女性先驅(qū)者的光輝

在三八婦女節(jié)到來之際，讓我們一起看看對人類作出杰出貢獻(xiàn)的女性先鋒者吧！她們勇于打破常規(guī)，證明女性也可以從事男性的工作，并激勵更多女性追求自己的理想。（注：CE：Teens曾在2011年12月號和2012年11月的“人物”欄目分別介紹過珍·古道爾和居里夫人。）

Jane Goodall （Britain， 1934-）珍·古道爾（英國，1934—）

Occupation[職業(yè)]： Primatologist[靈長類動物學(xué)家] and Anthropologist[人類學(xué)家]

After reading the childrens book， The Story of Doctor Dolittle， a story about a doctor who travels to Africa and learns to talk to animals， seven-year-old Jane Goodall decided that she must go to Africa someday. She began reading every book about animals and Africa she could find.

Years later， a friend told her about a man named Louis Leakey注1， who was busy searching for evidence of early man in Kenya. Jane arranged an interview with Leakey. Impressed by her knowledge of animals， he hired Goodall.

Goodall has spent over 40 years studying the chimpanzees[黑猩猩]. Her goals have always been to understand and preserve chimpanzees. Her work has been important in emphasizing[強(qiáng)調(diào)] the need for conservation[保護(hù)] to millions of people.

注1：路易斯·利基（1903- 1972），英國考古學(xué)家和人類學(xué)家，其研究對人類演化理論有重大影響。

七歲的珍·古道爾在讀過兒童故事書《杜立德醫(yī)生》（該書講述了一位醫(yī)生去非洲學(xué)習(xí)和動物對話的故事）之后便決定有朝一日一定要到非洲去。她開始閱讀她能找到的每一本關(guān)于動物和非洲的書。

多年以后，一個朋友告訴她，一個名叫路易斯·利基的人正在肯尼亞尋找早期人類的證據(jù)。于是，珍與利基約定了一次面談。她對動物的知識給利基留下了深刻的印象，因此她被利基聘用了。

古道爾對黑猩猩的研究長達(dá)四十多年。一直以來，她都以了解和保護(hù)黑猩猩作為目標(biāo)。在向千千萬萬人強(qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)黑猩猩的必要性方面，她的工作起到了重要作用。

Valentina Tereshkova （Soviet Union，1937-）瓦蓮京娜·捷列什科娃（前蘇聯(lián)，1937—）Occupation： Cosmonaut[宇航員]

Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman in space. Tereshkova got her start when she joined the Yaroslavl Air Sports Club and became a skilled parachutist[跳傘人]. Inspired by the flight of Yuri Gagarin， the first man in space， she volunteered for the Soviet space program. Although she had no experience as a pilot， her 38-meter jump record gained her a position as a cosmonaut in 1961. In 1963， she orbited[繞軌道而行] the Earth for almost three days， proving that women had the same resistance[抵抗力] in space as men. After her historic orbit， she toured the world promoting[促進(jìn)] Soviet science and feminism[女權(quán)主義] and continued as an aerospace[航空宇宙] engineer in the space program. She has both an asteroid[小行星] and a crater[火山口] on the moon named in her honor.

瓦蓮京娜·捷列什科娃是第一個進(jìn)入太空的女性。早年她加入了雅羅斯拉夫爾航空運動俱樂部，成為一名熟練的跳傘者，由此開始了她的宇航員生涯。“太空第一人”尤里·加加林的飛行令她備受鼓舞，于是她自愿參加了前蘇聯(lián)的太空計劃。雖然沒有飛行員經(jīng)驗，但她的38米跳傘記錄仍在1961年為她贏得了宇航員的席位。1963年，她環(huán)繞地球飛行了近三天，證明了女性在太空和男性有同等的耐受性。在完成歷史性的繞地球飛行之后，她到世界各地宣傳前蘇聯(lián)科學(xué)和女權(quán)主義，并以航天工程師的身份繼續(xù)參與太空計劃。為了紀(jì)念她，人們以她的名字分別為一顆小行星和月球上的一個火山口命名。

Sally Ride （USA， 1951-2012）薩利·萊德（美國，2051—2012）

Occupation： ]Astronaut[太空人] andPhysicist[物理學(xué)家]

Sally Ride is best known as the first American woman sent into outer space. At 31， she was also the youngest person sent into orbit. After NASA， Ride has been vocal[暢所欲言的] about encouraging women to enter math and science. She considers this her “personal crusade[圣戰(zhàn)，改革運動].”

薩利·萊德最著名的身份是，她是第一名進(jìn)入外太空的美國女性。當(dāng)時31歲的她也是進(jìn)入太空年齡最小的人。結(jié)束在美國國家航空航天局（NASA）的宇航員生涯之后，她積極地鼓勵女性進(jìn)入數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)領(lǐng)域。她認(rèn)為這是她“個人的圣戰(zhàn)”。

Marie Curie （Poland & France， 1867-1934）

居里夫人（波蘭裔、法國籍，1867—1934）

Occupation： Physicist[物理學(xué)家]

Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. She was also the first scientist to win the Nobel Prize twice. With her husband Pierre Curie， Marie Curie developed and introduced the concept[概念] of radioactivity[放射現(xiàn)象] to the world. Her scientific efforts also included the application[應(yīng)用] of x-rays and radioactivity to medical treatments. During World War I， Curie brought her technology to the war front. Radiological equipment was installed[安裝] in ambulances， which meant that wounded soldiers would not have to be transported far to be x-rayed.

居里夫人是第一位獲得諾貝爾獎的女性，也是第一位兩次獲得諾貝爾獎的科學(xué)家?，旣悺ぞ永锖驼煞蚱ぐ枴ぞ永锾岢霾⒁肓朔派湫缘母拍?。她在科學(xué)上的成就還包括將X光和放射性現(xiàn)象應(yīng)用于醫(yī)學(xué)治療。在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，居里夫人把她的技術(shù)帶到了戰(zhàn)爭前線。放射設(shè)備被安裝到救護(hù)車?yán)?，這意味著受傷的士兵無需經(jīng)過遠(yuǎn)距離運送便可接受X光檢查。

Stephanie Louise Kwolek （USA， 1923-）

斯蒂芬妮·路易斯·克沃勒克（美國，1923—）

Occupation： Chemist[化學(xué)家]

Kwoleks work resulted in Kevlar注2， the ultra-strong material best known for its use in bulletproof[防彈的] vests[背心]. After graduating with a degree in chemistry in 1946， she became a researcher for DuPont and remained there for her entire professional career. Over the course of her 40-year career， she obtained[獲得] 16 patents[專利權(quán)] for a variety of groundbreaking[開創(chuàng)性的] materials.

Kwolek is retired but continues to give motivational[激發(fā)性的] talks. She regularly receives letters from students interested in her work and tries to personally answer all of them.

克沃勒克的工作為我們帶來了超級堅固的材料——凱芙拉，其最著名的應(yīng)用便是防彈背心?？宋掷湛擞?946年畢業(yè)，取得了化學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位，之后進(jìn)入杜邦公司擔(dān)任研究員，并在那里度過了整個職業(yè)生涯。在40年的職業(yè)生涯中，她憑借一系列開創(chuàng)性的新型材料，共獲得了16項專利。

雖然克沃勒克現(xiàn)已退休，但她仍在進(jìn)行勵志演講。她經(jīng)常收到對其工作感興趣的學(xué)生的來信，并試著親自回復(fù)所有來信。

Florence Nightingale （Britain， 1820-1910）

弗洛倫斯·南丁格爾（英國，1820—1910）

Occupation： Nurse and Public Health Advocate[提倡者]

Florence Nightingale is generally regarded as having founded the modern profession of nursing. She was born to very wealthy parents who forbade[不許] her from becoming a nurse after she shared her desire with them. Within a few years， she ignored[不理睬] their protests[抗議] and enrolled[成為成員] in the Institution[協(xié)會] of Deaconesses[女執(zhí)事] in Germany.

Nightingale led a group of nurses to Crimea， an area where thousands of wounded British soldiers were dying due to poor medical conditions in makeshift[臨時代用的] hospitals. Nightingale worked tirelessly caring for the soldiers. At night she carried a lamp through the corridors[走廊]， stopping to help the suffering. For this， she was nicknamed “the lady of the lamp.”

Shortly after her arrival， she became severely ill. She returned to England in 1856， and remained bedridden[臥床不起的] for the rest of her life. Despite her illness， Nightingale continued to write about medical practices for the military[軍方]， prompting[促使] the establishment[確立] of the Royal Commission[委員會] on the Health of the Army.

弗洛倫斯·南丁格爾被公認(rèn)為現(xiàn)代護(hù)理專業(yè)的奠基人。她出生于一個非常富有的家庭。當(dāng)她向父母透露想成為一名護(hù)士的愿望時，父母不允許她這樣做。隨后幾年，她不顧父母的反對，加入了德國女執(zhí)事協(xié)會。

南丁格爾帶領(lǐng)一隊護(hù)士來到克里米亞。在那里，數(shù)千名受傷的英國士兵由于臨時醫(yī)院惡劣的醫(yī)療條件而面臨死亡。南丁格爾不知疲倦地工作，照顧傷員。晚上，她會提著一盞燈巡視走廊，不時停下來幫助那些受苦的人。她因而被稱為“提燈女士”。

南丁格爾到達(dá)那里后不久就得了重病。她于1856年回到英國，余生臥床不起。雖然臥病在床，但她仍繼續(xù)書寫關(guān)于軍隊醫(yī)療的著述，促進(jìn)了皇家軍隊健康委員會的成立。

注2：美國杜邦公司于1965年發(fā)明的一項芳香聚酰胺類合成纖維的商標(biāo)名稱。

Patricia Bath （USA， 1942-）

帕特里夏·巴斯（美國，1942—）

Occupation： Ophthalmologist[眼科專家]

Patricia Bath was the first African American woman to receive a patent for a medical invention. She developed a laser device[設(shè)備] to remove cataracts[白內(nèi)障]. Bath began her scientific career in cancer research as a teenager and then pursued ophthalmology[眼科學(xué)] in medical school. She developed a new field called community ophthalmology that was dedicated to providing quality eye care to underserved[服務(wù)水平低下的] populations. In addition to her academic career， Bath also founded the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness and serves as the organizations president.

帕特里夏·巴斯是第一位獲得醫(yī)療發(fā)明專利的非裔美國女性。她發(fā)明了一種消除白內(nèi)障的激光設(shè)備。巴斯在青年時代已開始癌癥方面的科研，其后進(jìn)入醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)眼科醫(yī)學(xué)。她開創(chuàng)了被稱為“社區(qū)眼科醫(yī)學(xué)”的新領(lǐng)域，致力為得不到服務(wù)的人群提供高品質(zhì)的眼科護(hù)理。在學(xué)術(shù)生涯之外，巴斯還創(chuàng)立了美國防盲協(xié)會，并擔(dān)任該協(xié)會的會長。