陸費逵

黃鶯

百年滄桑百年潮。2011年底，在浙江桐鄉(xiāng)，舉行了紀念中華書局100周年暨陸費逵誕辰125周年“百年歷史圖片展和百年中華精品圖書展”，陸費逵這位教育家、出版家的一生在展覽中一幕幕展現(xiàn)在我們眼前。

幼時靠母在家教育，被稱為自學成才典范

陸費逵祖籍浙江桐鄉(xiāng)，他1886年出生于陜西漢中。母為李鴻章侄女，頗識詩書。按輩分，陸費逵的母親應該是張愛玲的奶奶的堂姐妹，張愛玲得喊陸費逵一聲表舅。

雖然出生于書香門第，但家道中落，母親很具有先進思想，覺得孩子不必入學堂讀寫很多八股文，很多時候在家自己教育陸費逵。陸費逵曾記述過自己的求學經(jīng)歷：“我幼時母教五年，父教一年，師教一年半，我一生只付過十二元的學費。到十三歲，讀過《四書》、《詩經(jīng)》、《書經(jīng)》、《易經(jīng)》、《左傳》、《唐詩三百首》六部書，沒有造過句，沒有作過文。因為先母主張多讀多看，反對挖空心思作八股，并反對作疏空的論說；卻學過珠算，看過《綱鑒》，我十三歲正是戊戍年，我那時勉強能看日報和時務報，有點新思想了，和先父的思想不免沖突；先母卻贊成我的主張，于是便不照老式子讀書，自己研究古文、地理，后來居然自習算學，并讀格致書了。那時隨侍在南昌，有一個閱書報社開辦，我隔日去一次，午前九時去，午后五時出來。帶一點大餅饅頭作午餐。初時尚有閱者二三十人，后來常常只剩我一人，管理員也熟了。他便將鑰匙交給我，五大間藏書，好像是我的了……照這樣做了三年，學問漸漸進步，文理漸漸通順，常識漸漸豐富。十七歲——實在未滿十六歲——便教書。從十七歲到二十六歲，每日早六時至八時，一定自修，晚間也差不多總是自修或編著。”

正是這種勤勉，讓陸費逵終成大家。上世紀30年代，上海曾將陸費逵與愛迪生和高爾基并列，評為自學成才典范。

創(chuàng)立中華書局，迅速占領教科書市場

1903年，陸費逵來到武昌，次年設新學界書店并任經(jīng)理，出售《革命軍》《警世鐘》《猛回頭》等革命書籍；他還加入革命黨人的日知會組織，參與革

陸費逵 A photo of Lufei Kui

命活動。他選擇銷售的革命書籍特別暢銷，為他的創(chuàng)業(yè)攢下第一桶金。

1905年，陸費逵到上海，先后受聘為昌明公司上海支店(書店)經(jīng)理兼編輯、上海文明書局職員兼文明小學校長、上海文明書局襄理。其間，他常與商務印書館的代表高夢旦一起出席上海書業(yè)公會的活動。當時陸費逵年僅2l歲，但他面對高夢旦等出版界前輩，展露不凡才干。高夢旦雖說見多識廣，但像陸費逵這樣的青年才俊并不多見。他向張元濟推薦陸氏，張對陸的才干也是大為賞識。

1908年，在高夢旦重金聘請下，陸費逵轉(zhuǎn)入商務印書館任國文部編輯。第二年，他晉升為出版部部長兼《教育雜志》主編。高夢旦想使陸費逵對商務印書館更加忠誠，不僅在待遇上對他備極優(yōu)厚，更將自已的侄女許配給他為妻。

當過教師，又主編過有關期刊，陸費逵對教育理論頗有研究。他曾在《教

陸費逵等中華書局同仁在當年上海大電機前合影。

Lufei Kui and his colleagues of Zhonghua Book Company pose for a picture in front of a dynamo in Shanghai.

育雜志》上連續(xù)撰文，宣傳教育救國論，認為“教育得道，則其國強盛”，主張縮短教學年限，減少課時和注意實利教育，對舊教育制度提出過一些中肯的改革意見；并主張大力推廣新式教科書。同時，他還建議整理漢字，主張簡化漢字。1910年中國教育會在北京成立，他曾為該會起草章程。這時他不再侈談“革命”，但對孫中山領導的民主革命仍極為傾心。

19l1年秋天武昌起義發(fā)生時，還未滿26歲的陸費逵深信革命必成，適逢商務印書館資金周轉(zhuǎn)不靈，營業(yè)一時萎縮，陸費逵認為這是他實現(xiàn)個人抱負的天賜良機，便乘機與同人沈知方、戴克敦、陳恭協(xié)等發(fā)行所職員秘密計劃，籌集資金2．5萬元，計劃另創(chuàng)書局。與此同時，他約聘商務印書館編譯所的解聘和留所編輯人員，暗中編寫新教科書。一切準備就緒后，他即脫離商務印書館，另行開辟了一方新的天地——中華書局。1912年元旦，中華書局在上海成立，這是我國出版史上的一件大事。從某種意義上來說，它的產(chǎn)生，是辛亥革命的直接產(chǎn)物。

陸費逵脫離“商務”而自立門戶，用當時價值標準來看，他的這個舉動很對不起“商務”諸君如張元濟和高夢旦，而且，他離開商務時，帶走了一大批編輯、出版人才，對當時的“商務”不啻是雪上加霜。不過，也有種說法是他要推新教科書的建議未得到張元濟的肯定與支持，陸費逵不得已只能出走。眾多出版業(yè)界人士在中華書局百年華誕峰會上指出，著名教育家、編輯出版家陸費逵借教科書出版的更新，呼應社會的變革，塑造國民新知，為中國優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化的積淀作出了不可磨滅的貢獻。

中華書局一成立，就立即對商務印書館發(fā)起挑戰(zhàn)，并將經(jīng)營主項直接對準對方勢力范圍——教科書營業(yè)。陸費逵的準備工作極其出色：早在商務印書館時期，他就積累了一套編輯、印刷、發(fā)行的經(jīng)驗，并對商務印書館內(nèi)部工作流程甚為了解。1912年春節(jié)開學前，他們編的《中華新教科書》已經(jīng)印成，初小國文第一冊以臨時政府制定的五色國旗作書本封面，使商務印書館教科書上的黃龍旗黯然失色。其內(nèi)容更是豐富，先后陸續(xù)出版小學課本44種，中學和師范課本27種，其中包括大量的新制教科書，還有很著名的《大學用書》。

商務印書館原有的教科書本是適應滿清帝制時代的，這時要一下子改變內(nèi)容，實在是難以轉(zhuǎn)舵；而中華書局卻輕裝上陣，它的中、小學教科書一問世，立刻以強勁的勢頭，幾乎獨占了當時國內(nèi)教科書市場。從此，中華書局與稱雄多年的商務印書館在書業(yè)競爭中成為勁敵，這種“雙雄會”的局面持續(xù)多年。這時，陸費逵年僅26歲，可謂年輕氣盛，不可一世。

吸引梁啟超等一大批學界名流，而自己的生活卻保持勤儉樸素

陸費逵靠教科書站穩(wěn)腳跟后，又開始策劃選題推其他文史哲圖書。這時，他選人的眼光和用人的度量開始顯現(xiàn)。

他首先引進的人才是范源濂。此人

梁啟超撰述的《大中華》第一期第一卷

Zhonghua Book Company is the publisher of Great China, a magazine edited by Liang Qichao.

曾歷任民國多屆教育總長和后來的北京陸費逵的用度很節(jié)儉，很少娛師范大學校長，是清末民初教育界影響樂，不看戲、不到跳舞場。家中沒有廚很大的人物。他與蔡元培關系極好，在子，有時女傭人買菜，有時主婦買菜。上海曾與蔡合組中華職業(yè)教育社，陸費陸費逵平時不在外面吃點心，著衣也逵也曾參與其事。蔡元培進京入主北大很隨便。子女布衣布鞋，妹妹常穿哥也是范的主張。1913年1月，范源濂因?qū)Ω缦有〉囊路??！┢淙绱?，陸費逵袁世凱和趙內(nèi)閣的所作所為有所不滿，方能不為生活所屈，自行其是。陸費逵從教育總長任上掛冠而去，前往上海，的最大支出項目，除社交應酬、購買圖不久即被求賢若渴的陸費逵聘為編輯所書以外，早年是供兩弟讀書，并補助親首任所長。在文教領域，范氏威望素著，友子弟讀書；以及贍養(yǎng)父母。后來又承交游極廣，這對當時高級人才緊缺的中擔仲弟遺孤的教養(yǎng)費。華書局來說，可說是如虎添翼。任職期陸費逵在中華書局任職30年間，間，他在陸費逵的通力支持下，聘請老在收入上一直不肯使自己和編輯部其他朋友梁啟超、王寵惠至中華編輯所，編人差距太大。創(chuàng)建中華書局初，陸費逵輯中學、師范新教科書。編輯隊伍強大任局長，月薪定為200銀圓。1917年中華齊整，實力雄厚。一大批懷有同樣理想書局發(fā)生經(jīng)濟危機，陸費逵辭去局長職的學界名流、時代精英，紛紛匯聚在這務，退居司理，停發(fā)月薪，改為月支“公里。梁啟超、于右任、范源濂、馬君武、費”100銀圓。1919年由司理改任總經(jīng)田漢、張聞天、潘漢年、徐志摩……如此理，仍支“公費”每月100銀圓。其后公司強大的編者和作者陣容使中華書局取得情況逐步好轉(zhuǎn)，自1922年起停支公費，了巨大的成就，編譯盧梭的《社會契約改支月薪200銀圓，比編輯、印刷、發(fā)行論》等西方名作，出版《康熙字典》《辭三所所長還低（當時編輯所長舒新城月?！贰豆沤駡D書集成》等國學巨著，編輯薪280圓、其他所長月薪240圓）。1932年發(fā)行《大中華》《學衡》等暢銷雜志。30總經(jīng)理加薪為300銀圓。1936年，中華書多年間，中華書局成為當時最具代表性局的所長、理事一律加薪，所長加60圓、的出版企業(yè)。理事加40圓、副所長加30圓，這樣，所長

雖然中華書局的運作很成功，但陸加后月薪至少300圓，編輯所長高至340費逵跟今天很多企業(yè)家不同，生活一直圓。因此，時任中華書局編輯所所長舒勤儉樸素。他什么事都能做，煮飯、燒新城向董事會提議，將總經(jīng)理月薪升為菜、縫補衣服、梳理發(fā)辮，都是自己干。500銀圓。但是陸費逵只同意加到月薪他在1934年曾說：“一般人看見中華書400銀圓，其清風亮節(jié)，令人感嘆。局總經(jīng)理吃大菜，不知民十（1921年）以前，我在書局吃飯，有時無暇，便吃幾一生推行教育改革，38年的片冷面包；或買二十文的粥，十文的蘿卜書業(yè)歷程充滿文化使命感干，也就是一頓。 ”陸費逵被時人所知曉，最先還不是他出版家的身份，而是他一系列見解獨到、說理透徹而又平實可行的教育改革主張。他1905年發(fā)表的《論設字母學堂》《論日本廢棄漢字》，是我國改良文字、統(tǒng)一語音運動的先聲。他1909年發(fā)表的《普通教育當采俗體字》，被后人稱為漢字簡化運動的開場鑼鼓。舉凡學校制度、教育行政、學校行政、課程制度及女子教育等，他都有深入的剖析和不俗的見解。如今時隔百年，再去溫讀他當年的文章，那些曾讓他如鯁在喉、必須一吐為快的教育問題，早已不復存在——男女早就同學了，漢字早就簡化了，拼音字母也早就爛熟在一二年級小學生的心里了。我們不難在其上下求索的背后，切實地感受到陸費逵的家國情懷，以及那種更為可貴的據(jù)實說理、實事求是的平實風范。他的許多卓見，在今天都已經(jīng)變成現(xiàn)實。陸費逵與滿懷文化理想的同道一起努力奮斗，使中華書局在中國近代文化的發(fā)展變革中留下了深刻的印記。這更讓我們在百年之后，對這位出版家兼教育家充滿敬意。

新中國成立后，中華書局總部從上海遷到北京，相繼出版了《資治通鑒》《全唐文》《全唐詩》《永樂大典》及“新編諸子集成”等典籍，并組織全國上百位專家學者，歷經(jīng)20年時間，整理出版了“二十四史”及《清史稿》點校本，被公認為新中國最偉大的古籍整理

中華書局有限公司總店 The flagship bookstore of Zhonghua Book Company in Shanghai

出版工程，成就了中華書局新的輝煌。有望把中華書局請回上海。據(jù)悉，上海正在與北京有關方面商談，1941年陸費逵赴重慶后不幸去世，享年僅55歲?！拔覀兿Ｍ麌疑鐣M步，不能不希望教育進步；希望教育進步，不能不希望書業(yè)進步。我們書業(yè)雖然是較小的行業(yè)，但與國家社會的關系，卻比任何行業(yè)為大。 ”他的遺言，今天聽來依然振聾發(fā)聵。正是基于這種對書業(yè)與國家文化前途關系的深刻認識，使他從事書業(yè)達38年之久，并充盈著個性化魅力和文化使命感?！?/p>

Publisher Helped Usher in

Modernization

By Huang Ying

In the history of modern publishing of China, the Commercial Press and the Zhon-ghua Book Company are two giants. The two time-honored publishers introduced modern ideas to China through turning out a great variety of influential books. The year 2012 marks the centennial of Zhonghua Book Company. Though it is well known in China over the past 100 years, few peo-ple know that it was founded by Lufei Kui (1886-1941, Lufei was his surname), a native of Tongxiang, a city in northern Zhe-jiang Province. Even today, his ideas about books and education still sound relevant. His 38-year career in publishing was a mis-sion of culture and a legend of charisma.

Born in 1886, Lufei Kui got his educa-tion at home. His mother was a niece of Li Hongzhang, a high-ranking minister of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). A well-educat-ed woman, she had creative ideas about her sons education. Years later, Lufei recalled that his mother had taught him five years at home and his father one year before a teacher was engaged for 18 months. Alto-gether only 12 dollars had been spent on the sons education. By 13 years of age, the young pupil had studied six Chinese clas-sics but he did not write any essays. On his own, he studied ancient Chinese linguistics, geography, arithmetic and sciences.

At 13, he began to read at a modern library in Nanchang. He went there every other day. He began to read at the reading room at 9 oclock in the morning and left when the reading room was closed at 5 oclock in the afternoon. He brought lunch to the reading room. At first there were about 30 people reading regularly there. They gradually dropped out. The librarian

entrusted the key and five rooms of books

to the diligent scholar. He spent three years reading there. At 16 year of age, he began to teach. For the next ten years, he adhered to a plan of spending two hours studying every morning.

The self-made educator had some new ideas about education and Chinese revolu-tion. In 1903, the 17-year-old young man came to Wuhan. In 1904 he started a book-store and sold revolutionary books, the bestsellers of the time. He made his first bucket of gold out of selling these books. He joined a revolutionary organization.

In 1905, he came to Shanghai. He worked for book companies. At 21 years of age, he met Gao Mengdan, a business rep-resentative of the Commercial Press. Gao appreciated the young man very much and recommended Lufei to Zhang Yuanji, the president of the Commercial Press. In 1908, Lufei came to work for the Commercial Press.

During this period, he worked as editor-in-chief of Education, a magazine, and pub-lished a few essays calling for reforming and modernizing education. He proposed to simplify the Chinese characters and publish modern textbooks.

Year 1911 was a landmark in modern Chinese history, witnessing the 1911 Revo-lution overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and ushering modernization into the ancient country. After some secret preparations, Lufei and his fellows left the Commercial Press and founded Zhonghua Book Com-pany on January 1, 1912. Before the spring semester began in 1912, Zhonghua Book Company launched a series of textbooks for youngsters. With the new national flag on the covers, the textbooks became sensa-tional bestsellers.

The Commercial Press was caught off guard. Since its textbooks had been de-

ZHEJIANG CELEBRITIES浙籍名人

陸費逵中年時留影

A photo of middle-aged Lufei Ku

signed for the schools of the Qing Dynasty, it lost its textbook competition against Zhonghua Book Company. For a few years, Zhonghua Book Company dominated in the national textbook market.

If Lufei Kuis first national success was

his textbooks, the next move he took was to publish more textbooks and books on humanities and reprint classical works. The most strategic move he adopted for the companys future prosperity was to hire Fan Yuanlian (1875-1927) to organize a team of first-class scholar-editors. Fan, an established scholar, served as education minister for a few national administrations in the 1910s. In 1913, he was hired to work as editor-in-chief for the Zhonghua Book Company. Under his leadership, Zhonghua copied its first textbook success by pub-lishing 44 titles of textbooks for primary schools and 27 titles of textbooks for mid-dle schools and teachers colleges.

The translators and scholars at Zhonghua contrib-uted to the pub-lishing of western and Chinese clas-sics, establishing the company as a colossal publisher in China.

Though Zhonghua Book Company was a huge success, Lufei Kui led a simple life. The salary he received from his own company was only slightly higher than his departmental directors. He used his salary for buying books and socializing with peers in the publishing industry, for seeing his two younger brothers going through college and helping relatives children receive edu-cation. He also supported his own parents and then raised the children of his younger brother after he died.

Lufei Kui died in Chongqing, the war-time capital of China, in 1941 at the age of

55. □