象山漁文化 兩岸總關(guān)

丁華 陳光曙 邱明亮

在中國大陸的中部沿海有一個海內(nèi)外著名的漁港，它就是石浦漁港。它是我國東南沿海著名的國家中心漁港，十八里港灣島山環(huán)屏，五門羅列，可泊萬艘漁船，可航萬噸海輪，早在漢時就被人們認識利用。數(shù)以萬計的漁船裝卸漁貨、補給物資，桅檣林立、漁火燦爛。特別是海鮮之多，實屬罕見。400多種魚類、100多種甲殼類、80多種貝類在這里匯聚，流向世界，石浦因此被譽為海鮮王國。

頗具特色的海洋文化是漁港石浦的一大特色，而由此衍生的漁文化，更是海洋文化中的瑰寶。石浦的漁港、漁區(qū)、漁村、漁民、漁宅、漁鹽、漁埠、漁汛、漁事、漁行、漁節(jié)、漁商、漁史、漁諺、漁俗、漁具、漁服、漁飾、漁船、漁風、漁食、漁市、漁歌都是寶貴的文化遺產(chǎn)。

春風駘蕩，萬紫千紅。石浦漁港的海峽廣場熱氣騰騰。地面6000平方米、地下6000平方米，用于兩岸交流和旅游接待的海峽廣場，2012年5月1日對外開放。

象山縣委書記李關(guān)定對我們說，在長期與海共舞的實踐中，我們的祖先逐漸形成了漁區(qū)獨有的風俗、信仰與崇拜。它包括漁諺、魚的傳說等口頭傳統(tǒng)，造船、織網(wǎng)、漁具制作等傳統(tǒng)技藝，航海知識、捕撈技能、媽祖巡游、祭海儀式、開漁節(jié)、漁民宅居、漁民飲食、漁業(yè)商貿(mào)等信仰和習俗，及其相關(guān)的漁歌、漁曲、漁戲、漁鼓、漁燈等各種藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)形式。底蘊豐厚的漁文化，成為象山人的一種特殊的文化符號。

臺灣商品 石浦直銷

在石浦漁港的大慶路上有一家新開張的臺灣商品購物中心，今年春節(jié)剛過我們就來到了這家臺灣商品購物中心?！芭_灣印象”四個繁體大字特別引人注目，來到這里就讓我們感到買臺灣商品其實不一定非得去臺灣，只要到這家商店就能買到各種貨真價實的臺灣貨。這里有大名鼎鼎的臺灣金門高粱酒和其他許多牌子的臺灣原產(chǎn)各類白酒和紅酒，還有五花八門的袋裝食品、各類品牌的臺灣產(chǎn)洗滌用品和一件件漁民特別喜歡的羽絨服等。

如今，在石浦的平常百姓家里，我們都可以看到臺灣牛肉干、臺灣怪味花生豆、臺灣薯條等許多臺灣產(chǎn)的零食。

這家購物中心去年年前開業(yè)，到年底才漸成規(guī)模，這是浙江省第一家銷售臺灣日常生活用品的超市。店主潘老板是一位地道的石浦人，他指著貨架上琳瑯滿目的臺灣商品告訴我們：“超市經(jīng)營面積300多平方米，銷售食品、飲料、洗滌用品、日用品、調(diào)味品等5大類4000多種商品，全部都是從臺灣運來的。最受石浦人喜歡的是臺灣的洗滌用品、化妝品和金門高粱酒?！?/p>

說話間，石浦居民陳先生來到超市購買方便面。他告訴我們，臺灣產(chǎn)的牛肉方便面，配料是牛肉片，不是牛肉粉末或顆粒，很好吃，他特地過來買點換換口味。另一位顧客則喜歡上了這里銷售的金門高粱酒?！敖痖T高粱酒名氣很響，口味很淳香純正，喝了不上頭，價格也不貴，招待親戚最好不過了?！?/p>

兩岸經(jīng)貿(mào)合作石浦實驗區(qū)籌備委員會辦公室的一位負責人對我們說：象山石浦是全國首批5個對臺小額貿(mào)易試行及開放管理措施的試點口岸之一，這些商品全部是通過石浦這個寧波唯一的“對臺小額貿(mào)易”口岸進來的?；旧厦啃瞧诙紩幸粋€集裝箱的貨發(fā)過來，保證貨物的供應。

兩岸石浦 一脈相承

來到象山，漁具、漁船、漁場、漁港、魚汛、漁燈、漁歌、漁曲、漁鼓、海鮮“十六碗”等原生態(tài)的漁文化俯拾皆是。

更讓人印象深刻的是：在大陸的象山有一個石浦鎮(zhèn)，而在海峽對面的臺灣島上也有一個同名同姓的石浦村。

說起臺灣島上的石浦村，不得不提起海內(nèi)外著名的臺灣藝人、特技演員柯受良?？率芰?953年出生于象山縣石浦漁港外海、和臺灣島隔海相望的漁山列島上。他兩歲時隨父親移遷臺灣并定居在臺東。他酷愛音樂，擅長卡拉OK，1980年曾獲得香港電影導演卡拉OK賽的冠軍。他曾經(jīng)駕摩托車飛越萬里長城及西藏布達拉宮。1997年6月1日駕汽車飛越黃河壺口瀑布以慶祝香港回歸，有“中國第一飛人”的稱號。2003年12月9日上午在上海身亡，終年50歲。濃濃的愛鄉(xiāng)情結(jié)，使他為家鄉(xiāng)的建設做出了不少貢獻。為紀念他，人們在石浦漁港老街專門建造了“亞洲第一飛人館”。紀念館里那輛插著鮮艷五星紅旗的賽車，和他騎著摩托車飛過黃河、飛過布達拉宮、飛過金山嶺長城的虛擬實景，著實讓人激動而感慨。

當年，石浦漁山島上的93戶村民487人來到臺灣，定居在臺東縣的富岡新村，村民們難忘故土，就將臺灣臺東的富岡新村稱為“小石浦村”。

隔海相望，一脈相承。變的是不同的生活方式，而不變的是永遠的鄉(xiāng)風鄉(xiāng)情。隨著兩岸關(guān)系的改善，兩岸石浦人也同時開辟了一段傳奇的文化交流。

如意信俗 同祖同宗

當年，象山石浦漁山島的村民遷居臺灣時，并沒有帶走多少家當，但漁民們卻把島上“娘娘廟”里的“如意娘娘”等大大小小神像悉數(shù)“請”到了臺灣。

如意信俗是石浦媽祖信俗的組成部分，也是石浦漁山島人特有的傳統(tǒng)文化形態(tài)。

相傳如意娘娘原為漁山島上一個善良、孝順、勇敢的漁家少女。有一天，如意的父親出海捕魚遇難，當她得知噩耗后，萬分悲痛。第二天，如意就跟船出海，想要尋找父親的遺體。當漁船行至父親落海處時，已尋不到父親的一絲蹤影。如意悲從心起，奮不顧身沖向大海，瞬時消失在滾滾浪濤之中。船上漁民見如意跳海，趕忙尋找，但早已無影無蹤。不久后，在如意跳海處浮起一段大木頭，漁民們就將這段木頭雕刻成一尊如意神像，建起了娘娘廟供奉。

數(shù)百年來，如意娘娘成了漁山島漁民的海上保護神。漁民出海捕魚前要舉行“開洋”儀式，捕魚回家時則舉行“謝洋”儀式，以此來祭祀如意娘娘，保佑自己平安、豐收。一代代的漁山島人，就在這種神奇的傳統(tǒng)信俗和美麗的精神慰藉中成長起來，如意信俗，已經(jīng)成為他們精神生活中不可缺少的元素。這是他們用自己的情感、智慧和理念創(chuàng)造的一個傳奇，反映了漁山島人對人生的獨特理解和對美好生活的不懈追求。

當年，漁山島居民“撤離”去臺灣時，奉持著娘娘廟的大小神像一起上船，最大的這尊如意娘娘（如意真身）高五尺，很沉，手腳可以活動拆卸。定居到小石浦村后，人們建起了“海神廟”供奉如意娘娘。

2007年7月27日，闊別故鄉(xiāng)五十多年的如意娘娘終于踏上了回家認親的道路。這一天，臺灣小石浦村回鄉(xiāng)祭祖團一行54人，奉持如意娘娘塑身從臺灣轉(zhuǎn)香港飛抵寧波，來到石浦漁山島認親省親，與漁山島村民一起舉行了盛大的祈福祭典活動。

在第十屆中國（象山）開漁節(jié)期間，又有40位小石浦村代表護送著如意娘娘真身來到石浦，與石浦東門天后宮的媽祖娘娘作省親迎親活動。當晚，還在燈火通明的石浦漁港舉行了兩岸娘娘巡安暨煙火大會，盛況空前。此后，海峽兩岸的親人藉著如意娘娘的靈氣，一次又一次地走到了一起，共同祈禱兩岸人民風調(diào)雨順、國泰民安。

2008年6月，象山縣上報的“石浦富岡如意信俗”文化項目被國務院公布為第二批國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)。作為非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)，“石浦富岡如意信俗”有其特別之處，那是海峽兩岸石浦人一脈相承的古俗，其獨特的歷史背景和豐厚的文化內(nèi)涵印證了海峽兩岸人民同祖同宗、血脈相連的事實，是中國非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)百花園中的一朵奇葩。

象山人多年來精心呵護的漁文化如今有了豐厚的回報，現(xiàn)在象山擁有石浦媽祖信仰及迎親習俗、象山開洋與謝洋節(jié)、象山曬鹽技藝、徐福東渡傳說、漁家號子、象山唱新聞等6項國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)，38項浙江省和寧波市非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)，其非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)之多名列浙江省全省第一。2008年象山還被文化部授予“中國漁文化之鄉(xiāng)”。

目前，象山縣正在全力建設浙江省海洋綜合開發(fā)與保護試驗區(qū)和兩岸經(jīng)貿(mào)合作石浦實驗區(qū)，在提交浙江省政府的《象山海洋綜合開發(fā)與保護試驗區(qū)規(guī)劃》中，未來的象山將打造成為浙江省對臺經(jīng)貿(mào)合作區(qū)。

象山縣委書記李關(guān)定對兩岸經(jīng)貿(mào)合作石浦實驗區(qū)的建設充滿了信心。象山縣將努力創(chuàng)新開發(fā)管理體制，深化對臺交流合作，做大做強對臺小額貿(mào)易，試點開放兩岸貨幣雙向兌換，還將爭取獲批浙江省首個“海峽兩岸交流基地”，成為對臺交流合作和體制機制創(chuàng)新的示范區(qū)。□

（本文照片除署名外，均由象山縣新聞辦公室提供）

Cultural Ties between Xiangshan and Taiwan

By Ding Hua, Chen Guangshu, Qiu Mingliang

Situated in the midpoint of the coastline of Zhejiang Province, Shipu in Xiangshan is a central fishing port. The coastal line here is perfect for ships to dock and moor. The port here can be home to ships from small ones up to 10,000-tonners. The port goes back to the Han Dynasty. It is a common sight that tens of thousands of fishing ships are in the port, unloading catches and loading supplies for the next fishing trip. Shipu now doubles as a living museum of fishing culture and tradition. The fishing port is surrounded by fish-ing villages where fishing garments, ornaments, fishing tools, cus-toms, food, songs, and proverbs are all part of a life that flourishes through fishing. Naturally, Shipu is a central trading marketplace for seafood. More than 400 species of fish, over 100 species of crustaceans and about 80 species of mollusks are traded here and then shipped out to retailers.

Shipu Town in Xiangshan and Little Shipu Village in Taiwan have close ties. In1949, the mainland was nearly all liberated but some islands in Zhejiang were under the control of the Kuomintang troopers. In January 1955, the Peoples Liberation Army seized Yi-jiangshan Island. After the fall of this strategic stronghold, the KMT troopers on Dachen Island did not have a shield any more. In Feb-ruary, the KMT troopers withdrew from these islands and moved back to Taiwan. The withdrawal was escorted by the 7th Fleet of the USA navy. On their way out, the troopers evacuated all the resi-dents on these islands and carried them to Taiwan.

Four hundreds and eighty-seven residents of 93 households on Yushan Island, Shipu were part of the population that went to Tai-wan under the gun in 1955. They settled down in Fugang, Taidong County in Taiwan. They called their new settlement Little Shipu. When they came to Taiwan, they carried few personal belongings, but they carried their statues of goddesses from their households and the village temple. The goddess the residents worshiped is Lady Ruyi. The largest statue is five-foot tall. Its hands and legs are removable. When it was removed from the village temple, the hands and legs were separately packed and the torso was carefully wrapped with a piece of red fabric. After Little Shipu came into be-ing, a Sea God temple was built and the statue was placed for wor-shiping. The regional folk religion flourished in Little Shipu. Lady Ruyi is part of the popular Mazu worship in Zhejiang.

On July 27, 2007, a group of 54 residents from Little Shipu in Taiwan escorted the statue back to Yushan Island for a reunion. A worship ceremony was held. In September 2007, the statue came back to Shipu Town to be present at the 10th China Fishing Fes-tival. A grand ceremony was held in celebration of the reunion of statue of Mazu and the statue of Lady Ruyi. After the ceremony, a firework gala was held. In June 2008, Lady Ruyi Worship was of-ficially recognized as a national intangible cultural heritage. Nowa-days Xiangshan Count boasts six national intangible cultural herit-ages, all intimately embedded in fishing, the life and pillar industry of the county on the sea since very ancient times.

Arguably, the most famous personage of Shipu is Blackie Ko Sau-leung (1953-2003). He was born on Yushan Islands. At the age of two, he moved to Taiwan with all the islanders. He was a famed stuntman, actor, director and singer. He established his name on the mainland by jumping over the Great Wall on his mo-torcycle in Beijing in 1992 to raise money for the China Sports Foundation. In 1997, he successfully jumped 55 meters over Hukou Waterfall on the Yellow River in a sports car. He was crowned Asias No. 1 Flying Man. Ko made contributions to the prosperity of his Shipu. In a street in the old town of Shipu is a museum in honor of the son of Shipu. On display are his sports car and many photos capturing the moments of his famous stunts.

The intimate ties between Xiangshan and Taiwan are more than the ties between Shipu Town in Xiangshan and Little Shipu in Taiwan. In Daqing Road, Shipu, there is a shopping center for Tai-wan commodities. The 300-m2 store offers 4,000 brands of food, beverage, condiments, laundry, and other household pieces. All the commodities are directly shipped in from Taiwan. Buyers in Shipu do not need to go to Taiwan to buy these made-in-Taiwan things. The most popular buys are a wine made in Jinmen Island and down jackets, which are favorable necessities by fishermen for a life on the sea.

Shipu is one of the five areas in a pilot trade project between the mainland and Taiwan. The goods available in the shopping center are all directly shipped in a standard container form Taiwan once a month. The daily sales volume is averagely 6,000 yuan. If business is good, more shops will be opened in Ningbo and other cities. □