永遠的普希金

魏丹鴻

2012年2月10日是“俄羅斯現(xiàn)代文學之父”普希金逝世175周年的日子。當天，普希金的逝世地圣彼得堡舉行一系列活動，紀念這位偉大的文學家。

民眾紛紛來到教堂，為紀念普希金而祈禱，并在14時45分默哀，紀念他逝去的時刻。1837年2月8日，37歲的普希金在圣彼得堡與他人決斗時身負重傷，于2月10日14時45分在他的公寓中去世。公寓中書房的時鐘也停留在這一時刻。普希金的后人特意從比利時趕到圣彼得堡，來到當年普希金決斗的現(xiàn)場，與人們一起朗誦普希金的詩歌。

位于圣彼得堡莫伊卡河岸12號的普希金公寓博物館經過半年多的裝修，也重新開館，接待包括中國游客在內的來自世界各地的參觀者。

在中國，對于稍年長的一代人來說，普希金是一段揮之不去的美好的文化記憶，是一筆無法割舍的精神財富。

普希金是俄羅斯著名的文學家、最偉大的詩人及現(xiàn)代俄國文學的創(chuàng)始人、19世紀俄國浪漫主義文學主要代表，同時也是現(xiàn)實主義文學的奠基人，現(xiàn)代標準俄語的創(chuàng)始人，被譽為“俄國文學之父”、“俄國詩歌的太陽”。他諸體皆擅，創(chuàng)立了俄羅斯民族文學和文學語言，在詩歌、小說、戲劇乃至童話等文學各個領域都給俄羅斯文學提供了典范。普希金還被高爾基譽為“一切開端的開端”。以普希金詩篇作腳本的歌劇《葉甫根尼·奧涅金》《鮑里斯·戈都諾夫》《黑桃皇后》《魯斯蘭與柳德米拉》《茨岡》等等，無一不是偉大的音樂作品；普希金的抒情詩被譜上曲，成了膾炙人口的藝術歌曲；有的作品還被改編成芭蕾舞，成為舞臺上不朽的經典。

普希金創(chuàng)作了不少謳歌自由、憧憬未來的詩篇，他在《自由頌》中義無反顧地高唱:“我要為世人歌唱自由，我要懲罰皇位上的罪行?！彼凇吨麓蠛！分薪柚桧炞匀痪坝^的壯麗，抒發(fā)自己對美好未來的深情向往，“再見吧，大海！我不會忘記，你那美麗莊嚴的景象，我將久久地、久久地傾聽，你在黃昏時分發(fā)出的轟響”。普希金的優(yōu)秀作品達到了內容與形式的高度統(tǒng)一，他的抒情詩內容豐富、感情深摯、形式靈活、結構精巧、韻律優(yōu)美。他的“用語言把人們的心靈燃亮”的崇高使命感和偉大抱負深深感動著一代又一代人。

每年的6月6日是俄羅斯的詩歌節(jié)，也被稱作普希金節(jié)。這個節(jié)日是為了紀念普希金而設的，因為他誕生在1799年的6月6日。普希金廣場上豎起的普希金紀念碑，是俄羅斯人為詩人而建的第一座紀念碑。1999年6月6日，是普希金誕辰200周年。整個俄羅斯沉浸在熱烈的節(jié)日氣氛中。在莫斯科，在圣彼得堡，在各城市鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的大街小巷，到處懸掛著畫像、標語。那畫像，是普希金；那標語，寫的是這位詩人作品的片斷。首都莫斯科的慶祝活動持續(xù)了3天。6月4日，莫斯科市在普希金紀念館舉行了“普希金誕辰200周年紀念會”開幕儀式和一個音樂會。6月5日，活動達到高潮。在普希金廣場，紀念活動正式拉開帷幕。嘉賓們向普希金紀念碑獻了鮮花。之后，散布在大街上的十多個露天舞臺開始上演節(jié)目，所有演出，內容只有一個：普希金的作品。莫斯科市市長盧日科夫驕傲地說：“世界上還沒有哪一個國家像俄羅斯這樣慶祝一個詩人生日的?！?/p>

普希金與中國有著不解的情緣。我國有許多普希金研究者。此次，俄羅斯邀請了高莽和鄭體武兩位中國學者前往俄羅斯參加紀念活動。鄭體武教授在俄羅斯科學院舉行的研討會上作了專題發(fā)言。他回顧了1900年，普希金的名字在上海出版的《俄國政治通考》上首次出現(xiàn)，以及1903年普希金的第一本中文譯著《俄國情史》（又名《花心蝶夢錄》，即《上尉的女兒》）在上海出版等歷史，向俄羅斯同行講述了上海與普希金的關系。他25分鐘的演講過程，數次被熱烈的掌聲打斷。俄羅斯人為中國人民對這位詩人的推崇而鼓掌、而感動。

位于莫斯科西北800公里處的米哈伊洛芙斯基是普希金家族的世襲領地，由于詩人普希金曾在這里度過難忘的歲月并在這里寫出許多不朽的詩篇，所以人們也習慣地把它叫做普希金小村。普希金的住房是由木板造成的，帶有8個白色窗框的玻璃窗。庭院旁的小木屋的房門是敞開的，這敞開的門好像是在對參觀者說：普希金正在林間小路上散步……在普希金住房的后面是兩個大湖，索羅季河水正緩緩地淌過。

普希金的安寢地——圣山修道院建于1569年。今天它名滿天下，世界各地的游人都前來拜謁，那是因為這里安寢著俄羅斯最偉大的詩人普希金。普希金的墓碑用白色大理石筑成，下面黑色大理石基座上用金字寫道：亞歷山大·謝爾蓋耶維奇·普希金。普希金的墓碑上鋪滿了鮮花?！熬拖胥懹涀约旱某鯌僖粯?，俄羅斯心中不會把你遺忘?！边@兩句出自俄國詩人丘特切夫紀念普希金的一首詩。

這位偉大的詩人對自己的人生有過評價，他說：“我給自己建立了非人手所能造的紀念碑?！逼障＝馂樽约航ㄔ斓摹凹o念碑”，不僅是俄羅斯文學遺產的一部分，現(xiàn)代俄羅斯人在精神世界依然離不開它，而且它也是人類文化寶庫中最璀璨的明珠之一?！?/p>

Pushkin: A Timeless Poet

By Wei Danhong

February 10, 2012 marked the 175th an-niversary of the death of Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837), the founder of modern Russian literature. On the day, a series of commemora-tion events were held in St. Petersburg. People attended memorials at churches and mourned him at 2: 45 in the afternoon. He died at this minute 175 years ago in his apartment in St. Petersburg after he was fatally wounded in a duel. His descendants came back from Belgium to read Pushkins poems at the spot where the poet fought his last duel. His apart-ment, now a museum, opened to the public after a 6-month refurbishment project. Some Chinese visited the museum on the day.

For some Chinese, Pushkin is a fascinat-ing memory as well as a spiritual wealth. He is considered by many as the greatest Rus-sian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature. He wrote poems, novels, plays, and stories for children. His writings served as models for modern Russian literature and standardized the language for literary creativ-ity. Maxim Gorky (1868-1936), a Russian and Soviet author who was influential in China for a long while in the mid 20th cen-tury, lauded Pushkin as the beginning of all the beginnings.

Russia is arguably the worlds most poet-ry-loving nation, though China outshines its northern neighbor in the number of poets and in the history of poem writing. Russia cel-ebrates poetry on June 6 in commemoration of Pushkin, for the poet was born that day. Previously it was known as Pushkin Poetry Festival. The day now is called Pushkin Day.

During the 200th anniversary of the birth of the great poet in 1999, Russia held a series of events and celebrations across the na-tion. Pushkin Square in Moscow is about 2 kilometers northwest of Kremlin. The statue of Pushkin at the square was Russias first-ever monument to a poet. His portraits could be seen everywhere in Moscow and St. Petersburg and other cities and towns across the nation. Moscow started the 3-day celebrations on June 4. At the Pushkin Museum, a launching ceremony for the 200th anniversary memorial was held and a concert was staged. The following day witnessed performances of Pushkins works on more than ten out-door stages at Pushkin Square.

Chinese scholars have long since taken interest in the great Rus-sian poet. In the 20th century, Chinese scholars translated the best of Russian literary works into Chinese. Zheng Tiwu, a professor of Russian literature with Shanghai International Studies University, and Gao Man, a prominent translator and honorary academician of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, were invited to attend an academic exchange program in honor of the 200th anniversary of the birthday of Pushkin in 1999. Professor Zheng made a 25-minute presentation at a symposium held by Russia Academy of Sciences. He recalled how Pushkins name first appeared in a book published in Shanghai in 1900, how a Chinese translation of poets “The Cap-tains Daughter” first appeared in Shanghai in 1903. His presenta-tion was highly appreciated.□