宋國平, 程英升
前列腺癌在歐美地區(qū)發(fā)病率較高,在美國約占男性癌腫的25%[1]。近年來隨著我國國民對健康體檢的重視以及對前列腺癌檢出手段的進步,前列腺癌的發(fā)病率在不斷上升,已占到男性泌尿和生殖系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤的第3位[2]。前列腺穿刺病理檢查是前列腺癌診斷的金標準,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)、定位癌灶,評估腫瘤的惡性程度,也可指導臨床分期,為后續(xù)選擇治療方案提供依據(jù)。MR多序列成像檢查對于前列腺癌有著較高的靈敏度和特異度,將兩者結(jié)合應用可以有效提高穿刺陽性率。
根據(jù)我國前列腺癌診斷治療指南[3]前列腺超聲穿刺活檢指征包括:① 直腸指檢 (digital rectal examimation,DRE)發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)節(jié),不論血清前列腺特異性抗原(PSA)值。 ② PSA >10 ng/ml,不計游離/總PSA值(f/tPSA)和PSA密度(PSAD)值。③ PSA 4~10 ng/ml,f/tPSA異?;騊SAD值異常。④ PSA 4~10 ng/ml,f/tPSA和PSAD值正常,超聲發(fā)現(xiàn)前列腺低回聲結(jié)節(jié)或(和)MR發(fā)現(xiàn)異常信號。⑤重復穿刺活檢指征:第1次前列腺穿刺陰性結(jié)果,以下情況需重復穿刺活檢:a.PSA>10 ng/ml,不論f/tPSA或PSAD。b.PSA 4~10 ng/ml,復查f/tPSA或PSAD值異常,或DRE和影像學異常。c.PSA 4~10 ng/ml,復查f/tPSA、PSAD、DRE、影像學均正常,嚴密隨訪,每3個月復查PSA。如果PSA連續(xù)2次>10 ng/ml或每年P(guān)SA速率 (PSAV)>0.75 ng/ml應該再次穿刺活檢。d.重復穿刺的時機:2次穿刺間隔時間尚有爭議,目前多為1~3個月;e.重復穿刺次數(shù):對于2次穿刺陰性結(jié)果者,屬于上述情況者,推薦進行2次以上穿刺。
血清PSA檢測是最基礎(chǔ)的篩查手段,最常用的包括血清tPSA,fPSA/tPSA比率;其他還包括PSAD、PSAV、PSA體積參考值等。朱剛等[4]統(tǒng)計穿刺陽性率為 17.6%。PeLzer等[5]報道當血清 PSA 4.1~10.0 ng/ml時,穿刺活檢的陽性率為27.0%。DRE異常是前列腺癌穿刺活檢的絕對適應證,Roberts等[6]報道,在一組327例DRE異常而行穿刺活檢的患者中活檢陽性率為 18%。 Fowler等[7]研究表明,當DRE 陽性,而血PSA水平分別為 <1.0 ng/ml,1.0~1.9 ng/ml,2.0~2.9 ng/ml,3.0~3.9 ng/ml, 其陽性率分別為4%,15%,27%和29%。由此可見,DRE異常時其穿刺活檢陽性率與血清PSA水平密切相關(guān)。
超聲廣泛應用于前列腺癌篩查、確診和穿刺活檢術(shù)。超聲對癌灶定位的能力有限,其靈敏度和特異度為40%~50%[8-10]。一些小的癌灶不能被灰階超聲所發(fā)現(xiàn)。低回聲病灶也不一定是前列腺癌,諸如前列腺炎、前列腺增生和萎縮病灶也可表現(xiàn)為低回聲,從而降低超聲診斷前列腺癌的特異度[11]。
超聲常用于實時引導穿刺活檢前列腺病灶。6點系統(tǒng)穿刺法是經(jīng)典穿刺方法[12],但由于其穿刺點少,假陰性率超過20%。因為超聲引導穿刺活檢有多至40%假陰性[13-14],因此許多學者提出了8針、10針等擴展穿刺法,甚至是多達20針以上的飽和穿刺法。Stamatiou等[15]報道,對一組286例患者行10針或更多針穿刺與傳統(tǒng)6針穿刺法比較提高了腫瘤的發(fā)現(xiàn)率。胡建波等[16]對160例患者進行13點穿刺,相對系統(tǒng)6點穿刺法,前列腺癌的檢出率提高了21%。Scattoni等[17]對617例可疑患者進行24針飽和穿刺,其癌灶陽性檢出率為46.8%。飽和穿刺法對前列腺造成很大的損傷,并且費用也會相應有所提高,這些都限制飽和穿刺法成為標準穿刺模式。因此以MR多序列成像為指導的靶向穿刺被更多地應用,以提高超聲導引穿刺活檢術(shù)陽性發(fā)現(xiàn)率。
MR成像已逐漸被用于前列腺癌早期發(fā)現(xiàn)及定位、指導穿刺,甚至在MR導引下穿刺活檢。前列腺癌通常發(fā)生于外周帶,呈圓形或不規(guī)則形,T2WI呈低信號灶,但是諸如前列腺炎、血腫、增生、萎縮、癌治療后改變等疾病都可以在T2WI呈低信號影而與癌相混淆。發(fā)生在中央腺體(移行區(qū))的癌腫與正常組織在T2WI都呈低信號灶而無法區(qū)分。根據(jù)以往報道,單獨應用MR T2WI診斷前列腺癌其靈敏度和特異度分別為77%~91%和45%~73%[18-20]。
由于T2WI的局限性,現(xiàn)在多是將T2WI與功能成像聯(lián)合應用診斷前列腺癌。前列腺功能成像包括動態(tài)增強掃描 (dynamic contrast enhanced imaging,DCEI)、彌散加權(quán)成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)、波譜成像(MR spectroscopy,MRS)。 已有大量研究表明應用功能成像或聯(lián)合應用T2WI能提高前列腺癌的診斷準確性。Kim等[20]研究在外周帶應用DCEI診斷癌灶的靈敏度和特異度可達到96%和97%,而 T2WI只有 75%和 53%。Kitajima等[21]對一組53例患者以穿刺活檢為標準的研究中,單獨應用T2WI其靈敏度和特異度為61%和91%,準確度為84%;而應用DCE結(jié)合T2WI的靈敏度和特異度為77%和93%,準確度為89%;應用DWI+T2WI靈敏度和特異度為76%和94%,準確度為90%。Scheidler等[19]報道單獨應用T2WI診斷前列腺癌靈敏度和特異度為46%和61%,而單獨應用MRS為63%和75%,聯(lián)合應用MRS和T2WI的靈敏度和特異度則提高到91%和95%。Yoshizako等[22]對一組26例患者前列腺移行區(qū)癌灶進行研究,應用T2WI、DCEI、DWI序列成像并與前列腺全切術(shù)后病理對照,其單獨應用T2WI的靈敏度、特異度、準確度和陽性預測值分別為61.5%、68.8%、64.3%和76.2%,應用 T2WI、DWI聯(lián)合 DCEI分別為 69.2%、93.8%、78.6%和94.7%,他們認為對于移行區(qū)癌灶應用DWI聯(lián)合T2WI可以提高診斷準確度,應用DCEI、DWI聯(lián)合T2WI可以提高其特異度和陽性預測值。
前列腺MR多序列成像對于癌灶的定位顯示具有重要的臨床意義[23]。前列腺癌灶準確定位可以提高前列腺癌靶向穿刺的發(fā)現(xiàn)率并有助于前列腺癌準確分期,還有助于對前列腺癌放療定位和對于微創(chuàng)治療的定焦[24-30]。
近年來國內(nèi)外越來越多的學者應用MR多序列成像對前列腺癌進行定位以指導超聲引導下靶向穿刺活檢,無論是初次活檢抑或重復活檢,均提高了穿刺活檢的陽性發(fā)現(xiàn)率[31]。 戚庭月等[32]對 50例臨床懷疑前列腺癌的患者在超聲引導穿刺活檢術(shù)前行3.0T MR成像,根據(jù)DWI發(fā)現(xiàn)病灶并定位,采用系統(tǒng)穿刺、以DWI為指導靶向穿刺、系統(tǒng)穿刺與靶向穿刺相結(jié)合經(jīng)會陰穿刺后比較,3種方法的前列腺癌檢出率分別為46%、54%、66%,穿刺陽性率分別為9.33%、40.41%和14.23%,統(tǒng)計學表明DWI靶向穿刺結(jié)合系統(tǒng)穿刺與單純系統(tǒng)穿刺差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。因而認為聯(lián)合應用DWI靶向穿刺結(jié)合系統(tǒng)穿刺可以提高前列腺癌檢出率和穿刺陽性率,降低重復穿刺的風險。國外諸多學者研究表明MRS靶向穿刺可以提高前列腺癌檢出率[33-36]。Kumar等[37]在對一組44例患者在超聲引導穿刺活檢術(shù)前應用MRS進行前列腺掃描,發(fā)現(xiàn)可疑病灶后以靶向穿刺結(jié)合6針系統(tǒng)穿刺法對前列腺進行穿刺,其檢出率為25%,而另一組120例患者行單純系統(tǒng)穿刺法進行穿刺得到的檢出率僅為9%。
根據(jù)Zackrisson等[38]研究6針系統(tǒng)穿刺法首次活檢檢出率為23%,而第2~5次活檢的檢出率依次遞減,分別為17.6%,11.7%,8.7%和0%。由于MR及其功能成像對前列腺癌發(fā)現(xiàn)及定位有較高的靈敏度和特異度,有學者研究將MR多序列成像應用于那些有超聲穿刺活檢陰性史,而臨床又高度懷疑前列腺癌而需要進行重復穿刺活檢的患者[37,39-43],結(jié)果表明有助于提高前列腺癌檢出率。Amsellem-Ouazana等[39]對一組42例患者進行重復穿刺前應用MR T2W聯(lián)合MRS成像后再行穿刺進行研究,其平均穿刺次數(shù)為2.04次,前列腺癌檢出率為35.7%(15/42),T2W聯(lián)合 MRS成像靈敏度、特異度、陽性預測值、陰性預測值和準確度分別為73.3%,96.3%,91.6%,86.6%和88%。他們認為T2W聯(lián)合MRS可以指導重復穿刺,以減少重復穿刺次數(shù)和穿刺針數(shù)。Sciarra等[44]對180例懷疑前列腺癌患者分為兩組,A組行系統(tǒng)穿刺,B組行T2W、MRS聯(lián)合DCEI靶向穿刺結(jié)合系統(tǒng)穿刺。B組檢出率為45.5%(41/90), 顯著高于 A組檢出率 24.4%(22/90),DCEI診斷前列腺癌靈敏度、特異度、陽性預測值、陰性預測值和準確度分別為84.6%、82.3%、78.5%、87.5%和83.3%。MRSI聯(lián)合DCEI靈敏度、特異度、陽性預測值、陰性預測值和準確度分別為92.6%、88.8%、88.7%、92.7%和 90.7%。 Park 等[45]應用3.0T DWI聯(lián)合T2W對43例懷疑前列腺癌而初次活檢陰性的患者進行研究,其檢出率為39.5%(17/43),DWI提供了癌灶定位的信息,有助于提高癌灶檢出率和減少重復穿刺次數(shù)。
由于多數(shù)前列腺癌在超聲成像中不能顯示,當應用MR圖像指導超聲穿刺活檢時,最為重要的是將MR病灶定位與超聲成像定位相統(tǒng)一。戚庭月等[32]應用DW圖像指導超聲經(jīng)會陰穿刺時,應用雙平面探頭中的線陣組探頭進行引導,進行前列腺組織穿刺取材。而在退針之前將換能器轉(zhuǎn)為凸陣組以獲取前列腺的橫切圖,觀察并對比穿刺針針尖位置是否與DW圖像病灶位置相匹配,如不符,則調(diào)整穿刺路徑并確認后進行穿刺。在國外已有學者應用MR圖像與超聲圖像融合后進行實時指導穿刺活檢[46-48]。他們應用特制的軟件,應用經(jīng)直腸超聲取得的橫斷面2D圖像重建為3D容積超聲圖像,并與穿刺前取得的MR容積圖像(使用直腸線圈)進行匹配,并在同一工作站中將兩者進行手工注冊。注冊后實時的超聲圖像就會自動與MR容積圖像進行融合,這樣可疑病灶會顯示在MR圖像和實時融合圖像中,在MR-超聲實時融合系統(tǒng)下穿刺活檢會有更高的準確性。但是至今還未有應用于臨床的商業(yè)軟件系統(tǒng),因此這項技術(shù)尚不能大規(guī)模推廣。
基于MR圖像對前列腺癌發(fā)現(xiàn)有著較高的靈敏度和特異度,在西方國家MR引導下前列腺穿刺活檢術(shù)越來越多地應用于臨床[49-52]。其優(yōu)點在于清晰顯示病灶,并定向引導穿刺;由于MRI彌散加權(quán)成像的表觀彌散系數(shù)(ADC值)與腫瘤的侵襲性有較高的相關(guān)性,MR指導下可以定向穿刺那些有可能得到更高Gleason得分的病灶;MR引導下穿刺活檢有更高的發(fā)現(xiàn)率(38%~59%)。MR引導下穿刺活檢的缺點是費用高、操作時長。
鑒于MR及其功能成像對前列腺癌發(fā)現(xiàn)、定位及分期的諸多優(yōu)點,應該提倡對于那些具有患前列腺癌高風險的患者在超聲引導下穿刺活檢術(shù)前行常規(guī)MR及至少一種功能成像。對于那些首次活檢陰性或?qū)掖位顧z陰性而臨床又高度懷疑前列腺癌的患者更應在再次超聲穿刺活檢前行MR多序列成像,發(fā)現(xiàn)、定位可疑癌灶、指導穿刺活檢,以提高前列腺癌檢出率和穿刺陽性率,減少不必要的重復活檢次數(shù)和穿刺針數(shù)。
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