2012中考英語閱讀理解命題特點分析

閱讀理解是義務(wù)教育《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》規(guī)定的重要內(nèi)容。學(xué)生的英語閱讀能力能夠反映學(xué)生應(yīng)用英語詞匯、語法及語篇等語言知識的綜合能力。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，近年我省各地的中考英語試卷中，閱讀理解題（含讀寫相結(jié)合的題目，如：閱讀與表達、任務(wù)型閱讀、短文填空等）的分值權(quán)重已占到了40%左右。分析閱讀理解題的命題特點，對于提高閱讀理解能力和中考英語成績都大有裨益。

一、總體分析

1. 命題形式

閱讀文本后進行客觀選擇是各地共同采用的閱讀理解能力考查形式，在此基礎(chǔ)上，近年我省很多地區(qū)還采用了圖表式任務(wù)型閱讀的形式。

客觀選擇型閱讀要求學(xué)生在閱讀文本理解意思的基礎(chǔ)上，完成文本后面附有的若干根據(jù)文本內(nèi)容設(shè)計的測試題，從而檢查學(xué)生對文本的理解程度，常采用的形式是要求學(xué)生對四個選項給出的信息進行確認(rèn)、判斷和推理。

圖表式任務(wù)型閱讀是任務(wù)驅(qū)動式的閱讀，它要求學(xué)生根據(jù)所讀材料提供的信息完成具有一定真實意義的任務(wù)，要求學(xué)生在閱讀的基礎(chǔ)上用英語表達，輸出信息，即：完成圖表。圖表的設(shè)計常常與文本的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)相對應(yīng)，目的是考查學(xué)生在整體上把握文本結(jié)構(gòu)的能力。圖表中的行與列往往對應(yīng)于文本不同段落的內(nèi)容要點，各行各列可以反映出文本相應(yīng)部分之間的邏輯關(guān)系。

2. 內(nèi)容選擇

中考閱讀理解的題材非常廣泛，包括科普、社會、文化、政治、經(jīng)濟等；體裁也非常的豐富，包括記敘文、說明文、應(yīng)用文、圖表等。閱讀內(nèi)容多為學(xué)生們所熟悉的素材，具有時代性、趣味性、實用性、文化性和社會性等特點。這些內(nèi)容符合學(xué)生的年齡、認(rèn)識和心理特點。同時，文本內(nèi)容與學(xué)生的已有知識儲備之間也存在著明顯的信息差異，如果學(xué)生不能讀懂文本，單獨憑借已有的知識就無法完成閱讀內(nèi)容后的測試題。讀懂這些內(nèi)容，既需要學(xué)生掌握并熟悉運用所學(xué)的單詞、詞組、句型及相關(guān)的語法知識，而且需要學(xué)生具備根據(jù)書面信息進行邏輯推理和抽象概括的能力。

3. 考查技能

近年江蘇中考閱讀理解，客觀選擇型閱讀主要涉及考查學(xué)生獲取文本具體信息的能力；根據(jù)上下文語境或構(gòu)詞法等知識推斷理解生詞含義的能力；根據(jù)語篇內(nèi)容進行大意概括的能力和根據(jù)文本線索推斷出隱含的深層含義的能力。圖表式任務(wù)型閱讀要求學(xué)生在讀懂文本的基礎(chǔ)上，能夠?qū)⒄Z篇的主要結(jié)構(gòu)和圖表表達形式相對應(yīng)、能夠用不同的形式表達相同的信息、能夠掌握不同詞性充當(dāng)不同成份等知識和能力。

二、例題解析

1. 閱讀后客觀選擇題

例1. （2012 連云港市）（保留原題號）

閱讀下列材料，從每題所給的四個選項（A、B、C、D）中，選出最佳選項。

“The only thing holding you back is yourself. Never say never”， said a rising 17-year-old singer， Justin Bieber， who was just an ordinary boy in Canada a few years ago.

After the accident of falling from the 18th floor and lying in the snow for three hours， my hands were frozen and my spinal cord （脊髓） was seriously injured. All the doctors and professors in the famous hospitals in Beijing told me that there was little chance for my hands and my body to recover （康復(fù)）.

After half a year of medical treatments and recovering exercises， I could not make any more progress for over a year. What was worse ， I suffered a lot from depression （絕望） .On top of this ， I suffered from insomnia， making every minute of the light seem to last forever. Hopelessly， mom and I came back to my hometown， which is small town in Guangdong.

At that time， I thought that I would never be able to walk again. I would never love and be loved. I would never be able to earn even a penny. I would never be able to repay the kindness I got from my parents and many nice people. Life was meaningless.

Now two years has passed. My hands are 80% recovered. I can even type faster than a healthy person！ Up to now， I have worked for a law firm as an interpreter for half a year already. Although I don’t earn as much as before， I am able to pay for the food and clothes I need. What’s more， I even have extra money to buy thanksgiving presents for my parents and my boyfriend. Through my blogs （博客） ， many people get to know me and like me. I can bring happiness to them. I can help those who are still suffering from depression and the pain of illnesses by chatting with them…You see， I am living a meaningful life and I am happier than ever I could have dreamed.

So， my friends， never say never. As long as you are alive， there is always hope and possibilities. It is never too late to take action to realize your dreams.

38. What’s the writer’s present job？

A. A singer. B. A typist. C. A professor. D. An interpreter.

39. What does the underlined word “insomnia” in the third paragraph mean in Chinese？

A. 失眠 B. 失憶 C. 麻木 D. 低燒

40. All of the following words can be used to describe the writer’s present life EXCEPT_______.

A. helpful B. meaningful C. painful D. hopeful

41. According to the passage， which of the following statements about the writer is TRUE？

A. She gets a lot of help through her blogs.

B. She is in love with a young man at present.

C. She got medical treatment soon after the accident.

D. She had no job and earned little before the accident.

答案及命題分析：

本文主要講述作者在一次意外中受傷，幾乎喪失了自理能力，從而陷入絕望。但是，經(jīng)過作者的堅持和努力，重獲了新生。短文告訴我們，不輕言放棄，就會充滿希望。

38. 答案為D。這是一道細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第五段的“Up to now， I have worked for a law firm as an interpreter for half a year already.”得知。

39. 答案為A。這是一道細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。由此單詞后的“…making every minute of the light seem to last forever.”可以推斷出此單詞意為“失眠”。

40. 答案為C。這是一道綜合理解題。短文最終表現(xiàn)出的是，現(xiàn)在作者對生活充滿了信心和希望。只有C選項“painful”表現(xiàn)出的是一種消極的態(tài)度，與文意不符。

41. 答案為B。這是一道細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。從倒數(shù)第二段的“What’s more， I even have extra money to buy thanksgiving presents for my parents and my boyfriend.”可以推斷出答案。

例2.（2012 南京市）（保留原題號）

You may have noticed that the world’s population is not evenly distributed（分別） around our planet. There are some countries where people seem to be living nearly on top of each other because conditions are overcrowded. Then there are others where it seems that hardly anybody lives. What influences this unequal distribution of people？ There are specific advantages and disadvantages of living in a certain area.

The two main factors that influence people’s choice of location are climate and resources. Climate is the usual weather conditions in a region. Areas that have bad weather are generally less deal as places to live in. The north and south poles at the top and bottom of the world may be beautiful in their rugged， natural way， but the disadvantage of the bitterly cold and windy conditions usually keeps people away. When it comes to climate， warm conditions and a normal amount of rainfall are advantages that attract people.

Natural resources are things that we get from nature that help us survive. Each region offers different resources， and therefore attracts different groups of people. People who enjoy the beach car make their living by catching and selling the ocean’s many fish and other sea creatures. Those who prefer farming can take advantage of rich soil （土壤） in valleys near rivers. Some people are willing to accept the disadvantages of the terrible conditions of deserts or mountains in order to take advantage of the resources like oil or woods.

41. The underlined part “on top of” in the first paragraph most likely means_______.

A. very close to B. on the highest part of C. in control of D. on the surface of

42. What are the main factors that influence the distribution of people？

A. Resources and oceans. B. Climate and rivers.

C. Climate and resources. D. Warm conditions and rainfall.

43. The writer thinks many people don’t live near the north or South Pole because ________.

A. they can’t get enough food there B. they natural sights there don’t attract people

C. the unpleasant weather keeps them away D. the length of nighttime is too short or too long

44. Why do people go and live in valleys near rivers？

A. The temperature isn’t too low in winter.

B. the resources like oil can bring them much money.

C. People can make their living by catching and selling fish.

D. It’s easier for people to grow plants or keep animals.

45. The purpose of the example in the last paragraph is to tell us _______.

A. people cannot survive in cold conditions

B. different resource attract different groups of people

C. People usually prefer living at the seaside to living in mountains

D. a normal amount of rainfall is necessary for people to live in the desert

答案及命題分析：

本語篇主要講述了全球人口分布不均勻的原因：位置和自然資源。

41. 答案為A。這是一道詞義猜測題。由文章第一小段第二句“There are some countries where people seem to be living nearly on top of each other because conditions are overcrowded.”可知條件是擁擠的，推測出人們彼此的生活是“接近的”。

42. 答案為C。這是一道細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段第一句話“The two main factors that influence people’s choice of location are climate and resources.”可知。

43. 答案為C。這是一道細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。由第二段“The north and south poles at the top and bottom of the world may be beautiful in their rugged， natural way， but the disadvantage of the bitterly cold and windy conditions usually keeps people away.”可以知道答案。

44. 答案為D。這是一道推理判斷題。由第三段“Those who prefer farming can take advantage of rich soil in valleys near rivers.”可以推斷出：更易于人們種植農(nóng)作物和飼養(yǎng)動物。

45. 答案為B。這是一道綜合理解題。通讀最后一段，并根據(jù)主旨句“Each region offers different resources， and therefore attracts different groups of people.”可以知道答案。

2. 圖表式任務(wù)型閱讀題

例1.（2012 揚州市市）（保留原題號）

閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文中的信息完成文后表格。（每空一詞）

What do we really mean by being open？ Being open is a kind of invitation to others to come in， to speak and to share. It is important in letting others get to know how we think and feel. In this way we will be understood and accepted by others. If we aren’t open with others， we won’t fully believe in ourselves or others.

Here are a few ways for you to be more open. First， make your outside behavior the same with your inside feelings and thoughts. Second， share how you really feel about something instead of just opinions. Third， try to change your questions into statements （陳述句） and talk in the first person so that people will understand you more easily. For example， you might say， “I feel happy that you’re here，” instead of， “Are you glad that you’re here？” Finally， try not to say， “I don’t know.” This usually means I don’t want to think about it any more.

Remember also that it is not suitable to be open with everyone in every situation. You may want to be more open with close friends， but not with people you don’t know well， because you are not sure how someone else will use what they know about you. Besides， some people may not be used to too much openness. If we say everything we feel or think to them， they will feel very uncomfortable at times.

In all， being open is a good way for us to get on well with other people， but we’d better keep the balance between being open and not being too open.

Title： Being open

Meanings of being open 56 others to come in， to speak and to share.

Show others 57 we think and feel.

Let others understand and 58 us.

Believe in ourselves and others by being open.

59 to be more open Make 60 your outside behavior is the same with your inside feelings and thoughts.

Try to share your 61 feelings.

Make statements instead of 62 and use the first person.

Try not to say， “I don’t know.”

Reasons for not being too open Someone may use your 63 to hurt you.

You will make them feel very uncomfortable 64 .

Conclusion： It will 65 us get on well with others if we keep the balance between being open and not being too open.

答案及命題分析：

本語篇闡述了作者對“開放”的認(rèn)識理解。短文從“Meanings of being open”、“ Ways to be more open”、“Reasons for not being too open”等方面給予了闡述。分析命題設(shè)計（表格設(shè)計）可以看出，除了表格第一行的“Title”和最后一行的“Conclusion”外，其他三行分別對應(yīng)短文的一、二、三段，而且，表格右列中標(biāo)記點部分的內(nèi)容都與短文各段落內(nèi)容完全匹配。

56、57、58空，對應(yīng)短文第一段內(nèi)容，答案分別為Invite、how / what、accept。

59、60、61、62空，對應(yīng)短文第二段內(nèi)容，答案分別為Ways、sure、real / true、questions。

63、64空，對應(yīng)短文第三段內(nèi)容，答案分別為information、sometimes。

65空對應(yīng)短文的最后一小節(jié)“Conclusion”，答案為make / keep。

圖表式任務(wù)型閱讀題不同于閱讀后客觀選擇題，這種閱讀題型融合了詞匯、語篇、結(jié)構(gòu)等多個層次的要求，可以理解為是對閱讀信息的二次加工過程，這樣的題型更為注重考查學(xué)生英語知識綜合運用的能力。

三、命題趨勢

1. 命題形式趨于多元

客觀選擇型閱讀理解仍然會是中考閱讀題的主要形式，同時，閱讀與表達相結(jié)合的形式會為更多的英語中考接受。除圖表式任務(wù)型閱讀外，任務(wù)型閱讀還會有更為豐富多彩的形式，如：閱讀后回答問題，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容完成單句，尋找最能表達短文主題的句子，將短文中的某個句子翻譯為中文等。

2. 考查內(nèi)容指向明晰

考查內(nèi)容會主要集中在：理解并獲取文章中的具體信息、根據(jù)語境猜測推斷生詞的意思、進行簡單的判斷推理、理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)、理解文章的主旨大意、理解作者的態(tài)度意圖、把握文本篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、對文本信息做簡單加工等方面。

3. 選材貼近現(xiàn)實生活

在體裁多樣的前提下，選材除了有趣、有內(nèi)涵并富有教育意義外，會更為關(guān)注具有鮮明時代特征，地域文化并且實用性強（如產(chǎn)品說明書、廣告圖表等）的語言材料。這樣的選材目的是為了強化語言的使用作用，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)心生活，關(guān)心社會，同時，讓學(xué)生在閱讀過程中充分體驗到學(xué)習(xí)英語的現(xiàn)實作用。

4. 總體遵循《課標(biāo)》要求

2011版義務(wù)教育《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》的五級目標(biāo)對初中畢業(yè)應(yīng)達到的五級技能提出了明確的要求。2013年中考英語閱讀理解的命題會依據(jù)《課標(biāo)》要求，堅持以考查學(xué)生的綜合語言運用能力為目標(biāo)，通過設(shè)置模擬真實的任務(wù)，考查學(xué)生利用語篇提供的信息解決相關(guān)問題的能力。