架起文化交流的橋梁

架起文化交流的橋梁

Build a bridge for culturalex change

直音法the phonetic method反切法theFanqiemethod漢語(yǔ)拼音方案Chinesephonetic alphabetsystem

——《切韻考·通論》陳灃

In ancient China,people indicated the pronunciation of a word by reading homophones.However, if there were not homophones,the method would not work.Moreover,when the homophones were too rare to read,the method would not be in effect either.

自秦始皇推行“書(shū)同文”、東漢蔡倫發(fā)明造紙術(shù)以來(lái)，中華民族運(yùn)用樸素的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化原理，持續(xù)改進(jìn)了印刷術(shù)，為人類文明的傳承注入源源不絕的動(dòng)力。與此同時(shí)，國(guó)人對(duì)于漢字注音的研究和實(shí)踐也貫穿了中華民族的成長(zhǎng)歷程。

Since the implementation of“unified written language”in Qin Dynasty,and the invention of papermaking technology by Cai Lun during the Eastern Han Dynasty,Chinese nation utilized standardization theory to improve typography continuously and boosted the cultural heritage of human beings.Meanwhile,the researches and practices ofphoneticnotationforChinesewordsrun through the history of the Chinese nation.

在漢代，苦于“言語(yǔ)異聲”，人們借常用字標(biāo)注同音字，推行“直音法”，以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化互換原理的樸素運(yùn)用，終結(jié)了文字讀音依靠“口耳相傳”的歷史。為了突破生僻字難以借音的局限，人們又借鑒印度梵文音理，發(fā)明了“反切法”——分別取兩個(gè)字的聲母、韻母和聲調(diào)為另一個(gè)字注音。蘊(yùn)含標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組合原理的“反切法”是漢字注音史上的一大進(jìn)步，在1700多年間，極大促進(jìn)了中國(guó)文字教育的發(fā)展。然而，由于這種注音方法高度依賴于對(duì)漢字的掌握，使得中國(guó)的普通民眾不得不長(zhǎng)期仰仗《三字經(jīng)》、《百家姓》、《千字文》作為啟蒙識(shí)字教材，頻頻遭遇“秀才識(shí)字讀半邊”的尷尬。

During the Han dynasty,limited to difference in pronunciations between oral and written language for the same word,with basic standardization principle of mutual exchange,people adopted the phonetic method to read a word and ended the history of word-of-mouth pronunciations.Furthermore.

people learnt from ideas from Indian phonetic knowledge and invented the Fanqie method,to indicate the pronunciation of a word by using initials,finals and tones of two different words.Such application of basic standardization principle of combination symbolized great progress in the history of Chinese phonetics and constantly promoted the Chinese language education for more than 1700 years.However,this phonetic methods highly depended on the mastery of Chinese language,the general public relied on some materials including Three-Character Canon,Hundreds of Surnames,and The Thousand-Character Writing as early learning materials and frequently encountered embarrassments in misreading words.

直到明朝萬(wàn)歷年間（1605年），意大利耶穌會(huì)教士利瑪竇出版《西字奇跡》，首創(chuàng)以拉丁字母為漢字注音的先河，啟發(fā)兼容并蓄的中國(guó)人邁上了漢字音標(biāo)化注音的歷程。從十九世紀(jì)末開(kāi)始，中國(guó)先后掀起“切音字運(yùn)動(dòng)”、“注音字母運(yùn)動(dòng)”、“國(guó)語(yǔ)羅馬字運(yùn)動(dòng)”和“拉丁化新文字運(yùn)動(dòng)”，推出了幾十種拼音方案，涌現(xiàn)出盧戇章、王照、劉孟揚(yáng)、趙元任、瞿秋白等一大批先行者。

北洋政府頒布的《注音符號(hào)表》

U ntil 1605 in Ming Dynasty(era of Emperor Wanli),the Italian Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji("The Miracle of Western Letters"),which was the first book to use the Latin alphabet to compose Chinese language phonetic system.Enlightened with this idea,Chinese people started to use phonetic symbols in Chinese language pronunciation since then.A few campaigns spread over China in the late 19th century,including:"Qieyin Characters Movement","Latinization Movement",“Mandarin Romanization movement",and"Latinized New Writing Campaign”.Dozens of Chinese phonetic alphabet systems were proposed a large number of great practitionerscameout,suchas:Lu Zhuangzhang,Wang Zhao,Liu Mengyang,Zhao Yuanren,Qu Qiubai.

國(guó)人的努力終于在新中國(guó)成立后結(jié)出了碩果——國(guó)家確定“簡(jiǎn)化漢字、推廣普通話、制定和推行《漢語(yǔ)拼音方案》”的文字改革三大任務(wù)，于1958年批準(zhǔn)《漢語(yǔ)拼音方案》；1982年，國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織（ISO）決議采用漢語(yǔ)拼音作為世界文獻(xiàn)工作中拼寫(xiě)中國(guó)專有詞語(yǔ)的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（ISO 7098：1982《文獻(xiàn)工作——中文羅馬字母拼寫(xiě)法》）。1996年，《漢語(yǔ)拼音正詞法基本規(guī)則》（GB/T 16159-1996）作為國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)批準(zhǔn)頒布……漢語(yǔ)拼音的每一次進(jìn)步，無(wú)不飽含著中國(guó)人對(duì)于實(shí)現(xiàn)漢字讀音標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、推動(dòng)民族科教事業(yè)興旺發(fā)達(dá)的不懈追求。

Those efforts finally bore fruits after the founding of new China.The government started three main campaigns for the reform of Chinese language,including simplification of Chinese language,promotion of Chinese mandarin,and development and implementation of Chinese Phonetic Alphabet System.In 1958,the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet System was approved.In 1982,ISO decided to adopt Chinese phonetic alphabet as an international standard(ISO 7098：1982 Documentation--Romanization of Chinese),which was applied to Chinese words in the worlddocumentationfields.In1996,GB/T 16159-1996(The basic rules of Chinese phonetic alphabet orthography)was approved as a national standard.Each progress of Chinese phonetic alphabet is filled with Chinese people's relentless pursuit to achieve standardization of the pronunciation of Chinese characters,and to promote national science and education business.

如今，伴隨著五大洲正在形成的新一輪漢語(yǔ)熱潮，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的漢語(yǔ)拼音已成為國(guó)際漢語(yǔ)教學(xué)的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)基石，架起了聯(lián)通中國(guó)與世界的文化橋梁。

Nowadays,along with the new wave of learning Chinese worldwide,the standardized Chinese phonetic alphabet has become a solid foundation of the international Chinese language education and therefore builds a bridge for cultural exchange.