae和caveolin-1在BBB損傷早期發(fā)揮著重要的作用并且可能是早期腦水腫的重要治療指標(biāo)。
BBB通透性的升高伴隨著一系列中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的癥狀,包括炎癥,感染,缺血和水腫。然而,生理和病理?xiàng)l件下BBB通透性的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制還不太清楚。相關(guān)研究表明[23-26],在一系列神經(jīng)炎癥條件下,單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1(MCP-1)在CNS中有明顯的上調(diào)。MCP-1可刺激腦微血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)caverolin-1表達(dá)的下調(diào)同時(shí)伴隨著緊密連接相關(guān)蛋白o(hù)ccludin和ZO-1蛋白表達(dá)的減少[27]。
Tab蛋白,HIV(human immunodeficiency virus)的特異性蛋白,可以導(dǎo)致BBB的緊密連接受損,促進(jìn)HIV進(jìn)入大腦。當(dāng)前的研究表明cavelae相關(guān)的信號在Tab誘導(dǎo)的緊密連接破壞中起著重要的作用[28]。
當(dāng)前的研究表明,caverolin-1表達(dá)的下調(diào)可導(dǎo)致MMP-2和MMP-9表達(dá)活性的增強(qiáng),減少TJ蛋白ZO-1的表達(dá),進(jìn)而增加BBB的通透性。L-NAME(一種非選擇性NOS抑制劑)可逆轉(zhuǎn)caverolin-1的表達(dá)抑制MMPs的活性,調(diào)節(jié)BBB的通透性[29]。
由于Caveolin發(fā)揮著復(fù)雜的生物學(xué)功能,其與BBB的病理改變有密切的關(guān)系,因此有關(guān)Caveolin與BBB的相關(guān)研究還有待進(jìn)一步的深入。
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