馬澤
【摘要】句子是人們傳遞信息、表達(dá)或交流思想的語(yǔ)言單位。句法以句子為對(duì)象,研究句子的形式和用法。本文通過(guò)典型實(shí)例,按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)劃分,將句子分為三種類(lèi)型:簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句,以使句子更加容易正確理解。簡(jiǎn)單句的五大句型是英語(yǔ)表達(dá)中最基本的句型。在閱讀中,常常需要借助于劃分句子成分來(lái)幫助理解句意;在書(shū)面表達(dá)中,沒(méi)有最基本的遣詞造句的能力也是不可能用地道的英語(yǔ)句子來(lái)表達(dá)清楚作者的思想。
【關(guān)鍵詞】句子結(jié)構(gòu) 句型 熱點(diǎn) 考查
【中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)】H034 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】A 【文章編號(hào)】2095-3089(2012)05-0093-02
根據(jù)語(yǔ)法形式,即句子的結(jié)構(gòu),英語(yǔ)的句子可分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。
一、簡(jiǎn)單句:
只包含一個(gè)主語(yǔ)(或并列主語(yǔ))和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(或并列謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)。英語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單句由于所用的主要?jiǎng)釉~不同(即系動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞和及物動(dòng)詞),就產(chǎn)生了簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型。
(一)主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)
We are teachers.
主 謂
系動(dòng)詞包括下面幾種:
1. 表示感覺(jué)、視覺(jué): feel, seem, appear, look, taste, smell, sound等。
2. 表示變化: turn, become, get, grow, go, come, run, fall等。
3. 表示保持某種狀態(tài): keep, be, stay, remain, continue, stand, sit等。
(二)主語(yǔ) + 不及物動(dòng)詞
The rain stopped.
主 謂
(三)主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ)
We like the delicious food.
主 謂
(四)主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 間接賓語(yǔ) + 直接賓語(yǔ)
Tom tells him the way to the station.
主謂
(五)主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
He called me Amanda.
主 謂
二、并列句:
包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子叫并列句(構(gòu)成并列句的簡(jiǎn)單句常被叫作分句),句與句之間通常用并列連詞或逗號(hào)來(lái)連接。
We help them and they help us.
主 謂主 謂
常用的并列連詞可以分為四種:
1. 平行關(guān)系and, as well as, along with, not only… but (also)…, neither…nor…等。
The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.
2. 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系 but, yet, however, nevertheless, while等。
He is young, but he knows how to take care of him.
3. 選擇關(guān)系 or, otherwise, rather than, either…or…等。
Hurry up, or youll miss the train.
4. 因果關(guān)系 for, so, therefore, hence等。
The weather is fine, so I want to go shopping.
三、復(fù)合句:
有兩個(gè)或更多的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),通常由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)分句構(gòu)成。 在復(fù)合句中,主句是句子的主體,通??梢元?dú)立存在;從句是主句的一個(gè)句子成分,不能獨(dú)立存在,但它也有主語(yǔ)部分和謂語(yǔ)部分。根據(jù)從句在主句中所發(fā)揮的語(yǔ)法功能將復(fù)合句分為名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。
He said that he would come.
主句從句
(一)名詞性從句: 在句子中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)與同位語(yǔ)的句子分別叫作主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句, 這些統(tǒng)稱(chēng)為名詞性從句。
1. 主語(yǔ)從句:在復(fù)合句中用作主語(yǔ)的從句。為了保持句子平衡,主語(yǔ)從句常用it作形式主語(yǔ),將主語(yǔ)從句后置。
1)It is + 名詞 + that從句
2)It is + 形容詞 + that從句
3)It + 動(dòng)詞 + that從句
4)It is + 過(guò)去分詞 + that從句
2. 賓語(yǔ)從句:在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語(yǔ)??梢宰髦骶渲^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),也可以作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。
He asked his girlfriend if she has received his letter.
3. 表語(yǔ)從句:放在連系動(dòng)詞之后,充當(dāng)復(fù)合句中的表語(yǔ)。
The problem is that the family is short of money right now.
4. 同位語(yǔ)從句:用于對(duì)前面的名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋?zhuān)f(shuō)明名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語(yǔ)從句一般由that引導(dǎo)。同位語(yǔ)從句一般跟在名詞fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise等后面。
The news that he will come to see me makes me happy.
(二)定語(yǔ)從句:在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞、詞組或代詞的從句。被修飾的名詞、詞組或代詞叫作先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后,由關(guān)系詞引出。
1. 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。其中that 可以修飾人或物,在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ);which 用來(lái)修飾物,在句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ);who 用來(lái)修飾人在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ); whom用來(lái)修飾人,在句中作主賓語(yǔ); whose可以修飾人或物,在句中作定語(yǔ)(若指物,它還可以同of which互換);as可以修飾人或物或事情,在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。
Thats the teacher who /that teaches us English.
2. 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系副詞有:when, where, why等。
1) when指時(shí)間,在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
Well never forget the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.
2) where 指地點(diǎn),在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。
This is the place where I studied in my childhood.
3) why 指原因,在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。
Is this the reason why she refused his offer?
3. 限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
定語(yǔ)從句分限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句兩種。
1) 限制性定語(yǔ)從句為先行詞不可缺少的定語(yǔ)從句,如果將這種定語(yǔ)從句省去,主句的意思就會(huì)不完整或不明確。不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。
She is the nurse who looks after my uncle.
2) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只是對(duì)先行詞的附加說(shuō)明,如果將這種定語(yǔ)從句省去,也不影響主句的意思,它和主句之間常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。
The gift is from my mother, who is working in the factory.
4. as 可作為關(guān)系代詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
1) as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,相當(dāng)于which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
He is from Beijing, as you know.
He is from Beijing, which you know.
2) 關(guān)系代詞常出現(xiàn)在the same…as, such…as, so…as, as…as 等結(jié)構(gòu)中。
Such books as you bought are useful.
as 和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),as可置于句首,而which不可置于句首。
As you know, he is from Beijing.
He is from Beijing, which you know.
5. 關(guān)系代詞that 的用法
1) 關(guān)系代詞that 與which 用法的區(qū)別
(1)which 可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,that 則不能。
He had failed in the English, which made his father very angry.
(2)which 之前可以有介詞,that則不能。
This is the house in which Tom used to live.
2) 只能用that,而不能用 which 的情況
(1)當(dāng)先行詞是all, everything, nothing, something, anything,等不定代詞時(shí)。
That is all that I want to tell you.
(2)當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾時(shí)。
The first place that I visited in China was the Great Wall.
This is the most beautiful place that I have seen.
(3)當(dāng)先行詞被 the very, the only, the just 等詞修飾時(shí)。
Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.
(4)當(dāng)先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)。
He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.
(5)如果有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,其中一句的關(guān)系代詞是 which,另一句則用that。
Let me show you the book that I borrowed from Bob which was newly open to us.
(三)狀語(yǔ)從句:在復(fù)合句中作狀語(yǔ),其位置可以在主句前或主句后。狀語(yǔ)從句可以分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、比較、讓步、條件等幾種。
1. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句通常由when, as, while, after, before, since, as soon as, since, till(until), while, whenever等引導(dǎo)。
I cant recognize you. You have changed a lot since I met you last time.
2. 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句通常由where, wherever等引導(dǎo)。
Anywhere she goes, her brother goes too.
3. 原因狀語(yǔ)從句通常由because, since, as等引導(dǎo)。
Mary eats ice cream so much because she likes sweet food.
4. 目的狀語(yǔ)從句通常由so that…, so…h(huán)at…, in order that…等引導(dǎo),往往放在句尾,從句中通常含有can/could/ may/might等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。
Jim got up earlier so that he could catch the first train.
5. 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句通常由so that…, so…that…等引導(dǎo),放在句尾。結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句一般表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情,故多為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。
Tom lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one.
6. 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句通常由though(although), as, even if(even though), however, whatever等引導(dǎo)。
She wears a T ̄shirt though it is cold today.
7. 條件狀語(yǔ)從句通常由if, unless, as long as等引導(dǎo),條件狀語(yǔ)從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句不允許使用將來(lái)時(shí),而應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代。
You will fail in the coming final exams unless you work as hard as you can.
If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we shall go skating.
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]張光珞 英語(yǔ)必備大全 內(nèi)蒙古:內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)出版社,2005
[2]薄冰 薄冰英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法詳解 山西:山西教育出版社,2004
[3]陸林 大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法 天津:南開(kāi)大學(xué)出版社,2007
[4]曹迎春 新趨勢(shì)大學(xué)英語(yǔ) 上海:復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社,2007