形形色色的會(huì)展

郭大衛(wèi)

現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館雄姿 The front fa.ade of Museum of Modern Art

紐約時(shí)裝周

紐約與倫敦、米蘭和巴黎并列為世界四大時(shí)裝之都。這四大時(shí)裝之都在每年的二月和九月各舉辦一次時(shí)裝周，展示形形色色的潮流和時(shí)裝未來(lái)。

紐約名列榜首，應(yīng)該是實(shí)至名歸。紐約大約有16.5萬(wàn)人從事時(shí)裝工作，每年除紐約時(shí)裝周之外還舉辦75個(gè)左右的大型時(shí)裝展。紐約全城共有5千個(gè)時(shí)裝產(chǎn)品展示室。紐約市的時(shí)裝業(yè)年產(chǎn)出為550億美元，整個(gè)時(shí)裝業(yè)支付的年工資總額為90億美元，創(chuàng)稅收將近20億美元。

紐約時(shí)裝周，實(shí)際持續(xù)時(shí)間往往為8天。每天安排10場(chǎng)左右的時(shí)裝秀。一次時(shí)裝周的展示總數(shù)，常常與經(jīng)濟(jì)走勢(shì)有關(guān)。有時(shí)候總共才有80多場(chǎng)秀，有時(shí)候多達(dá)116場(chǎng)。另外有統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字顯示，包括與紐約時(shí)裝周同時(shí)舉行的其他秀在內(nèi)，紐約城在8天內(nèi)共有300場(chǎng)時(shí)裝秀，250位設(shè)計(jì)師會(huì)展出他們的最新靈感。這么多秀，總共需要三千至四千模特兒。每臺(tái)演出大約相隔1至2個(gè)小時(shí)。一般人通過(guò)電視節(jié)目看到模特兒走臺(tái)，只見(jiàn)燈光絢爛，音樂(lè)華彩，麗人魚(yú)貫出入。其實(shí)每臺(tái)走秀持續(xù)時(shí)間平均只有17分鐘，成敗在此一舉。

在紐約時(shí)裝周舉辦一場(chǎng)秀，費(fèi)用為75萬(wàn)至100萬(wàn)美元，用業(yè)翹楚的輝煌經(jīng)歷。

現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館

博物館位于紐約，建于1929年12月。現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館館收藏的現(xiàn)代和當(dāng)代藝術(shù)品是無(wú)與倫比的，因此經(jīng)常被稱(chēng)為世界上最有名的現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館。收藏品包括建筑設(shè)計(jì)、畫(huà)稿和畫(huà)、雕塑、攝影、木刻、插圖書(shū)、寫(xiě)真集、電影和電子多媒體。藏品起點(diǎn)為19世紀(jì)末，終點(diǎn)則是今天。博物館的圖書(shū)館和檔案館藏有30萬(wàn)本書(shū)。博物館館藏有15萬(wàn)件藝術(shù)品、大約2.2萬(wàn)部電影和400萬(wàn)張電影劇照。館藏藝術(shù)品中不乏塞尚、梵高、高更、畢加索、馬蒂斯等現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)史上大名鼎鼎的藝術(shù)家的力作。

現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館現(xiàn)在每年有300萬(wàn)人訪問(wèn)。入場(chǎng)券為20美元。是紐約收費(fèi)最貴的博物館之一。接待日開(kāi)放時(shí)間為上午10點(diǎn)半到下午8點(diǎn)半。每周五下午4點(diǎn)之后，因商家贊助，可免費(fèi)入場(chǎng)。紐約市立大學(xué)的學(xué)生可免費(fèi)入場(chǎng)。2010年創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的展覽有，《莫奈的睡蓮》展覽共吸引85萬(wàn)多訪問(wèn)者。美國(guó)電影導(dǎo)演蒂姆?波頓的展覽有81萬(wàn)人到訪。塞爾維亞表演藝術(shù)家瑪麗娜 ?阿布拉莫維奇的回顧展展出3個(gè)月，共吸引56萬(wàn)多訪問(wèn)者。在3個(gè)月展出期間，她一直坐在展覽區(qū)的一張椅子上，面對(duì)觀眾，一言不發(fā)，闡述的主題是“此時(shí)此刻的藝術(shù)家”。

讓現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館名揚(yáng)四海的，并非僅僅是其豐富藏品。博物館制定的一系列方針和策略，保證了其世界領(lǐng)先地位。該博物館名稱(chēng)不冠以美國(guó)或者紐約，從而體現(xiàn)并保證了其藝術(shù)超越國(guó)界的取向。其藏品旨在全面反映現(xiàn)代和當(dāng)代藝術(shù)的發(fā)展，因此博物館包容不同藏品表現(xiàn)出的相互抵觸的藝術(shù)思想。博物館具有一支強(qiáng)大的專(zhuān)業(yè)人員隊(duì)伍，定期評(píng)估自己，不斷吸收最新思想，不斷開(kāi)創(chuàng)，鼓勵(lì)開(kāi)放，鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展和變化，尋求已經(jīng)成氣候的藝術(shù)和尚處在摸索階段的藝術(shù)之間進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性對(duì)話。現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館舉辦的各種展覽面向最為廣泛的觀眾，不僅面向?qū)I(yè)學(xué)者，而且還面向少年兒童。

國(guó)際間諜博物館

位于美國(guó)首都華盛頓哥倫比亞特區(qū)的國(guó)際間諜博物館，是美國(guó)唯一一座私有私營(yíng)間諜博物館，也是華盛頓為數(shù)不多的收費(fèi)博物館之一。博物館總面積將近6000平方米，其中永久展出區(qū)域面積約為1,900平方米，共展出600多件展品，講述國(guó)際間諜歷史和現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中的間諜，以及小說(shuō)和電影等大眾文化中虛構(gòu)的間諜。博物館展示形形色色的間諜手段以及來(lái)自希臘和羅馬帝國(guó)時(shí)期的間諜物品，英國(guó)、美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、內(nèi)戰(zhàn)、世界大戰(zhàn)和冷戰(zhàn)期間使用的各種間諜用品，比如隱形墨水和各種照相機(jī)。各展區(qū)都有觀眾互動(dòng)展臺(tái)。在出口處，放映一部時(shí)長(zhǎng)8分鐘的電影，描述現(xiàn)代技術(shù)如何改變了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和恐怖主義。

國(guó)際間諜博物館舉辦的各種活動(dòng)中，頗為吸引人的就是各種逼真游戲。訪問(wèn)博物館的游客，可以在16個(gè)間諜模板中隨意選擇一個(gè)虛構(gòu)身份，記住自己的名字、年齡、出生地、目的地等等，然后進(jìn)入博物館參觀。每個(gè)有虛構(gòu)身份的游客都會(huì)被分配一項(xiàng)任務(wù)。不過(guò)，不完成任務(wù)也沒(méi)關(guān)系。在參觀過(guò)程中，這些臨時(shí)間諜可以在互動(dòng)區(qū)域回答問(wèn)題，測(cè)試自己是否完整記得自己的虛構(gòu)身份細(xì)節(jié)。博物館導(dǎo)游偶爾會(huì)扮演警察，攔住這些虛構(gòu)間諜，詢(xún)問(wèn)他們的身份。

國(guó)際間諜博物館有一個(gè)單獨(dú)區(qū)域，專(zhuān)門(mén)用來(lái)玩“間諜在行動(dòng)”的游戲。游客必須另外購(gòu)買(mǎi)門(mén)票才能進(jìn)入。

國(guó)際間諜博物館每個(gè)月都舉行一次晚會(huì)，所有參加的游客都成為潛伏特工。游戲包括各種親歷活動(dòng)、主題環(huán)境和特效。任務(wù)完成后所有特工都必須提交口頭報(bào)告，然后就是酒會(huì)。

紐約時(shí)裝周 A model walks in New York Fashion Week.

各式各樣的會(huì)展

泰迪熊是舉世聞名的毛絨玩具，緣起于第26任美國(guó)總統(tǒng)羅斯福拒絕射殺一只小熊的故事。后來(lái)人們就制作可愛(ài)的泰迪熊來(lái)紀(jì)念這次義舉?，F(xiàn)在世界上有幾百萬(wàn)人收集各種泰迪熊毛絨玩具。位于韓國(guó)濟(jì)州島的泰迪熊博物館于2004年4月24日開(kāi)館，尤其歡迎歐洲泰迪熊收藏者。

美國(guó)新墨西哥州的羅斯維爾有一座國(guó)際U F O博物館和研究中心。這是世界上該領(lǐng)域的首席博物館。游客可以探究各類(lèi)UFO目睹事件和被UFO迷質(zhì)疑的各種隱瞞行為。一個(gè)有趣的事實(shí)是，來(lái)UFO博物館訪問(wèn)的游客往往比展品更為離奇。

提起美國(guó)得克薩斯州的圣安東尼奧，美國(guó)職業(yè)籃球賽的球迷都知道這是馬刺隊(duì)主場(chǎng)所在地。但很少有人知道，該市有一座抽水馬桶蓋藝術(shù)博物館。博物館的創(chuàng)始人是退休管道工史密斯。他將普通的衛(wèi)生間抽水馬桶蓋改造成藝術(shù)品，靈感來(lái)自于他在世界各地的旅行。這個(gè)家庭博物館共展出600多個(gè)抽水馬桶蓋，頗為壯觀，但均為非賣(mài)品。參觀者即使喜歡，也無(wú)法買(mǎi)一個(gè)回家安裝在衛(wèi)生間里。

位于日本東京的愛(ài)思箱包博物館，雖然名字聽(tīng)起來(lái)很乏味，但展品卻很有特色。愛(ài)思箱包株式會(huì)社是世界上第一個(gè)生產(chǎn)尼龍箱包的制造商。該博物館收集展出的各種箱包，卻并非用尼龍制作，而是用各種動(dòng)物皮制作。這些動(dòng)物皮包括羚羊

國(guó)際間諜博物館外景

An external view of International Spy Museum in Washington DC

梵蒂岡博物館內(nèi)景

Murals inside one of Vatican Museums

皮、斑馬皮、大象皮、鯊魚(yú)皮、海豹皮，甚至非洲土狼皮等。有些人甚至把這個(gè)展覽看作是瀕危動(dòng)物展。

位于西班牙首都馬德里的普拉多博物館，是世界上最好的博物館之一。該博物館前身為自然博物館，于1819年改建成為現(xiàn)在的博物館，專(zhuān)門(mén)收藏和展示西班牙皇室收藏的藝術(shù)品。目前館藏7000多件藝術(shù)品，其中最為震撼的是17和18世紀(jì)西班牙藝術(shù)大師戈雅、貝拉斯科斯、利貝拉的傳世杰作。很多游客訪問(wèn)馬德里的目的就是參觀這個(gè)博物館。

梵蒂岡博物館，雖然在中國(guó)不太有名，卻是世界上能夠與倫敦大英博物館和巴黎盧浮宮媲美的博物館之一。梵蒂岡博物館實(shí)際上是一個(gè)博物館群，總面積有5.5萬(wàn)平方米，共有12個(gè)陳列館和5條藝術(shù)長(zhǎng)廊，匯集了古希臘羅馬時(shí)期的遺物和文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的藝術(shù)精品。最為有名的藏品是拉斐爾和米開(kāi)朗基羅的作品。這些作品是宮廷建筑裝飾藝術(shù)品，分布在梵蒂岡各處。千百年以來(lái)，金碧輝煌，都無(wú)法移動(dòng)，無(wú)法拿到外地去巡回展出。參觀梵蒂岡博物館群，據(jù)說(shuō)需要勇氣和耐力，因?yàn)樾枰L(zhǎng)的排隊(duì)等待，需要能承受輝煌燦爛的視覺(jué)和美學(xué)沖擊。□

By David Guo

New York Fashion Week

New York, London, Milan and Paris are the four major fashion capital of the world. A fashion week is held in the four cities in Feb-ruary and September and New York is always the first to hold the weeklong fashion gala. This reflects the position of New York as the biggest fashion city in the world.

The fashion industry of New York employs about 165,000 peo-ple. In addition to New York Fashion Week, the city holds about 75 large fashion shows a year. The city has 5,000 fashion showrooms. The industrys annual output is about $55 billion, paying 9 billion as wages and salaries and paying nearly 2 billion in tax.

Though called fashion week, the fashion gala lasts about 8 days. During the week, there are about 10 shows a day. The number of shows during a fashion week varies in response to economic vicissi-tudes, ranging from 80 some to 116. Statistics show that 300 shows can happen during an 8-day week, giving 250 designers opportuni-ties to present their latest inspirations. These shows need 3,000 to 4,000 models. Shows follow each other with a hiatus about 1 to 2 hours. People who have watched a show at New York Fashion Week see models dressed in eye-catching fashion sashaying past in bright limelight and vibrant music, but they have slightest idea that shows average about 17 minutes long.

A show at New York Fashion Week costs about $750,000 to 1 million, which goes to lighting, music, models, backstage staff, guests and other expenses. Renowned designers need prominent guests to appear at their shows and therefore need to spend a lot to make sure that they are there.

New York Fashion Week injects vitality into citys economy. About 1,800 guests attend a show and about 14,000 people attend shows per day. For a gala week, there are about 110,000 profession-als and celebrities attending various shows. Nearly 2,000 registered journalists come to cover the event. They are from more than 500 news media from 30 countries and regions. It is estimated that a fashion week injects about $20 million into the citys economy.

抽水馬桶蓋博物館

A view of toilet seat art museum in Austin, USA

International Spy Museum

Situated in District of Columbia, Washington, International Spy Museum is the only private spy museum and one of the few muse-ums in Washington that charges admission fees. The museums area is about 6,000 square meters, including a permanent exhibition area of 1,900 square meters.

The over 600 exhibits relate the history of espionage and spies in real world and in popular culture. The museum boasts a large amount of exhibits on espionage methods and materials dating from the Greek and Roman empires, the British Empire, the American Revolutionary War, the American Civil War, the World Wars and the Cold War years.

A unique feature of the museum is that visitors can play under-cover agents and spy games while paying a visit to the museum and looking around. For example, visitors are given 5 minutes to memo-rize details of one of 16 spy profiles before they assume the chosen identity and step into the exhibition area. The mission is for fun. Visitors dont have to complete it. While touring the museum, visi-tors who take a cover may test themselves at an interactive display on how well they remember the details of their selected spy identi-ties. Museum guides acting as police may occasionally stop these visitors and question about their assumed identity.

Visitors can engage themselves in more complicated games. The museum has a separate area where visitors assume the roles of covert agents and participate in a one-hour spy simulation. This exhibition has a separate admission fee and separate entrance from the museums permanent exhibition area. Another game called Spy in the City started in 2009. Visitors are given a GPS-type advice and given a task of finding clues near various landmarks in the area surrounding the museum, for the purpose of fulfilling a mission of obtaining the password for a secret weapon.

Museum of Modern Art

Founded in December 1929 in New York City, Museum of Modern Art (generally known as MoMA as shown on its fa.ade) has a peerless reputation in holding a large collection of artworks of modern and contemporary arts and staging very good exhibitions. Its collections are quite unique and extensive: works of architecture and design, drawings, painting, sculp-ture, photography, prints, illustrated books and artists

books, film, and electronic media. Its library and archives hold over

300,000 books, artist books and periodicals, as well as individual files on more than 70,000 artists. The archives contain primary source material related the history of modern and contemporary art. MoMA holds presumably the best collection of modern Western masterpieces in the world. Its holdings include more than 150,000

individual pieces in addition to approximately 22,000 films and 4 million film stills. The collection houses some of the greatest art-works by van Gogh, Cezanne, Matisse, Chagall, and Picasso.

MoMA receives about 3 million visitors annually. The museum charges $20 for admission, making it one of the most expensive museums in the city. However, it has free entry Friday after four oclock in the afternoon. All CUNY college students receive free admission.

What makes MoMA so unique is more than its extensive hold-ings. The museum follows a series of policies and rules to make sure it remains the worlds best museum. Museum of Modern Art does not have New York or America in its title, making its interna-tional features stand out. It has a good team that seeks creativity, openness, change and development. It encourages creative dialogue between established art and experimental art. MoMA holds exhibi-tions targeting the largest possible audience: experts as well as chil-dren. □

紐約時(shí)裝周模特兒

A model in a show of New York Fashion Week