名詞是初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中最重要、用途最廣泛的詞類(lèi)之一。就考點(diǎn)而言,中考對(duì)名詞的考查主要涉及可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞、名詞的所有格以及名詞的常識(shí)用法等。就題型而言,中考對(duì)考查名詞的題型主要有單詞拼寫(xiě)和選擇填空等。本文就中考對(duì)名詞的考查要點(diǎn)作歸納總結(jié),以期對(duì)同學(xué)們的復(fù)習(xí)備考能有所幫助。
一、考查名詞的基本含義
【考點(diǎn)聚焦】
各地中考試題把名詞的基本含義作為測(cè)試要求。這類(lèi)試題不是考查考生對(duì)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的掌握,而是要求考生能讀懂句子,理解句意,從而判斷出正確答案。
【考題傳真】—Could you tell me how to remember new words quickly?
—Yes, I think a _______ tree can help you a lot. (2012年 南京)
A. grammar B. equation C. punctuation D. vocabulary
[簡(jiǎn)析]該題考查名詞的辨析。grammar意為“語(yǔ)法”,equation意為“方程”,punctuation意為“標(biāo)點(diǎn)”,vocabulary意為“詞匯”。根據(jù)上文“你能告訴我怎樣快速的記住單詞嗎?”可知正確答案應(yīng)該是D項(xiàng)。
二、考查名詞的數(shù)
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對(duì)可數(shù)名詞單、復(fù)數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞的考查是各市中考的熱點(diǎn)。做好此類(lèi)試題的關(guān)鍵是要抓住名詞前的修飾語(yǔ),這些修飾語(yǔ)往往是判斷名詞單、復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞形式的標(biāo)志。此外,對(duì)不規(guī)則變化的名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的考查也是常設(shè)的考點(diǎn),考生在復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)要熟練掌握。
【考題傳真】I’m going to the supermarket to buy some _____ this afternoon. (2012年 陜西)
A. paper and pencil B. apples and bananas C. milks and eggs D. bowl and spoons
[簡(jiǎn)析]審題后可以發(fā)現(xiàn)“some”是解該題的關(guān)鍵所在。some后既可接可數(shù)名詞,也可接不可數(shù)名詞,但后接可數(shù)名詞時(shí)必須要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式,故B項(xiàng)正確。
【知識(shí)清單】
1. 普通名詞的復(fù)數(shù)直接加-s或 -es,通常有以下幾種情況。
(1) 大部分名詞直接在詞尾加-s;
(2) class, box, watch, brush等詞以 s, x, ch, sh, 結(jié)尾,復(fù)數(shù)要加-es;
(3) story, factory 等以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞復(fù)數(shù)要先將-y 變成-i再加-es;
(4) knife, wife, life等以-f 或-fe結(jié)尾的詞一般先將-f或-fe變?yōu)?v, 再加-es;
(5) 以-o結(jié)尾的名詞,一般來(lái)說(shuō),末尾是“元音字母+o”的詞加-s,我們學(xué)過(guò)的有radio, zoo等。末尾是“輔音字母+o”的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)加-es。如:tomato, hero, potato等, 但piano和photo例外,需要加-s。
2. 變化不規(guī)則的名詞,主要有兩種情況。
(1) child→children, foot→feet, tooth→teeth, mouse→mice, man→men, woman→women等詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化基本沒(méi)有規(guī)則。
注意:由 man 和 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是-men 和-women。如:an Englishman,two Englishmen。
(2) deer,sheep等詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形。people,police等集體名詞,以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù),所以它們的謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。the English,the French,the Chinese等名詞表示國(guó)民總稱(chēng)時(shí),也作復(fù)數(shù)用。
3.形似名詞復(fù)數(shù),但實(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞。
如:maths,politics,physics等學(xué)科名詞,雖然以-s結(jié)尾,實(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞。再如,the United States(美國(guó)),the United Nations(聯(lián)合國(guó))等應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。
三、考查名詞的格
【考點(diǎn)聚焦】
名詞的所有格表示名詞與所言事物的所屬關(guān)系。它有兩種不同的形式,一是由名詞末尾加“ 's”構(gòu)成,以-s或-es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞只加“’”;二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。對(duì)多重名詞并列時(shí)所有格形式的考查是各地中考試題的熱點(diǎn):當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)共有關(guān)系時(shí),在最后一個(gè)名詞后加“'s”;當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)各自擁有時(shí),應(yīng)在每一個(gè)名詞后面均加“'s”。
【考題傳真】—How far is it from your home to school?
—It’s about twenty ______ walk. (2012年 恩施)
A. minute’s B. minutes’ C. minutes
[簡(jiǎn)析]本題考查名詞的所有格。名詞的所有格通常是在詞尾加’s,以s結(jié)尾的加“’”。根據(jù)句意“大約二十分鐘步行的路程”,故用復(fù)數(shù)的所有格,因此答案應(yīng)該選B。
四、考查專(zhuān)有名詞的用法
【考點(diǎn)聚焦】
對(duì)專(zhuān)有名詞用法的考查是近年來(lái)的熱點(diǎn)。要做好這類(lèi)試題,要求考生開(kāi)闊視野,對(duì)中外的歷史、地理、風(fēng)土人情、傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)俗、生活方式、文學(xué)藝術(shù)等要十分熟悉,做到胸有成竹。
【考題傳真】 The people in western countries celebrate _______ by making pumpkin lanterns and wearing special costumes with masks. (2012年 泰州)
A. Christmas B. Halloween C. Thanksgiving Day D. New Year’s Day
[簡(jiǎn)析]根據(jù)題干中 “making pumpkin lanterns”和 “wearing special costumes with masks”可以知道這是 “萬(wàn)圣節(jié)(Halloween)的相關(guān)活動(dòng), 因此,B項(xiàng)正確。
強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練
一、根據(jù)句子意思和所給提示,補(bǔ)全下列句子,使句子完整、正確。
1. Please give me a piece of __________ (紙) to draw a picture on.
2. The tourists had no __________(選擇)but to wait for the next train.
3. ___________(英雄) appeared one after another after the big earthquake.
4. In order to make our hometown more beautiful, we have to do something change the __________ (環(huán)境).
5. Supermarkets don’t offer plastic shopping _______(袋)to the customers for free now.
6. Science is one of my favorite s___________. What about you?
7. He likes sports, while my h__________ are singing, dancing and reading.
8. —Could you give us some a___________ on how to learn English well?
—I'd be glad to.
9. How many kinds of flowers are there in Mr. Smith’s g_________?
10. For breakfast he usually has two p_________ of bread, a glass of milk and some oranges.
11. Some advertisements tell the __________ (true) and some don’t.
12. It is said that eight ________ (glass) of water a day can help you keep fit.
13. The ________ (shelf) in the library are very old. We need to buy some new ones.
14. Last week I went to my __________ (aunt) house to teach her how to send e-mails.
15. The woman’s __________ (operate) was performed by an ORBIS doctor on the plane.
二、選擇填空
1. —You didn’t send me an e-mail last night, did you?
—Sorry. My ______ broke down. I couldn’t get online.
A. computer B. car C. clock D. camera
2. —Hurry up, Jack!
—Just give me five minutes to put my desk in _________.
A. time B. line C. order D. shape
3. Hey! If you want to find about new cartoons, have a look at this ______. It’s great.
A. time B. website C. photo D. rock
4. He didn’t tell his parents he was going home because he wanted to give them a __________.
A. joy B. surprise C. shock D. happiness
5. —I want to go to the West Lake, but I don’t know the way.
—A _________ will help you, I think.
A. map B. book C. diary D. dictionary
6. She has been in Nanjing for ten years. Nanjing has become her second ________.
A. family B. house C. hometown D. room
7. The sweetest _____ in the world is birds' singing, I think.
A. cry B. noise C. voice D. sound
8. All the _______ teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th, because it was their own holiday.
A. man B. men C. woman D. women
9. We have bought two ________ for the coming party.
A. box of apple B. boxes of apples C. box of apples D. boxes of apple
10. —Do you know that fat woman with a small bag on her arm?
—Yes. She is _________ mother.
A. Lily and Sandy's B. Lily's and Sandy's
C. Lily's and Sandy D. Lily and Sandys
11.________ mothers couldn't go to the meeting, because they have gone to Chengdu.
A. Lily and Lucy's B. Lily's and Lucy's
C. Lily and Lucy D. Lily's and Lucy
12. Can you imagine what life will be like in _________ time?
A. 20 years’ B. 20 year’s C. 20-years’ D. 20-years
13. —Which of the following cities is not a capital city?
—________.
A. Sydney B. Moscow C. Paris D. Tokyo
14. Which sign means “No Photos”?
A B C D
15. Mr. Smith had a trip to France last summer. Which of the following is the picture he took there?
A B C D
Keys:
一、1. paper 2. choice 3. Heroes 4. environment 5. bags 6. subjects 7. hobbies 8. advice 9. garden 10. pieces 11. truth 12. glasses 13. shelves 14. aunt’s 15. operation
二、1-5 ACBB A6-10 CDDBA 11-15 B A ACD