[摘要] 基底細(xì)胞樣型乳腺癌是一組具有肌上皮/基底細(xì)胞免疫表型特征的乳腺癌,其預(yù)后通常較差。而DNA拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶Ⅱ (topoisomeraseⅡ,TopoⅡ)是DNA代謝過(guò)程中重要核酶,其可作為蒽環(huán)類藥物療效及乳腺癌的預(yù)后指標(biāo)。且亦有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Ki67抗原與乳腺癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移關(guān)系密切,檢測(cè)Ki67抗原亦可成為判斷乳腺癌預(yù)后的重要指標(biāo)。因此,本文就TopoⅡ及Ki67及在基底細(xì)胞樣乳腺癌中作用展開綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞] DNA拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶Ⅱ;Ki67抗原;基底細(xì)胞樣型乳腺癌
[中圖分類號(hào)] R614.3;R971+.12[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A[文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2012)10-0032-03
The roles of Topo Ⅱ and Ki67 in basal-like breast cancer
HUANG Yajuan1 YU Xiaohong2 DU Feng1
1.Department of Galactophore, Maternal and Child Care Service Centre of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China; 2. Department of Pathology, Maternal and Child Care Service Centre of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China
[Abstract] Basal-like breast cancer is a group of myoepithelial / basal cell immune phenotype of breast cancer, the prognosis is usually poor. The DNA topoisomerase Ⅱ (topoisomerase Ⅱ α, Topo Ⅱ) is an important metabolic process DNA ribozyme, which can be used as the efficacy of anthracycline drugs and breast cancer prognosis. And also found that Ki67 antigen and lymph node metastasis are closely related Ki67 antigen detection can also serve as an important indicator to determine the prognosis of breast cancer. Therefore, this paper Topo Ⅱ and Ki67 and the role of basal-like breast cancer to start discussion.
[Key words] DNA topoisomerase Ⅱ; Ki67 antigen; Basal-like breast cancer
目前大多數(shù)研究者依據(jù)基因表型將乳腺癌分為4種,即管腔型、基底細(xì)胞樣型、HER-2高表達(dá)型和正常乳腺樣型乳腺癌[1]。而作為一組具有肌上皮/基底細(xì)胞免疫表型特征的乳腺癌,基底細(xì)胞樣型以其較差的預(yù)后得到了廣泛的關(guān)注和研究,但國(guó)內(nèi)臨床治療對(duì)其相關(guān)了解,尤其是其與TopoⅡ及Ki67表達(dá)的關(guān)系了解較少[2]。故本文綜合國(guó)內(nèi)外最新文獻(xiàn),對(duì)基底細(xì)胞樣乳腺癌(后面簡(jiǎn)稱乳腺癌)的分子生物學(xué)特點(diǎn)、表型特征、治療與TopoⅡ及Ki67的關(guān)系作一綜述。
1 DNA拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶與乳腺癌的相關(guān)性
1.1 DNA拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶的概念
有學(xué)者[3]研究指出由于DNA具有拓?fù)涞慕Y(jié)構(gòu)以及性質(zhì),從而使其表現(xiàn)出雙螺旋旋轉(zhuǎn)結(jié)構(gòu),由于其可在同一軸向進(jìn)行復(fù)制解鏈以及旋轉(zhuǎn),從而導(dǎo)致DNA分子的打結(jié)以及連環(huán)等現(xiàn)象,而由于DNA表現(xiàn)出閉環(huán)狀態(tài)下又按一定方向進(jìn)行扭轉(zhuǎn),形成超螺旋結(jié)構(gòu),DNA分子在通常情況下進(jìn)行扭轉(zhuǎn)不會(huì)形成負(fù)超螺旋以及正超螺旋。有學(xué)者指出在正常DNA復(fù)制過(guò)程中,不需要對(duì)DNA堿基對(duì)的組成、數(shù)目以及順序進(jìn)行改變,從而理順DNA分子鏈,需要對(duì)其進(jìn)行拓?fù)錁?gòu)象改變[4]。有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)在大腸桿菌中有能夠催化DNA拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)體相互轉(zhuǎn)換的酶,并將其稱為DNA拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶[5]。
1.2 DNA拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶的生物學(xué)功能
DNA拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶分為Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型兩種,其廣泛存在于真核及原核生物中,其中真核生物拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶又分為兩種:即TopoⅡα(基因定位于17q)和TopoⅡβ(基因定位于3p),兩種酶的基因產(chǎn)物分別為170kD和180kD的同型二聚體蛋白質(zhì)[6],而原核生物拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶Ⅱ又被稱作旋轉(zhuǎn)酶。在功能上,TopoⅡ在生物體細(xì)胞核內(nèi)廣泛存在,其能對(duì)核酸的空間結(jié)構(gòu)變化進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)節(jié),從而控制核酸的生理功能。其生物學(xué)功能可經(jīng)兩種方式實(shí)現(xiàn),一是直接參與那些需先打斷后使DNA分子鏈重新連接的DNA的修復(fù)、重組、轉(zhuǎn)錄及復(fù)制過(guò)程;二是通過(guò)間接對(duì)DNA的超螺旋狀態(tài)進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)控制,使DNA的環(huán)連體狀態(tài)得到解結(jié)或打結(jié),從而使細(xì)胞內(nèi)核酸代謝過(guò)程受到間接影響[7]。值得注意的是,雖然人類的TopoⅡα和TopoⅡβ兩種同工酶酶促活性相似并在結(jié)構(gòu)上高度同源,但有顯著的差異性分布于細(xì)胞和組織內(nèi)。就細(xì)胞內(nèi)分布而言,TopoⅡα主要分布于細(xì)胞核漿,并多呈網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)聚集于染色體著絲粒周圍,而TopoⅡβ則主要分布在核仁區(qū);就組織內(nèi)分布而言,TopoⅡα大多分布于增殖細(xì)胞中,而TopoⅡβ則幾乎存在于所有細(xì)胞中[8];而就蛋白表達(dá)而言,TopoⅡα的蛋白水平細(xì)胞周期特異性明顯,表現(xiàn)為在G1期較低,S期開始升高,G2/M期達(dá)到頂峰,而TopoⅡβ無(wú)明顯的細(xì)胞周期特性,在該過(guò)程中始終保持相對(duì)穩(wěn)定[9]。
1.3 TopoⅡ在乳腺癌治療中的應(yīng)用
作為抗癌藥物的作用靶點(diǎn),TopoⅡ在多種腫瘤治療中已被廣泛關(guān)注。Desmedt等研究表明[10],蒽環(huán)類藥物可使DNA與TopoⅡ形成穩(wěn)定的易裂復(fù)合物,對(duì)TopoⅡ的DNA斷裂-再連接反應(yīng)進(jìn)行阻止并斷裂雙鏈DNA,進(jìn)而使細(xì)胞增殖受到抑制。在細(xì)胞內(nèi)若TopoⅡ水平下降則可對(duì)TopoⅡ抑制劑的抗腫瘤活性產(chǎn)生較大影響,而其降低的含量和活性可讓腫瘤細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生耐藥性[11]。腫瘤中TopoⅡ的過(guò)度表達(dá)可使細(xì)胞的增殖狀態(tài)得到有效反映,提示預(yù)后不良,亦是對(duì)蒽環(huán)類細(xì)胞毒性藥物的敏感反應(yīng)指標(biāo)[12]。Al-Trawneh等[13]對(duì)比了乳腺癌患者晚期TopoⅡα高表達(dá)時(shí)使用蒽環(huán)類與紫杉類藥物解救化療的效果,認(rèn)為若患者TopoⅡα表達(dá)陽(yáng)性,則其接受單藥阿霉素的治療總有效率明顯升高,表明蒽環(huán)類藥物可有效治療TopoⅡα蛋白過(guò)表達(dá)的乳腺癌患者。而Zaczek等[14]的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),采用蒽環(huán)類藥物治療后TopoⅡα陽(yáng)性組患者總生存期和無(wú)病生存期均高于陰性組。
1.4 TopoⅡ與HER-2原癌基因表達(dá)的關(guān)系
乳腺癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和預(yù)后等與HER-2原癌基因關(guān)系密切,其是乳腺癌主要致病相關(guān)基因。20%~30%的乳腺癌患者中可見(jiàn)HER-2擴(kuò)增和蛋白過(guò)度表達(dá),其與腫瘤惡性程度常呈正相關(guān),可單獨(dú)作為判斷乳腺癌預(yù)后的獨(dú)立指標(biāo),并且在臨床上HER-2已成為常用的預(yù)測(cè)曲妥珠單抗的臨床指標(biāo)[15]。Stamatakos等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)HER-2與TopoⅡα的共同高表達(dá)存在于多種腫瘤中,目前尚未完全闡明兩者之間的發(fā)生機(jī)制以及相互關(guān)系,加上二者在基因定位上非常接近(均位于17q12-22)。因此,相當(dāng)一部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為在TopoⅡα基因激活擴(kuò)增或缺失的同時(shí)使HER-2擴(kuò)增,兩種基因存在著拷貝數(shù)和表達(dá)高低上的變化的某種聯(lián)系[17]。Schindlbeck等[18]研究認(rèn)為TopoⅡα基因和蛋白質(zhì)的改變能夠由HER-2的過(guò)度表達(dá)引起。而Parissenti等[19]研究認(rèn)為,細(xì)胞僅對(duì)HER-2高表達(dá)時(shí)對(duì)蒽環(huán)類藥物不敏感,而出現(xiàn)HER-2和TopoⅡα的同時(shí)高表達(dá)時(shí),腫瘤細(xì)胞的敏感性才提高顯著。Nielsen等[20]通過(guò)67例乳腺癌患者經(jīng)阿霉素治療后的研究結(jié)果證實(shí)TopoⅡα擴(kuò)增與HER-2呈正相關(guān),而TopoⅡα擴(kuò)增亦與其臨床療效關(guān)系密切,即95%的患者當(dāng)TopoⅡα與HER-2共擴(kuò)增時(shí)療效明顯高于其他亞組(P = 0.038)。提示蒽環(huán)類藥物化療療效的預(yù)測(cè)可用TopoⅡα基因表達(dá)標(biāo)志物來(lái)預(yù)測(cè),而蒽環(huán)類療效通過(guò)HER-2預(yù)測(cè)其實(shí)質(zhì)是TopoⅡα表達(dá)發(fā)揮作用的[21]。Moelans等[22]研究認(rèn)為進(jìn)展期乳腺癌的無(wú)病生存率與TopoⅡα的表達(dá)增加關(guān)系密切。Mays等[23]經(jīng)過(guò)類似研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)原發(fā)腫瘤分期和TopoⅡα表達(dá)關(guān)系密切,而與HER-2、組織學(xué)分級(jí)表達(dá)、臨床分期無(wú)明顯相關(guān),表明TopoⅡα是除上述因素之外獨(dú)立的預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè)因素。Loss等[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)TopoⅡα不僅已成為腫瘤MDR的重要指標(biāo),而且其與HER-2的共表達(dá)在對(duì)乳腺癌臨床分期及腫瘤大小的評(píng)價(jià)中意義重大,兩者聯(lián)合可作為乳腺癌預(yù)后的敏感標(biāo)志物。因此,臨床中對(duì)于共表達(dá)HER-2與TopoⅡα的患者,其最佳治療方案可考慮Herceptin與蒽環(huán)類藥物的聯(lián)合,但需注意兩者聯(lián)用可能會(huì)使心臟的毒性反應(yīng)增加[25]。
2 Ki67與基底細(xì)胞樣乳腺癌的相關(guān)性
2.1 Ki67的概念及其生物學(xué)功能
1983年,Gerdes J等首先發(fā)現(xiàn)Ki67抗原并認(rèn)為有絲分裂和增殖細(xì)胞與該抗原的功能有密切關(guān)系,其不僅是細(xì)胞增殖的表現(xiàn),可成為標(biāo)記細(xì)胞增殖狀態(tài)的抗原[26]。而且在分裂期表達(dá)增加,在M期達(dá)到高峰,因而可被當(dāng)成細(xì)胞增殖的重要標(biāo)記物。Ki67僅在核的周期性增生中表達(dá)而在其他細(xì)胞中不表達(dá),因而在G0期細(xì)胞中常無(wú)Ki67表達(dá)[27]。而Ki67作為雙分子蛋白在核中表達(dá),其不僅被廣泛應(yīng)用于測(cè)定各種腫瘤增殖活性,其也成為對(duì)腫瘤預(yù)后產(chǎn)生重要影響的因素[28]。
2.2 Ki67與乳腺癌相關(guān)性研究進(jìn)展
Ki67抗原僅表達(dá)于增殖細(xì)胞核中,是細(xì)胞增殖的相關(guān)蛋白,已成為細(xì)胞增殖活性檢測(cè)的敏感和重要指標(biāo),目前常用于乳腺癌治療的指導(dǎo)。Xu等[29]認(rèn)為Ki67表達(dá)對(duì)乳腺癌的預(yù)后影響十分重大,其研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Ki67在乳腺癌和癌旁組織中的表達(dá)分別為66.67%和5.0%(P > 0.05)。腫瘤大小、年齡均與Ki67的表達(dá)相關(guān)性不顯著(P < 0.05),而與腫瘤組織分級(jí)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)性顯著,說(shuō)明乳腺癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及預(yù)后與Ki67聯(lián)系緊密。Santisteban等[30]在研究乳腺癌組織中Survivin、Ki67基因的表達(dá)及其與C-erbB-2基因的關(guān)系中,結(jié)果表明Ki67陽(yáng)性率在乳腺癌組織中為74%,與Plesan等[31]發(fā)現(xiàn)的78%相近。該研究還顯示乳腺癌臨床分期與Ki67表達(dá)關(guān)系密切,Ki67的陽(yáng)性率隨著臨床分期的遞增而增加明顯。此外,Klintman等[32]研究結(jié)果還發(fā)現(xiàn)Ki67的表達(dá)與患者的年齡、腫瘤大小、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移狀況等相關(guān)性均不明顯。Colozza等[33]研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)Ki67抗原水平表達(dá)與乳腺癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移程度關(guān)系密切,而腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖活性又與腫瘤淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移關(guān)系密切。作為一種與增殖細(xì)胞相關(guān)的核抗原,Ki67抗原水平高表達(dá)時(shí)易出現(xiàn)乳腺癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移[34],且腫瘤細(xì)胞活性可由Ki67蛋白的表達(dá)反映,與惡性腫瘤的發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)移關(guān)系密切[35]。而Morimoto等[36]在研究乳腺癌中p53、Ki67、ER、PR的表達(dá)及其臨床意義中發(fā)現(xiàn)Ki67蛋白的陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率高達(dá)79.3%,而本研究顯示Ki67在乳腺癌Ⅲ級(jí)表達(dá)中平均值為(23.15±6.43),高于乳腺癌Ⅱ級(jí)(P < 0.05),證明了乳腺癌表達(dá)與其腋淋巴的轉(zhuǎn)移聯(lián)系緊密。
3 展望
現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)認(rèn)為,作為一種多因素多階段的過(guò)程,腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展與多種因素和力量所共同作用的結(jié)果相關(guān)[37]。根據(jù)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道顯示[37,38],TopoⅡ及Ki67的表達(dá)主要根據(jù)腫瘤惡性程度的高低而對(duì)預(yù)后產(chǎn)生較大影響,兩者是既相互獨(dú)立又互相補(bǔ)充的預(yù)后因素。其聯(lián)合檢測(cè)有利于乳腺癌的診斷以及選擇治療方案,從而進(jìn)一步提高治療的針對(duì)性和有效性,使無(wú)效或過(guò)度治療得到避免[38]。值得注意的是,若具體到乳腺癌的病理分型,上述兩者機(jī)制的臨床意義尚有待進(jìn)一步研究。
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(收稿日期:2011-09-19)