動詞是一個句子的核心部分,按照其在句子中的功用常分為及物動詞和不及物動詞。通常及物動詞后可以直接帶賓語,而不及物動詞則不能直接帶賓語。英語中動詞有五種基本形式:動詞原形;第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式;過去式;過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。這五種形式和助動詞一起構成動詞的各種時態(tài)和語態(tài)。本文試結合典型中考試題,就動詞常見考查熱點做分類例析。
動詞時態(tài)
英語時態(tài)用共有十六種時態(tài),初中常用的有7種,它們是:一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現(xiàn)在進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去進行時、過去完成時。
研讀近年來的中考試題可以發(fā)現(xiàn),對時態(tài)的考查通常有以下幾種情況:一是試題情境具有典型的時態(tài)標志;二是創(chuàng)設一定的語境綜合考查時態(tài);三是考查綜合的時態(tài)運用。
一、典型類時態(tài)題命題手法及應試對策。
【命題手法】這類試題常給出動作發(fā)生的時間狀語或以特定詞匯的形式給出動作發(fā)生的時間背景,主要考查考生識別時態(tài)的能力。
[經典試題] —Do you miss your parent far away?
—Yes, very much. They the hometown for over two years. (2012年 泰州)
A. left B. have left
C. were away from D. have been away from
[簡析] 由時間狀語for over two years可知,用現(xiàn)在完成時,且動詞用延續(xù)性的,故選D。
【應試對策】要熟悉特定時間狀語所對應的時態(tài)及其規(guī)律。如,now, at present往往對應一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在進行時;yesterday, last week, a few years ago 往往標志著一般過去時;at that time, at the time, at this time yesterday, then往往標志著過去進行時;tomorrow, next week, in an hour往往標志著一般將來時;at this time tomorrow, at five tomorrow afternoon往往標志著一般將來時或將來進行時。
還要熟悉特定詞匯標志著特定時態(tài)的規(guī)律。如,often, always, usually, never, seldom表示經常性、習慣性動作,用一般現(xiàn)在時或者一般過去時;for + 時間段和since + 時間點往往表明到現(xiàn)在或過去某一時間為止,某動作已持續(xù)多長時間,應用現(xiàn)在或者過去完成時;by后接過去時間狀語常表示到過去某一時刻為止已經完成的動作,應該用過去完成時;up to now / today, until now / today, recently, lately, in recent years, all these days, so far,several times往往表示到現(xiàn)在/今天為止或近來動作已持續(xù)多長時間,或發(fā)生多少次數(shù),應該用現(xiàn)在完成時;in the past / last two years表示在到目前為止已經過去的幾年里,應該用現(xiàn)在完成時。
二、語境類時態(tài)題命題手法及應試對策。
【命題手法】這類試題通常沒有明確時態(tài)標志,而是通過創(chuàng)設鮮活的語境,來考查考生在較真實的語言情境下對動詞時態(tài)的準確判斷。
[經典試題] -I called you this morning, but nobody answered it.
-Oh, we _____ some running in the park. (2012 山東日照)
A. are doing B. were doing C. have done D. did
[簡析]由第一句語境“今天早上我給你打電話,但是沒人接”可知說的是過去的事,原因是“那時我正在公園里跑步”,所以用過去進行時,答案選擇B。
【應試對策】認真閱讀試題,領悟試題所創(chuàng)設的語境,努力尋找確定時態(tài)的依據(jù)。
三、綜合型時態(tài)題命題手法及應試對策。
【命題手法】
1.一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時的時態(tài)題:這種時態(tài)題或以條件狀語從句、時間狀語從句為試題題干,或將動詞設定為come, go, leave, arrive, start, fly, drive等嚴格按照時間表發(fā)生的表示\"起、止\"的動詞;
2.陷阱型時態(tài)題:這種試題題干中的動詞或動詞時態(tài)具有較強的迷惑作用,往往能誘使考生使用另一動詞的時態(tài)。
[經典試題] —Who is Jerry Cooper?
— _______ ? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting. (08年 廣元)
A. Don't you meet him yet B. Hadn't you met him yet
C. Didn't you meet him yet D. Haven't you met him yet
[簡析]認真分析語境可知,本題為對話式直接引語,標準對照時間點為現(xiàn)在,該空表示“你到現(xiàn)在為止還沒遇到他嗎?”,因此應該用現(xiàn)在完成時。解本題時不能受\"saw\"的誤導,把標準對照時間點誤定為過去而誤用過去完成時,故正確答案是D項。
【應試對策】現(xiàn)在型將來時:牢記只有表示時間或條件的狀語從句才能使用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時, come, go, leave, arrive, start, fly, drive等嚴格按照時間表發(fā)生的表示\"起、止\"的動詞可使用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時;陷阱型時態(tài)題:結合語境認真分析題干動詞形式及時態(tài)與所需動詞形式及時態(tài)的不同之處再進行判斷。
動詞的語態(tài)
動詞的語態(tài)有兩種:主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主語是動作的發(fā)出者為主動語態(tài);主語是動作的接受者為被動語態(tài)。
一、考查被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)判斷。
被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)判定與主動語態(tài)的時態(tài)判定方法是完全相同的,其判定依據(jù)是:時間狀語、語境、時態(tài)呼應、時態(tài)移用等。
[經典試題] In the past few years, thousands of films all over the world. (2012年 鹽城)
A. have produced B. have been produced
C. are producing D. are being produced
[簡析]此題考查考生對被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)的正確選用,屬于典型的“時間狀語型”試題。根據(jù)時間狀語in the past few years,可以快速判斷為現(xiàn)在完成時,用被動語態(tài)。故B項正確。
[經典試題] —It’s difficult for village children to cross the river to school.
—I think a bridge _____over the river. (2012年 襄陽)
A. should be built B. will build C. is built D. was built
[簡析]解該題時,如果沒有第一句話的暗示,則A、C、D三個選項都能選。由于試題中沒有明確的時間狀語??忌仨氁J真閱讀試題,領悟語境來確實時態(tài),所以該題屬于典型的“語境型”試題。根據(jù)上文“鄉(xiāng)村的孩子過河太難了?!笨梢酝茢喑觥皯撛煲蛔鶚颉?, 所以A項正確。
[經典試題]— When shall we go to watch the basketball match in the sports centre?
—Not until the work ________ tomorrow. (2009年 濱州)
A. will be finished B. is finished C. will finish D. has finished
[簡析]答案是B項。此題屬于“時態(tài)移用型”,該題中的下句是個省略句,補全了應該是: We won’t go to watch the basketball match until the work is finished tomorrow. 因為在時間狀語從句中,從句應該用一般現(xiàn)在時來替代一般將來時。
二、考查被動語態(tài)和主動語態(tài)的互換。
主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的解題思路為:
1. 將主動語態(tài)中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語;
2. 主動語態(tài)的謂語動詞變?yōu)楸粍有问?。注意:助動詞be的時態(tài)與主動語態(tài)的時態(tài)要一致,數(shù)與被動語態(tài)的主語要保持一致。
3. 主動語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)by的賓語(如為代詞,主格形式要變?yōu)橘e格形式。)
主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時要特別注意以下兩點:
1. 一般情況下,主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)后,賓語補足語的結構形式、所處位置原封不動保存下來,但make, have, see, hear等后原來省略的to要還原回來。
在初中階段,具有類似用法的詞可巧記為“一感(feel)、二聽(listen to; hear)、三讓(let; make; have)、 四看(look at; watch; see; notice)”。
2. 含雙賓語的主動結構變?yōu)楸粍咏Y構時,有兩種方法:
①將間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z, 直接賓語保持不變;
②將直接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,需根據(jù)習慣在原間接賓語前加上介詞to或for。用to的動詞有:give, show, send, lend, pass, pay, teach, throw, take, bring等; 用for的動詞有:make,choose,sing,play,draw,save,buy,get,leave等。
[經典試題] Mike returned the story-books to the library on time. 改為被動語態(tài)。 (2012年 茂名)
The story-books ________ returned to the library on time ________ Mike.
[簡析]根據(jù)語態(tài)互換時時態(tài)一致的原則,可以知道第一個空格應該填were;而第二個空格表示“被”應該用介詞by。
三、考查與被動語態(tài)相關的一些易混短語。
在現(xiàn)行教材中,有一些和被動語態(tài)相關的易混短語是各地考查的重點:
◆ be made of 意為“由……構成 (看得出原材料)”;
be made from意為“由……構成 (看不出原材料)”;
be made in 后接地點 表示“在某地生產”:
be made into 意為“……被制作成……”。
◆ used to do sth. 表示“過去常常做某事”。
be used to doing sth. 意為“習慣于做某事”。
be used to do sth. 表示“被用來做某事”。
[經典試題]—Your sweater looks very nice. What’s it made__________?
—Wool, and it’s made__________ Guiyang. (2012年 黔西南)
A. from, on B. of, in C. of, on D. from, in
[簡析]be made of后接的名詞看得出原材料;be made from后接的名詞經過化學反應,看不出原材料;be made in后產地。因此選擇D答案。
非謂語動詞
一、考查動詞不定式的基本構成。
[知識清單]動詞不定式是動詞的一種非限定形式,不受人稱和數(shù)的變化限制,它由“不定式符號(to)+動詞原形”構成。其否定式常在to 前加not或 never構成。句型 ask/ tell sb. not to do sth.是中考命題的熱點。
[經典試題]Tell the children unhealthy food. It’s bad for their health. (2012 年 六盤水)
A. not to eatB. not eatingC. to eatD. eating
[簡析] 根據(jù)“tell sb. not to do sth.” 可知正確答案為A項。
二、考查動詞不定式作主語。
[知識清單]
1. 不定式或不定式短語作主語時,可以直接位于句首。當不定式短語太長時,為保持句子平衡,通常用it作為形式主語,而將真正的主語——動詞不定式短語放在句子的后面。其常用的句式有:① “It + be + 形容詞或名詞 + to do sth.”; ② “It takes +賓語 + some time + to do sth.”。
2. 當動詞不定式帶有自己的邏輯主語時,必須在邏輯主語的前面加上介詞for或of,其結構為“It +be +形容詞/名詞+ for/ of + sb. /sth. to do sth.”。這種不定式帶邏輯主語的結構叫做動詞不定式的復合結構。一般來說,be后面接名詞或接表示事物性質的形容詞(如easy, difficult, important等)時,常用介詞for; 如果be后面接表示性情或特征的形容詞(如clever, kind, foolish等)時,一般用介詞of。
[經典試題] It’s very convenient us to buy train tickets now because we can buy them either from the station or on the internet. (2012年 東營)
A. to B. of C. by D. for
[簡析] 考查介詞在固定結構“It is +adj. for / of sb. to do sth.”的使用。convenient不能說明主語的特性,用for,故選D。
三、考查動詞不定式作賓語。
[知識清單]◆一些動詞,如decide, hope, agree等,一般只能接動詞不定式作賓語,此類的動詞還有hope, wish, want, decide,learn, agree, promise,happen, fail, plan,refuse, offer, prepare等
1. 以接動詞不定式和動名詞作賓語意思存在差異的四個??紕釉~(組)是:
forget to do sth. 忘記去做某事 remember to do sth. 記著去做某事
forget doing sth. 忘記做過某事 remember doing sth. 記得做過某事
stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事 go on to do sth. (做完一件事)繼續(xù)做另一件事
stop doing sth. 停止正做的事情 go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)做原來做的那件事
2. 當動詞不定式作賓語時,如后接賓語補足語,常用it 作形式賓語,而把真正的賓語放到賓補之后。其句型為:主語+謂語+it+賓語補足語+動詞不定(短語)。試體會:
我們都發(fā)現(xiàn)要解出那道數(shù)學題很難。
[誤]All of us found that very difficult to work out the maths problem.
[正]All of us found it very difficult to work out the maths problem.
[經典試題]What bad weather it was! We decided _______.(2011徐州)
A. to go out B. not to go out C. to not go out D. not going out
[簡析] 根據(jù)“decide not to do sth.”這個固定結構可以得出正確答案為B項。
四、 考查動詞不定式作賓語補足語。
[知識清單]
1. 有些動詞,如teach, want, tell 等可接帶to的不定式作賓語補足語,即構成 teach/want/tell sb. to do sth. 結構。 但是,動詞不定式作使役動詞及感官動詞的賓語補足語時應省去to 。這些動詞有視覺動詞notice, see, watch, look at,聽覺動詞hear, listen to,感覺動詞feel,使役動詞let, have make等。這些動詞后跟不定式作賓補時,不定式符號to要省去。
2. 以上省略to的不定式,在被動語態(tài)中都必須加上 to ,(但 let不能用于被動語態(tài))。試體會:
那個小女孩經常被聽到在房間唱歌。
[誤] The little girl is often heard sing in the room.
[正] The little girl is often heard to sing in the room.
[經典試題] If you see the cartoon film, it will make you ______.(2011年 山東)
A. laugh B. to laugh C. laughing D. laughed
[簡析]make作為使役性動詞時,后接省to的動詞不定式做賓語補足語,故A項正確。
五、考查動詞不定式做目的狀語。
[知識清單]
1. 動詞不定式作目的狀語時,其動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后,一般位于句子后面。例如:
The whole family went to beach to spend their weekend.
全家人去海濱度周末。
2. 隨著命題手法的不斷創(chuàng)新,該考點往往和“意群”的正確劃分結合起來考查。意群就是指句子中按意思和結構劃分出的各個成分,每一個成分即稱為一個意群。同一意群中的詞與詞的關系緊密相關,密不可分,否則就會引起誤解。請看下面一道題:
—Will you please ______ me the favor to find a job, sir?
—Yes, I'll do what I can ______ you.
A. to do; help B. do; help C. do; to help D. to do; to help
許多同學見到該題,往往會選擇B,因為他們認為 can的后面一定要用動詞原形,其實該題的正確答案是C項。 其意群是I will do/ what I can/ to help you, 從句what I can 作主句I will do的賓語。
六、 考查“連接代(副)詞+動詞不定式”結構的用法。
[知識清單]
1. 在‘疑問詞加動詞不定式’結構中,疑問代詞(who,whether,what,which等)作及物動詞的賓語;疑問副詞(when,where,how,why等)作狀語。中考往往借助語境來考查疑問詞的選擇。此時,同學們往往通過“逆推法”從下文中能找到解題的“蜘絲馬跡”。例如:
—Do you know ________ the soldiers came to Yingxiu Town?
—The roads were badly broken. They had to walk there.
A. why B. when C. how D. where
解該題時如果不看應答語,則A、B、C三項皆可填入句中。此時,運用“逆推法”從下文中的“They had to walk there.”可以知道只有C項正確。
2. 在英語中有些詞,如ask, decide, tell, know等后可接“疑問代(副)詞 +不定式”作賓語來對賓語從句進行簡化。需要注意的是,進行簡化的條件是主句中的主語和從句的主語必須是同一人稱。
自主檢測
用所給動詞的適當形式填空。
1. I don’t believe what he ____________ (say) just now.
2. Stay at home. Don’t go outside. It ____________ (rain) now.
3. While we ____________ (talk) in the room, the light suddenly went out.
4. My sister ____________ (like) to learn how ____________ (cook) meals, and I like ____________ (eat) tasty meals.
5. The girls were made ____________ (work) twelve hours every day.
6. Linda ____________ (change) a lot since she entered Harvard University.
7. My father used to ____________ (smoke) a lot but later he gave up ____________ (smoke).
8. Stop ____________ (argue) and start ____________ (work).
9. The wet clothes ____________ often ____________ (hang) up near a fire in winter.
10. I’m sorry to keep you ____________ (wait) so long.
11. I don’t know if he ____________ (come). If he ___________ (come), please let me know.
12. The meeting ____________ (begin) when we got there.
13. This can help when you have difficulty ____________ (make) a decision.
14. It’s silly of you ____________ (not forgive) others for their faults.
15. The windows of the classroom ____________ (clean) every day.
16. The worker is hurt. He must ____________ (take) to the hospital at once.
17. Our teachers often encourage us ____________ (study) hard.
18. Thank you very much for ____________ (organize) the class trip.
19. To win the match, we all need to spend much time ____________ (practice) passing balls.
20. While we ____________ (chat) on the phone, the earthquake happened.
參考答案
1.said 2. is raining 3.were talking 4. likes; to cook; eating
5. to work 6. has changed 7. smoke; smoking 8. arguing; to work 9.were hung 10.waiting 11.will come; comes 12. had begun
13. making 14.not to forgive 15. are cleaned 16. be taken
17. to study 18. organizing 19. practising 20. were chatting