[摘要]目的:客觀評價下頜失狀劈開截骨術(shù)后下齒槽神經(jīng)感覺障礙發(fā)生及自然恢復(fù)的發(fā)生率。方法:選擇30例雙側(cè)下頜升支矢狀截骨的患者在術(shù)前和術(shù)后1周、4周、2個月和6個月進(jìn)行下齒槽神經(jīng)感覺障礙的臨床評價。30例患者均采用Semmes-Weinstein單絲測試法。結(jié)果:術(shù)后7天感覺障礙發(fā)生率為100%。在所有檢測區(qū)域,術(shù)后6個月的測量結(jié)果與術(shù)前最接近。6個月時20例患者感覺恢復(fù)術(shù)前水平。左右側(cè)及性別間感覺障礙恢復(fù)優(yōu)秀率的差異在各個隨訪時期均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>O.05)。結(jié)論:BSSO術(shù)后早期感覺功能障礙較為普遍,然而在術(shù)后6個月,大多數(shù)患者的神經(jīng)功能可達(dá)到自然恢復(fù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]雙側(cè)下頜矢狀劈開截骨術(shù);Semmes-Weinstein檢測;感覺功能障礙;下牙槽神經(jīng)
[中圖分類號]R782 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼]A [文章編號]1008-6455(2013)01-0019-03
Initial study on inferior alveolar nerve paresthesia after Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy with Semmes-Weinstein testing
LI Qiang,HUA Ze-quan,BAO Hai-hong,ZHANG Li,WANG Yan
(Department oral and maxillofacial surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region,shenyang110840,Liaoning,China)
Abstract: Objective The aim of this prospective study was to objectively evaluate the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) paresthesia in patients who underwent bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) and its spontaneous recovery and to define the incidence of sensibility loss. Methods Clinical evaluation of the IAN sensory disturbance was undertaken preoperatively and at the first week, fourth week,2 months,and 6 months postoperatively in 30 patients who underwent BSSO.The 30 patients were examined at all periods regarding the IAN functionality by Semmes-Weinstein testing. Results All patients showed sensibility loss at the 7-day evaluation time. The comparison between sides and gender did not show any significant difference(P>0.05).The examined data collected at 6 months were statistically similar to the data collected at the preoperative period.Twenty patients had total spontaneous recovery at the final period. Conclusion The BSSO presents the disadvantage of temporary paresthesia,however, spontaneous nerve function recovery does occur.
Key words:bilateral sagittal split osteotomy(BSSO);Semmes-Weinstein testing;paresthesia;inferior alveolar nerve (IAN)
下牙槽神經(jīng)(inferior alveolar nerve,IAN)感覺功能障礙是雙側(cè)下頜矢狀劈開截骨術(shù)(bilateral sagittal split osteotomy,BSSO)后常見并發(fā)癥之一,且術(shù)后即刻發(fā)生率很高,國內(nèi)尚無Semmes-Weinstein單絲測試研究方面報道[1-2]。本研究采用Semmes-Weinstein單絲測試法,客觀評價BSSO手術(shù)前后及左右側(cè)的對照研究,以期了解BSSO手術(shù)后感覺功能障礙發(fā)生率及恢復(fù)時間。
1 材料和方法
1.1臨床資料:選取2009年9月~2011年9月沈陽軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院口腔頜面外科收治的行雙側(cè)下頜矢狀劈開截骨術(shù)的患者30例(男17例,女13例),年齡18~26歲,平均24歲。下頜前突19例,上頜后縮伴下頜前突11例,30例患者在進(jìn)行了顱頜測量和模型外科后行BSSO19例,Le FortⅠ型截骨和BSSO11例。所有患者簽署了手術(shù)同意書及術(shù)前、術(shù)后測試的知情同意書,所有患者由同一術(shù)者采用同一原則和方式進(jìn)行BSSO手術(shù),使用相同的AO四孔鈦板固定。
1.2病例納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①單純行雙側(cè)SSRO截骨術(shù)的患者;②行雙側(cè)SSRO截骨術(shù)伴上頜骨LeFort I型截骨術(shù)的患者。
1.3病例排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①合并顱腦損傷;②合并對組織愈合有明顯影響的系統(tǒng)性疾病;③合并神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾患,如周圍神經(jīng)炎;④術(shù)前下唇感覺功能異常。
1.4測試方法:Semmes-Weinstein單絲(North Coast Medical, Inc.,San Jose,CA,USA),包括6種不同直徑的尼龍絲,編號1~6直徑依次增大,其壓力值依次為:0.05g、0.2g、2.0g、4.0g、10.0g、300g。其測試質(zhì)量得到廣泛認(rèn)可。
1.5 測試方法:同一測試者在5個時期對患者進(jìn)行感覺功能測試。包括術(shù)前、術(shù)后7天、1個月、2個月、6個月。 測試時患者緊閉雙眼,在26℃和33%濕度條件下將測試工具垂直壓于患者下唇1~1.5s后再提起(如圖1),測試患者有感覺時的單絲編號,每次測量3遍取平均值,若均無感覺,記錄為7。
1.6評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1為感覺正常,2~6為感覺功能減弱,7為感覺功能喪失。
1.7統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法:應(yīng)用SPSS18.0軟件進(jìn)行多個樣本率的χ2檢驗。
2 結(jié)果
30例患者行BSSO術(shù)前術(shù)后進(jìn)行感覺功能測試,術(shù)前患者無下牙槽神經(jīng)感覺異常,所有患者均可感受到1號Semmes-Weinstein單絲。Semmes-Weinstein單絲測試結(jié)果見表1~2,本測驗顯示術(shù)后7天下唇感覺異常發(fā)生率100%,經(jīng)χ2檢驗,左右側(cè)及男女間下唇感覺功能障礙差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。將數(shù)據(jù)合并處理(見表3),BSSO術(shù)后IAN的感覺的突然喪失和緩慢恢復(fù)表明下唇感覺功能障礙是可以逐漸恢復(fù)(如圖2)。6個月時的感覺功能最接近術(shù)前水平,20例(67%)患者感覺功能恢復(fù)術(shù)前水平,并且平均感覺閾值為1.43。
3 討論
BSSO手術(shù)經(jīng)口內(nèi)途徑進(jìn)行,有不留口外瘢痕、避免損傷面神經(jīng)及快速改善面型等優(yōu)點,符合患者要求。并可用于前徙或后退下頜,但其術(shù)后下牙槽神經(jīng)感覺障礙的發(fā)生率很高,值得醫(yī)生關(guān)注。
下頜正頜手術(shù)后下唇和頦部的感覺異常發(fā)生率較高。下牙槽神經(jīng)感覺異常在BSSO手術(shù)后4~8天發(fā)生率54%~86%,1個月后41%~75%,3個月后33%~66%,6個月后17%~58%,1年后15%~33%[3-6]。本研究術(shù)后感覺異常發(fā)生率為78.3%,與文獻(xiàn)報道一致。在術(shù)后6個月時,20例(67%)患者下唇感覺恢復(fù)到術(shù)前水平,其余10例輕度感覺異常,平均感覺閾值為1.43。
3.1 BSSO后下牙槽神經(jīng)感覺障礙的原因:解剖因素的影響,IAN在下頜骨中位置較恒定,但存在個體差異。Yamamoto等[7]報道,有25%的下頜管與頰側(cè)骨皮質(zhì)直接接觸,中間無骨松質(zhì),這種患者術(shù)中IAN極易受到損傷。固定方式的影響,Pratt等[8]比較后發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)頰單皮質(zhì)微型夾板固定較鋼絲固定的患者神經(jīng)受損的機(jī)會少。骨段移動方向和距離對下牙槽神經(jīng)感覺障礙的影響,BSSO后退下頜骨易壓迫IAN,而前徙下頜骨可使神經(jīng)過度牽拉。Ylikontiola[7]報道下頜移動距離與暫時性神經(jīng)感覺功能障礙密切相關(guān)。Blomqvist等[6]報道,隨著患者年齡的增長,BSSO術(shù)后IAN感覺功能障礙幾率明顯升高。Posnick等[8]報道BSSO合并頦成形術(shù)比單純BSSO所致IAN受損幾率大。其他如BSSO術(shù)后腫脹、術(shù)中牽拉[16]及壓迫IAN可導(dǎo)致感覺功能障礙。
3.2 檢測BSSO術(shù)后感覺功能障礙的方法:文獻(xiàn)報道的方法有牙髓活力檢查、直流電刺激反應(yīng)測驗、針刺實驗、兩點位置覺及棉絮等[9-12],而Semmes-Weinstein單絲測試報道較少,使用尼龍絲進(jìn)行感覺功能評價由 Semmes 和 Wein-stein在 Von Frey的研究后開發(fā)。西門-韋恩斯坦單絲測試法是用于臨床的可靠測試之一,參考文獻(xiàn)其91%的靈敏度和80%的特異性[12]。Jerosch-HeroldPatel[1]、Bassini、Anderson和Croft[13]等研究表明Semmes-Weinstein單絲測試是可靠和值得信賴的。Beukelaer和 Eliav等[14]使用其評價低位第三磨牙拔除術(shù)后頦神經(jīng)的感覺。Cordeiro[15]使用其評價口內(nèi)骨移植皮瓣的感覺狀況,并且其被認(rèn)為是檢測漢森氏病的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[12]。因此,其可以用來評價BSSO術(shù)后感覺功能障礙。
SSRO術(shù)后早期感覺功能障礙較為普遍,然而在術(shù)后6個月大多數(shù)患者的神經(jīng)功能可達(dá)到自然恢復(fù),因此SSRO是安全和可靠的。
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