[摘要]目的:觀察自體富血小板纖維蛋白Choukroun's PRF(Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin)對(duì)體外培養(yǎng)人脂肪來(lái)源干細(xì)胞(adipose-derived stem cells,ADSCs)增殖及成骨分化能力的影響。方法:取吸脂術(shù)者自愿捐獻(xiàn)的脂肪組織分離培養(yǎng)ADSCs,采用Choukroun法制備自體PRF備用,觀察細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)情況。取第3代ADSCs分別向骨細(xì)胞、脂肪細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)球細(xì)胞定向誘導(dǎo)分化鑒定,并行細(xì)胞表面抗原CD29、CD45、CD90流式檢測(cè)鑒定。將第3代ADSCs分別采用含PRF的普通培養(yǎng)基(PRF組Ⅰ)和不含PRF的普通培養(yǎng)基(對(duì)照組Ⅰ)進(jìn)行培養(yǎng),觀察細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)情況,培養(yǎng)1天、3天、5天、7天后采用CCK-8試劑檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖活性。另外分別采用含PRF的成骨誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)基(PRF組Ⅱ)、不含PRF的成骨誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)基(對(duì)照組Ⅱ)及不含PRF的普通培養(yǎng)基(空白組)進(jìn)行培養(yǎng),第7天、14天、21天、28 天行堿性磷酸酶活性(ALP活性)檢測(cè);誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)后第7天、14天天各組分別行von Kossa染色觀察鈣結(jié)節(jié)形成情況。結(jié)果:第3代ADSCs倒置顯微鏡下觀察大多呈梭形,向骨細(xì)胞、脂肪細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞定向誘導(dǎo)鑒定均為陽(yáng)性,流式檢測(cè)鑒定CD29、CD90為陽(yáng)性,CD45為陰性。CCK-8法示PRF組Ⅰ的OD值均大于對(duì)照組Ⅰ,兩組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。ALP活性檢測(cè)示PRF組Ⅱ第7天、14天、21天、28天細(xì)胞活性較對(duì)照組Ⅱ均大,兩組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。PRF組Ⅱ成骨誘導(dǎo)7天后 von Kossa染色陽(yáng)性;14天后陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞增多,對(duì)照組Ⅱ誘導(dǎo)7天未見(jiàn)鈣結(jié)節(jié),14天見(jiàn)少量陽(yáng)性鈣結(jié)節(jié),空白組培養(yǎng)14天未見(jiàn)黑色鈣結(jié)節(jié)。結(jié)論:Choukroun's PRF明顯促進(jìn)脂肪干細(xì)胞增殖及成骨分化,為骨組織工程提供了新的技術(shù)。PRF與干細(xì)胞共同培養(yǎng)可能還有許多潛在的臨床及生物工程應(yīng)用價(jià)值,值得進(jìn)一步研究。
[關(guān)鍵詞]自體PRF;人脂肪來(lái)源干細(xì)胞(ADSCs);增殖;成骨分化
[中圖分類號(hào)]Q813.1 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2013)01-0040-03
The effect of Choukroun's PRF on the proliferation and osteogenetic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells in vitro
LIU Yuan-yuan,LIU Da-lie,NAN Hua,HUANG Jia-cheng,SHAN Lei
(Department of Plastic and Aesthetic,Zhujiang Hospita of Nanfang Medical University,Guangzhou 510282,Guangdong,China)
Abstract: Objective To observe the effect of Choukroun's PRF (Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin) on the proliferation and osteogenetic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells in vitro. Methods Human ADSCs (adipose-derived stem cells) were isolated from adipose tissue obtained from donor undergoing liposuction and were cultured,and autologous PRF was prepared by Choukroun method,and growth condition of ADSCs was observed.ADSCs at passage 3 were cultured in adipogenic,osteogenetic and neurospheres differentiation medium and underwent identification,flow cytometric analysis for cell surface antigen CD29,CD45 and CD90 were performed. ADSCs at passage 3 cultured by common culture medium containing PRF (PRF groupⅠ), and cultured by common culture medium without PRF (control groupⅠ). Growth condition of the cells was observed by inverted microscope. CCK-8 method was used to observe cell proliferation activity 1,3,5,7 days after culture. Then ADSCs cultured by osteogenic induction culture medium containing PRF (PRF groupⅡ), cultured by osteogenic induction culture medium without PRF (control groupⅡ) and cultured by common culture medium without PRF (blank group).ALP activity detection was conducted 7,14,21 and 28 days after culture. Von Kossa staining was performed on the three groups 7 and 14 days after culture to detect the formation of calcium nodule. Results Most ADSCs at passage 3 were spindle-shaped under the inverted microscope. Adipogenic , osteogenetic and neurospheres differentiation were positive, and flow cytometric analysis of CD29 and CD90 were positive,CD45 were negative. CCK-8 method revealed the Optical Density value of PRF groupⅠwere all greater than control groupⅠ,and there were significant diferences between two groups (P<0.01). ALP activity detection demonstrated the cell activity value of PRF groupⅡ at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days was were all greater than control groupⅡ, and there were significant diferences between two groups (P<0.01). At 7 days after osteogenic induction,Von Kossa staining showed the formation of black calcium nodule in PRF groupⅡ,and after 14 days,the black calcium nodule were more. Control groupⅡwere not observed the black calcium nodule,and were observed a little. The blank group were still not observed after 14 days. Conclusion Choukroun's PRF can significantly improve the proliferation of human ADSCs and induce their osteogenic diferentiation in vitro, providing a new source of technology for bone tissue engineering. The potential clinical and Biological Engineering applications of a PRF and ADSCs conglomerate are numerous,and it was worthed for further research.
Key words:Autologous PRF; human adipose-derived stem cells; cell proliferation; osteogenetic differentiation
國(guó)內(nèi)外許多研究已經(jīng)證明血小板濃縮物被激活后可釋放出多種細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子,1984年,Assion從人血漿提取富血小板血漿(platelet-rich plasma,PRP),大量研究表明PRP內(nèi)富含血小板,血小板脫顆粒后,可以釋放大量生長(zhǎng)因子,可促進(jìn)軟硬組織愈合再生,已應(yīng)用于整形美容和創(chuàng)傷外科等領(lǐng)域[1-2]。但由于PRP在制備過(guò)程中添加了異種凝血酶和抗凝劑,存在免疫排斥反應(yīng)和感染性疾病傳播的危險(xiǎn),其應(yīng)用一直存在爭(zhēng)議。2000年,法國(guó)學(xué)者Choukroun等[3]第一次制備提取了新一代血小板濃縮制品即富血小板纖維蛋白(Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin,Choukroun's PRF),其延續(xù)了上一代血小板濃縮制品PRP的優(yōu)點(diǎn),同時(shí)兼具成骨能力強(qiáng)的特點(diǎn),其制備過(guò)程簡(jiǎn)單,完全取自于自體血,無(wú)需添加任何生物制劑,避免了倫理道德的爭(zhēng)議及血液交叉感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此具有較大的研究前景。自Zuk等[4]首次從吸脂術(shù)抽取的脂肪組織中分離出脂肪來(lái)源干細(xì)胞 (adipose-derived stem cells ADSCs)以來(lái),體外培養(yǎng)的ADSCs表現(xiàn)出與BMSCs 類似的分化能力[5],而且ADSCs具有易獲得、可迅速擴(kuò)增及多向分化潛能等特點(diǎn),是一類具有廣闊應(yīng)用前景的成體干細(xì)胞,為組織工程技術(shù)提供了良好的細(xì)胞來(lái)源。本實(shí)驗(yàn)在體外條件下觀察自體PRP對(duì)人ADSCs增殖及成骨分化能力的影響,為骨組織工程提供一種新的前景。
1 主要試劑及組織來(lái)源
1.1 主要試劑:DMEM F12培養(yǎng)基、胎牛血(FBS)、PBS,Ⅰ型膠原酶、胰蛋白酶、CCK-8試劑(DOJINDO公司,日本),細(xì)胞表面抗原檢測(cè)用試劑鼠抗人CD29-PE、CD45-FITC、CD90-FITC(Biolegend公司,美國(guó)),nestin抗體(sigma公司,美國(guó)),地塞米松(日本分裝),β-甘油磷酸二鈉(sigma公司,美國(guó)),維生素C(Amresco公司,美國(guó)),von Kossa染色液、ALP 染色試劑盒。
1.2 組織來(lái)源:脂肪來(lái)自于正常無(wú)疾病的成人腹部及大腿脂肪抽脂術(shù)獲得的脂質(zhì)部分,平均脂肪抽吸物50 ml。靜脈血來(lái)自相應(yīng)脂肪來(lái)源的對(duì)應(yīng)自愿者。
2 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
2.1 ADSCs的培養(yǎng)及鑒定:取吸脂術(shù)中吸出的脂質(zhì)部分,緩沖液反復(fù)沖洗,剪碎,0.1%膠原酶37℃消化,1000r/min離心5min,去上清重懸,加入10%FBS,37℃、5% CO2孵箱培養(yǎng)過(guò)夜,72h后更換培養(yǎng)基,每3天更換培養(yǎng)基,待細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)融合達(dá)80%~90%傳代,取第3代細(xì)胞供實(shí)驗(yàn)用。CD29-FITC、CD45-FITC、CD90-FITC細(xì)胞表面流式抗體檢測(cè)ADSCs表面抗原。取第3代ADSCs成骨、成脂及成神經(jīng)球分化并鑒定。
2.2 采用Choukroun法制備富血小板纖維蛋白(PRF):即刻采集志愿者靜脈血液5ml,快速將血液轉(zhuǎn)移至無(wú)菌負(fù)壓采血管,3min內(nèi)3000r/min離心10min。靜置3~5min,棄上清,去除底層紅細(xì)胞碎片,收集中間纖維蛋白凝膠層,過(guò)濾去除血清,將Choukroun's PRF凝膠制成5mm×5mm每粒保存于液氮中備用。
2.3 PRF對(duì)ADSCs體外增殖的影響:CCK-8試劑測(cè)定細(xì)胞增殖,將ADSCs接種于96孔培養(yǎng)板中,每孔1×103個(gè)細(xì)胞,每孔加入100μl的細(xì)胞懸液,含PRF組Ⅰ及對(duì)照組Ⅰ,每組4個(gè)復(fù)孔。置于37℃,5%CO2孵箱培養(yǎng)1天、3天、5天、7天,分別觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài)特點(diǎn)。每孔加入10μl的CCK-8試劑,避光,酶標(biāo)儀波長(zhǎng)為450nm,測(cè)定吸光度OD值。
2.4 PRP對(duì)ADSCS成骨誘導(dǎo)的影響
2.4.1 成骨誘導(dǎo)的ALP活性檢測(cè):取第3代ADSCs以1×105個(gè)/孔的密度接種于6孔板中,兩組分別加入對(duì)應(yīng)培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)7、14、21、28 天后,PBS漂洗,加入300μl細(xì)胞裂解液,冰上裂解5min后收集,4 000r/min離心10min后取上清,ALP染色試劑盒檢測(cè)其活性,每個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)重復(fù)3次,取平均值。
2.4.2 von Kossa染色觀察成骨誘導(dǎo)的鈣結(jié)節(jié)形成情況:取PRF組Ⅱ培養(yǎng)7、14 天的細(xì)胞爬片,4%的多聚甲醛固定1.5h, PBS漂洗,浸入1%硝酸銀水溶液,紫外光照射1h,蒸餾水沖洗;5%硫代硫酸鈉水溶液中浸2min;自來(lái)水沖洗,1%中性紅復(fù)染胞核30s;乙醇脫水;二甲苯透明, 樹(shù)脂封片。倒置顯微鏡下觀察,見(jiàn)黑色鈣結(jié)節(jié)的為陽(yáng)性結(jié)果。對(duì)照組Ⅱ及空白組同法行染色。
2.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法:采用SPSS13統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組比較采用t檢驗(yàn),P<0.01為有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
3 結(jié)果
3.1 人ADSCs形態(tài)學(xué)觀察及鑒定:原代ADSCs培養(yǎng)4~5天可達(dá)80%~90%融合,傳代后細(xì)胞主要呈梭形,第3代ADSCs細(xì)胞如圖所示(圖1a)。成脂誘導(dǎo)14天,油紅O染色可見(jiàn)細(xì)胞內(nèi)有鮮紅色透亮脂滴形成(圖1b)。成神經(jīng)球誘導(dǎo)5天,可見(jiàn)神經(jīng)球形成,第7天行nestin免疫熒光抗體檢測(cè),可見(jiàn)典型的紅色熒光球形成(圖1c)。ADSCs表面抗原CD29、CD90、CD45流式檢測(cè)鑒定(圖2),陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞率分別為93.8%、99.3%和0.4%。
3.2 CCK-8檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖:倒置顯微鏡觀察,PRF組Ⅰ細(xì)胞增殖較對(duì)照組Ⅰ明顯加速生長(zhǎng),聚集成團(tuán),其形態(tài)與對(duì)照組Ⅰ無(wú)明顯差異。CCK-8檢測(cè),兩組OD值均逐漸增大,但各時(shí)間點(diǎn)PRF組Ⅰ的OD值均大于對(duì)照組Ⅰ,檢驗(yàn)后有顯著差異(P<0.01)(見(jiàn)圖3)。
3.3 ALP活性檢測(cè):PRF組Ⅱ ALP活性各時(shí)間點(diǎn)均明顯高于對(duì)照組Ⅱ,兩組比較有顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.01)(見(jiàn)表1)。
3.4 von Kossa染色:PRF組Ⅱ細(xì)胞經(jīng)成骨誘導(dǎo)7天 后,von Kossa染色見(jiàn)黑色鈣結(jié)節(jié),呈陽(yáng)性,14天時(shí)染色黑色鈣結(jié)節(jié)明顯增多(圖4a、b)。對(duì)照組Ⅱ誘導(dǎo)7天未見(jiàn)鈣結(jié)節(jié),14天見(jiàn)少量陽(yáng)性鈣結(jié)節(jié)(圖4c、d),空白組培養(yǎng)14天未見(jiàn)黑色鈣結(jié)節(jié)(圖4e)。
4 討論
富血小板纖維蛋白(Choukroun's PRF)做為第二代血漿制品,在延續(xù)第一代血漿濃縮物富血小板血漿(PRP)的基礎(chǔ)上,表現(xiàn)出了更多的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。從2000年起國(guó)外開(kāi)始研究,已在口腔種植科、顱頜面外科、美容外科、創(chuàng)傷外科等多方面取得了一定的研究成果,證實(shí)Choukroun's PRF可以釋放大量生長(zhǎng)因子,主要有轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β(TGF-β)、血小板衍生生長(zhǎng)因子-AB(PDGF-AB) 類胰島素生長(zhǎng)因子-Ⅰ(insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ,IGF-Ⅰ)等,這些生長(zhǎng)因子促進(jìn)成骨細(xì)胞增殖及分化,加速骨組織愈合,減輕周?chē)M織的炎癥反應(yīng),促進(jìn)創(chuàng)口愈合[6-7]。并且有研究表明Choukroun's PRF具有三維立體網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)利于發(fā)揮生長(zhǎng)因子間的協(xié)同作用,延長(zhǎng)生長(zhǎng)因子的作用時(shí)間[8]。已有研究表明Choukroun's PRF對(duì)成骨細(xì)胞具有增殖及促進(jìn)成骨誘導(dǎo)的作用,且較PRP更強(qiáng)[9]。本文就Choukroun's PRF對(duì)脂肪干細(xì)胞的增殖及成骨誘導(dǎo)的影響做了初步研究,證實(shí)其有促進(jìn)ADSCs增殖及成骨誘導(dǎo)的作用,ADSCs近年來(lái)在許多研究方面取得了進(jìn)展,證實(shí)為一種良好的組織工程種子細(xì)胞,故Choukroun's PRF與ADSCs共同培養(yǎng)有較大的研究?jī)r(jià)值,目前國(guó)內(nèi)外的研究都還處于起步階段,還值得進(jìn)一步研究。
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