年度十大電影、年度十大專輯、年度十大圖書……每到年末,無論專業(yè)的評論人士還是普通的觀眾、讀者,都熱衷于推出自己的年度十佳榜單。無論榜單出自誰手,結(jié)果注定會以偏概全,掛一漏萬。然而,寫榜單的人還是樂此不疲,讀榜單的人還是興味盎然。這是為什么呢?
The position of Arts and Entertainment Co-Editor of The Tower Times carries a certain amount of responsibility. When I filled that role at my Wisconsin high school, there was one task that I treasured above all else. I got to write an end-of-year Top 10 list for 1991.
But there was one problem: I’d been able to buy music with only the $3.45 an hour I earned at a frozen-custard1) stand, so I owned only eight albums from 1991. Though as a 17-year-old I had great faith in my own taste, even I had to admit this seemed a bit sketchy2).
Which is why I blew an entire month’s worth of paychecks on a trip to Musicland, where I bought two more CDs that looked pretty good, ignoring that one new album that the kids wearing flannel3) at my high school were all talking about, the one with the baby and the dollar bill on the cover. I’d backed myself into a corner4). The CDs I bought made it on my list. None of them were “Nevermind5).”
Nowadays, of course, list makers who write professionally about culture do not face the problem of scarcity. It’s like extra Christmas up in here, with screenings of awards contenders every night and DVDs arriving every day by U.S.P.S.6), FedEx7), U.P.S.8)A music-critic friend has 1,961 songs in her “2011” playlist.
So it’s a given9) that these lists are culled10) from an immense amount of material, and therein lies their utility for many readers. If you view a critic as, essentially, a recommendation robot who draws a salary, then the year-end Top 10 list is perfect, coming as it does just when you’re looking for gifts to buy and movies to see. As it happens, the end of the year is also a great time for advertisers to hawk11) their products in newspapers and magazines, and so the great wheel of commerce rolls merrily along.
In the introduction to her 2007 year-end roundup12), the New York Times film critic Manohla Dargis pointed out that the most valuable function of the year-end Top 10 list is that it’s “a public ritual”—a laying down of cards by a writer, showing you hers so you’ll show her yours. But if the list itself is a public ritual, so, too, is the denouncing of list-making by some of those same critics—like Dargis herself, who calls lists “artificial exercises, assertions of critical ego, capricious13) and necessarily imperfect.”
It’s a common complaint: that the act of making a Top 10 list is, for critics, an intellectually dishonest necessary evil. The readers demand our lists; our editors wait, itchy14) to transform our lists into click-accumulating slide shows; and the publicists who have sent us free stuff expect our lists so they can print them out and deliver them to their department heads.
But nevertheless! I love making lists. I’ve loved it as long as I can remember. If, as a child, I’d made a Top 10 list of the perquisites of being a culture writer, making Top 10 lists would have been No.2. (No.1: getting to see movies before they came out, instead of four months later when they finally reached Milwaukee15).)
As with everything worth making—bread, sweet love, mix tapes—there’s an art to creating a great Top 10 list. Every spot on that list is precious, but certain slots are earmarked16) for certain purposes. The top spot, Numero Uno17), is of course reserved for the absolute best, most earthshaking, revolutionary film or album or novel released in the past year. That is, unless you are a spineless18) coward and you use your top spot on a safe, unobjectionable No. 1, like Freedom or Schindler’s List or whatever. And let me add here that presenting your list alphabetically, without a clear No. 1, is baloney19). Your actual job is to listen to songs or watch movies and then tell people about them. The American public demands of you in return is to award a single blue ribbon, like a judge at the State Fair20). Suck it up21).
Spot No. 2 is for the movie you loved so much despite its obvious flaws. It might not be great art, but it hit you somehow. Twenty years from now, when you think back on the movies you saw, this is the one you’ll remember. I think it’s likely that in 2007, a lot of movie watchers put Once snugly22) at No. 2.
And of course, there’s Spot No. 9. That’s where you throw your curveball23). Maybe you toss in a critically reviled blockbuster or a children’s book. Maybe a totally stupid romantic comedy, or a Weird Al Yankovic24) song. One of the all-time greatest No. 9s appeared in Time, where Richard Corliss named Speed Racer the ninth-best movie of 2008. Speed Racer! It’s barely even a movie! I’d more accurately describe it as a 135-minute seizure trigger25).
Lists, of course, are not the exclusive domain of the professional critic. Thanks to Amazon and IMDb and Goodreads and dozens of other sites, your lists, your taste, become an essential part of your online identity: it’s you, packaged and presented for readers, shoppers and sophisticated marketing algorithms to meet, argue with and shake virtual hands.
My next-door neighbor Dave, for example, is not a music critic. He works for the U.S. Postal Service. But he’s a ferocious26) holder of opinions about music, and therefore he has made year-end lists since college. “It was almost like completing a mini-journal of the year that had just passed,” he told me. “Relistening to albums and making lists was a nice way to put the year to bed.”
Buried in the depths of my hard drive are long-untouched Word docs that reveal, for instance, my sixth-favorite director of 2006 (Richard Linklater, A Scanner Darkly). Or my ninth-favorite movie in 2000 (Bring It On—classic No. 9). What’s the value of these now-irrelevant opinions? Why have I transferred them from computer to computer to computer? Sure, for posterity, but I’m not fooling myself that one day archivists at the Dan Kois Memorial Library will scrupulously27) note my Best Ensemble winner from 1999 (Henry Fool). These lists will only ever be of interest to me, but they’re of intense interest to me—not only snapshots of my aesthetic development and my taste, but also clear windows into years in my life.
Making a list, of course, is a performance of sorts, even for those who do not share their lists with the public. In building a Top 10, you are also creating, in 10 increments, the person you want to be, the taste you wish to have. You are omnivorous28) and adventurous, which is why your list contains math-rock29) and country, manga and memoir, little-seen art films and boundary-pushing TV shows. You are populist and refined, both high and low of brow—you are brow-free!—which is why your list contains The Dark Knight and Silent Light. You are a culturally literate citizen of the 21st century, which is why your list is diverse and not simply a bunch of old white American men.
Your list is you. Choose it carefully. Because one day your list may mortify30) you.
1. 身為《高塔時報》的藝術(shù)和娛樂類聯(lián)合編輯,肩上是頗有些責任重擔的。在威斯康星讀中學時,我擔任的就是這一職務(wù)。那時,有一項工作是我最為珍惜的。那就是寫1991年度十佳排行榜。
但有一個問題:我用來買音樂唱片的錢都是從蛋乳凍小攤上打工掙來的,每小時才能拿到3.45美元,所以我只擁有八張1991年的唱片。雖然作為一個17歲的少年,我對自己的品味非常自信,但也不得不承認,從八張里選出十佳來還是有些太草率了。
所以我去了一趟音樂城,把整整一個月的工資花個精光,又買了兩張看起來很不錯的專輯,但卻忽略了那張封面上畫著嬰兒和美鈔的專輯《別在意》——當時整個高中里所有穿著法蘭絨的學生們都在討論這張新專輯??晌乙呀?jīng)沒有了回旋的余地。我買的兩張專輯自然都入圍了我的排行榜,但《別在意》卻不在其中。
2. 當然,現(xiàn)在那些寫文化主題的榜單制作者們不會再面臨資源不足的問題。事實上,寫榜單就像過額外的圣誕節(jié)那樣,每天晚上都要對競爭獎項的候選人們進行篩選,每天都有DVD通過美國郵政服務(wù)公司、聯(lián)邦快遞和聯(lián)合包裹速遞服務(wù)公司送過來。我有位從事樂評的朋友,他在評“2011年度十佳”時,播放列表里的曲目多達1961首。
因此我們認定,這些排行榜都是從海量的資料里精挑細選出來的,因而其中必有對廣大讀者有用的訊息。如果你將評論家從本質(zhì)上看做是一個具有推薦功能并支取工資的機器人的話,那么歲末盤點的十佳榜單的確稱得上是應(yīng)時應(yīng)景,因為年底正是你四處搜尋著買禮物和看電影的好時候。同時,年底也是各大廣告商在報紙和雜志上兜售商品的大好機會,商業(yè)的車輪因此歡快地滾滾前行。
3.《紐約時報》的影評人曼諾拉·達吉斯在其2007年年終總評的介紹中指出,年度十佳榜單最有價值的功能在于它是“一種公眾儀式”——作者向你亮出手中的“牌”,你也向她亮出你手里的“牌”。但是,如果排行榜本身是一種公眾儀式的話,那么相同評論家中有些人對寫排行榜這件事所進行的譴責同樣是一種公眾儀式,比如達吉斯就把排行榜稱為“假模假式的挑兵點將,評論家自以為是的斷言,是變化無常且必然存在缺陷的”。
這樣的抱怨并不少見。有人認為,對于評論家來說,寫十佳排行榜是一種智力上不誠實但又不得不為的惡行。讀者們需要排行榜;編輯們坐等著排行榜,急于將我們的榜單轉(zhuǎn)化成能夠積攢點擊量的幻燈片;那些寄給我們免費產(chǎn)品的公關(guān)人員也眼巴巴盼著我們的榜單出爐,這樣他們就能印成白紙黑字,呈送給自己的部門上司請賞。
4. 但即便如此,我仍然熱衷于寫排行榜。打從記事開始我就愛干這事兒。要是童年時做一個排行榜,列出成為一個文化撰稿人可能享受的十大特權(quán)的話,我一定把“能夠制作十佳榜單”排在第二名。(第一名:在公映前看到電影,而非等到四個月后影片最終到達密爾沃基的時候。)
5. 正如所有值得做的事情一樣——比如烘烤面包、享受魚水之歡、制作混音磁帶——創(chuàng)作一個精良的十佳排行榜也是一門藝術(shù)。排行榜上的每一個位置都很珍貴,但是某些位置是為了特殊用途而專門預(yù)留的。排行榜首位,即狀元寶座,當然要過去一年發(fā)行的絕對至尊無敵、影響最為深遠、具有劃時代意義的電影、專輯或小說。當然,除非你是個沒有骨氣的膽小鬼,才可能會在第一名的位置上放一個穩(wěn)妥而不惹爭議的安全牌,比如《街頭日記》、《辛德勒的名單》或其他諸如此類的片子。此處容我再添一句,將前十名按照字母順序排列,不明確給出第一名的做法更是胡扯。你的實際工作就是聽歌或看電影,然后告訴人們孰好孰壞。而公眾因此要求你像州博覽會上的評委一樣,給冠軍頒發(fā)獨一無二的藍綬帶。拿出點膽量來。
6. 第二名的位置是給那些雖有明顯缺陷但對之你仍抱有無限熱愛的影片。它可能算不上偉大的藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作,但不知怎么它就是打動了你的心。二十年后,當你回首往事以及那些看過的電影時,這就是你記得的那一部。我想,2007年時,很多影評人可能因此而將《曾經(jīng)》排在了十佳的第二名。
7. 當然,還得說說第九名。在這里,你可以投出出人意料的一票。或許你把這一票投給了一部廣受惡評的年度大片或者一本兒童讀物;又或許是一部傻乎乎的浪漫喜劇或是惡搞音樂大師阿爾·楊科維克的一首歌。史上最經(jīng)典的第九名出現(xiàn)在《時代周刊》上,理查德·考利斯將2008年年度最佳電影的第九名給了《極速賽車手》?!稑O速賽車手》!它幾乎不能算作是一部電影!我寧愿更準確地把它稱為一個長達135分鐘的“引爆器”,使人看了電影就抓狂。
8. 當然,排行榜并不是專職評論人的專屬領(lǐng)地。由于亞馬遜、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)電影資料庫、好讀網(wǎng)以及其他類似網(wǎng)站的興起,你的排行榜和你的品味已經(jīng)成為你網(wǎng)絡(luò)身份的重要組成部分:它們就是你,打包呈送到讀者、顧客以及精于算計的市場推廣算法面前,雙方彼此相見,唇槍舌劍,又或在虛擬的世界里握手言歡。
以我的隔壁鄰居戴夫為例來說,他并非一個樂評人,而是在美國郵政總局工作,但是他對音樂頗有自己的一套看法,因此自大學起就開始制作年度音樂排行榜?!斑@就像是為剛剛過去的一年編纂一本微型雜志一樣,”他告訴我,“重聽唱片和制作榜單是為過去一年劃上圓滿句號的很好途徑?!?/p>
9. 在我電腦硬盤深處埋藏著一些長久無人問津的word文檔,這些文檔解釋了我曾經(jīng)的喜好,比如,2006年在我最喜歡的導(dǎo)演榜單上排行第六的是執(zhí)導(dǎo)《黑暗掃描儀》的理查德·林克萊特,2000年在我最喜歡的電影榜單上排行第九名的是《魅力四射》——典型的第九名電影。這些和現(xiàn)在沒有半點關(guān)聯(lián)的看法到底有什么價值呢?為什么我會一再地將它們從一臺電腦轉(zhuǎn)存到另一臺電腦呢?當然,這其中有為了子孫后代的原因,但我也從沒有自欺欺人地以為在未來的某一天,丹·科伊斯紀念館的檔案管理員會足夠細心地注意到1999年我把最佳整體表演獎的第一名頒給了誰(《傻子亨利》)。這些排行榜永遠只會對我個人具有吸引力,但這種吸引力對我來說是巨大的——它們不僅是我審美發(fā)展歷程和品位的“存照留證”,而且是清晰回望我過去歲月的窗口。
10. 毫無疑問,制作排行榜是一項分門別類的工作,即使對那些不與公眾分享自己榜單的人來說也是如此。在制作十佳排行榜的同時,你也是在通過十個步驟創(chuàng)造一個自己想要成為的人,創(chuàng)造自己想要有的品味。你無所不讀,敢于嘗試,因此你的排行榜上既有數(shù)學搖滾,又有鄉(xiāng)村音樂;既有漫畫,又有回憶錄;既有小眾的文藝電影,又有前衛(wèi)的電視節(jié)目。你既是俗人一個,又品味不凡,你喜歡陽春白雪,也欣賞下里巴人——你雅俗共賞!正因為如此,你的排行榜上才既有《蝙蝠俠前傳2:黑暗騎士》,又有《寂靜之光》。你是一個有文化、有修養(yǎng)的21世紀公民,所以你的排行榜上百花齊放,而不是只有一群老年白種美國人。
你的排行榜就是你自己,請務(wù)必精挑細選。因為有一天,你的排行榜可能讓你覺得汗顏。
1.frozen-custard:蛋乳凍,與冰淇淋相似,由雞蛋、乳酪、糖等制作而成的冰凍甜點。
2.sketchy [#712;sket#643;i] adj. 粗淺的;草草完成的
3.flannel [#712;flaelig;nl] n. 法蘭絨,一種用粗梳毛紗織制的柔軟而有絨面的毛織物
4.back sb. into a corner:把某人逼到非常困難的境地
5.Nevermind:《別在意》,是美國搖滾樂隊“涅”(Nirvana)于1991年發(fā)行的專輯,該專輯在1991年末獲得了巨大成功。專輯的封面是一個嬰兒追美鈔的畫面。
6.U.S.P.S.:美國郵政服務(wù)公司(U.S. Postal Service),獨立的美國政府代理機構(gòu),負責美國郵政業(yè)務(wù),其誕生可以追溯到1775年。
7.FedEx:聯(lián)邦快遞(Federal Express),一家國際性速遞集團,總部設(shè)于美國田納西州。
8.U.P.S.:聯(lián)合包裹速遞服務(wù)公司(United Parcel Service),于1907年成立于美國,目前在全球范圍內(nèi)提供物流、運輸、資本與電子商務(wù)等服務(wù)。
9.given [#712;ɡ#618;vn] n. 被認定的事實
10.cull [k#652;l] vt. 精選
11.hawk [h#596;#720;k] vt. 兜售
12.roundup [#712;ra#650;nd#652;p] n. 綜述,摘要
13.capricious [k#601;#712;pr#618;#643;#601;s] adj. 反復(fù)無常的
14.itchy [#712;#618;t#643;i] adj. 渴望的
15.Milwaukee:密爾沃基,美國威斯康星州東南部一城市,位于密歇根湖西岸。
16.earmark [#712;#618;#601;mɑ#720;k] vt. 指定……做特定用途
17.Numero Uno:第一位
18.spineless [#712;spa#618;nl#601;s] adj. 沒有骨氣的,沒有勇氣的
19.baloney [b#601;#712;l#601;#650;ni] n. 胡扯
20.State Fair:州博覽會。在美國部分州里,每年都會舉行州博覽會,內(nèi)容通常包括商品集市、創(chuàng)意比拼賽、文藝表演等多種活動。
21.suck it up:坦然地接受(某種不幸或抱怨)
22.snugly [sn#652;ɡli] adv. 整潔地
23.throw one’s curveball:做出出人意料的事
24.Weird Al Yankovic:阿爾·楊科維克,原名為Alfred Matthew Yankovic,綽號為“Weird Al”,美國最為著名的歌曲惡搞專家,是MTV時代的音樂幽默大師。
25.seizure trigger:導(dǎo)致痙攣等癥狀發(fā)作的因素
26.ferocious:請參見31頁注釋7。
27.scrupulously [#712;skru#720;pj#601;l#601;sli] adv. 小心翼翼地,嚴格認真地
28.omnivorous [#594;m#712;n#618;v#601;r#601;s] adj. 什么都讀的
29.math-rock:數(shù)學搖滾,誕生于20世紀80年代的搖滾音樂類型,與后搖滾有些相似,以吉他為主要演奏樂器,節(jié)奏較為復(fù)雜,不循常規(guī),通常有不規(guī)則的停頓。
30.mortify [#712;m#596;#720;t#618;fa#618;] vt. 使羞愧,使窘迫