宋 軍 侯曉華*
華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬協(xié)和醫(yī)院消化科(430022)
腸易激綜合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)是最常見的功能性胃腸病之一,目前其病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制仍未完全闡明。已有研究證據(jù)表明其可能是多種因素共同作用的結(jié)果,包括遺傳和環(huán)境因素、胃腸動(dòng)力改變、內(nèi)臟高敏感、腸道感染和炎癥、慢性應(yīng)激、腸道細(xì)菌過度生長和腦-腸軸功能紊亂等。部分患者在急性腸道感染恢復(fù)后仍存在腹痛、腹部不適、腹瀉等癥狀,即感染后腸易激綜合征(postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome,PI-IBS),是近年功能性胃腸病的研究熱點(diǎn)。本文就PI-IBS的定義、流行病學(xué)、發(fā)病機(jī)制、動(dòng)物模型、臨床特征、診斷和治療等相關(guān)研究現(xiàn)狀作一概述。
PI-IBS是指急性腸道感染恢復(fù)后出現(xiàn)符合IBS羅馬診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的臨床癥狀[1],而此前無IBS相關(guān)臨床表現(xiàn)。PI-IBS的診斷仍主要基于癥狀,具有回顧性特征。急性胃腸道感染的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為嘔吐、腹瀉、發(fā)熱、糞便培養(yǎng)陽性4項(xiàng)指標(biāo)中至少符合2項(xiàng),其中胃腸道感染常較快痊愈,因此糞便培養(yǎng)陽性較少見。
Stewart等首先發(fā)現(xiàn)IBS與腸道感染相關(guān),并認(rèn)為部分IBS發(fā)生于急性腸道感染恢復(fù)后。一系列前瞻性和回顧性研究結(jié)果均表明,IBS的發(fā)生與腸道感染有關(guān)。一項(xiàng)歐美研究[2]表明,急性胃腸道感染后3.7%~36%的患者可發(fā)生IBS;來自韓國的研究[3]表明,細(xì)菌性痢疾恢復(fù)后約15%的患者可發(fā)生IBS;國內(nèi),Wang等[4]的研究結(jié)果亦提示,約8.1%的急性細(xì)菌性痢疾患者恢復(fù)后可進(jìn)展為IBS。新近,Marshall等[5]發(fā)現(xiàn),急性細(xì)菌性痢疾恢復(fù)8年后仍有15.4%的患者符合IBS的診斷。
急性腸道感染后發(fā)生IBS可能與以下因素有關(guān):①遺傳因素:Villani等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn),天然免疫和腸黏膜屏障相關(guān)編碼基因Toll樣受體9(TLR9)、白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-6和上皮鈣黏素1的基因單核苷酸多態(tài)性是PI-IBS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,由此說明PI-IBS具有遺傳易感性;②社會(huì)-心理因素:心理因素是患者在急性腸道感染恢復(fù)后進(jìn)展為PI-IBS的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,尤其是存在疑病癥和負(fù)性生活事件的患者[7]。其他心理因素如抑郁、神經(jīng)質(zhì)等亦可能增加PI-IBS的發(fā)病率[8];③病原體:Borgaonkar等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn),空腸彎曲桿菌感染后發(fā)生PI-IBS的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于沙門菌感染,可能與細(xì)菌毒力不同有關(guān);④抗生素的使用:Mearin等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn),17.6%的急性沙門菌腸炎患者在使用抗生素后會(huì)進(jìn)展為PI-IBS,而未使用抗生素者的PIIBS發(fā)病率僅為9.3%。Barbara等[11]亦發(fā)現(xiàn),急性腸炎使用抗生素后的IBS樣癥狀明顯增加;⑤性別和年齡:研究[12]示女性更易在急性腸炎后進(jìn)展為PIIBS,且女性患者更易合并焦慮、抑郁等心理問題,但性別因素在PI-IBS發(fā)病中的作用尚存在爭議。研究[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),年齡超過60歲者的PI-IBS風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低于60歲以下者,可能與老年患者腸道肥大細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少,免疫反應(yīng)降低有關(guān)。但亦有研究示年齡與PIIBS的發(fā)病不相關(guān)。
PI-IBS患者和動(dòng)物模型的研究提示,以下機(jī)制可能參與PI-IBS的發(fā)?。孩兖つp傷和炎癥:腸黏膜損傷和低度炎癥是PI-IBS突出的病理生理學(xué)特點(diǎn)。Troeger等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn),急性腸炎恢復(fù)后腸黏膜絨毛面積減少,伴炎癥細(xì)胞如T淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤。Spiller等[15]和Gwee等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),急性腸道感染后出現(xiàn)IBS癥狀者,直腸活檢示炎癥細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯增加。PI-IBS動(dòng)物模型的研究[17]亦證實(shí),小鼠腸道T淋巴細(xì)胞和腸嗜鉻細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯增加,提示腸道感染恢復(fù)后仍可能存在持續(xù)炎癥反應(yīng);②腸道通透性增加:Marshall等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn),急性腸道感染后出現(xiàn)IBS癥狀者的腸道通透性較未發(fā)生IBS者明顯增加(35%對(duì)13%,P=0.03);③腸道菌群紊亂:目前尚無系統(tǒng)性研究支持PI-IBS患者存在腸道菌群紊亂,此推測(cè)源于IBS相關(guān)研究和動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果;④肥大細(xì)胞增生:肥大細(xì)胞在PI-IBS和非PI-IBS發(fā)病中均起重要作用。Wang等[4]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),急性腸道感染后腸黏膜肥大細(xì)胞數(shù)量增多,伴細(xì)胞脫顆粒增加,推測(cè)由其分泌的組胺、5-羥色胺(5-HT)、類胰蛋白酶等,可通過作用于腸道平滑肌和感覺神經(jīng)元,產(chǎn)生IBS相應(yīng)臨床癥狀;⑤腸神經(jīng)可塑性改變:本課題組的前期研究[19]證實(shí),PI-IBS動(dòng)物模型中支配腸道的內(nèi)源性神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(即腸神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),ENS)和外源性神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(即自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),ANS)均存在可塑性改變,其中ENS存在突觸超微結(jié)構(gòu)和突觸功能蛋白的改變。PI-IBS大鼠和小鼠模型的研究[20~22]均發(fā)現(xiàn),ENS黏膜下和肌間神經(jīng)叢后超極化神經(jīng)元和脊髓傳入神經(jīng)、背根神經(jīng)節(jié)等均存在異常電活動(dòng),可能與PIIBS內(nèi)臟高敏感的形成有關(guān);⑥炎癥因子的改變:PI-IBS 患者腸道局部和外周血 IL-10、IL-8、IL-6、IL-1 和腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α 等明顯增加[23];⑦腦-腸軸功能紊亂:研究[24]發(fā)現(xiàn),腸道局部免疫功能紊亂與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的相互作用在IBS癥狀持續(xù)中起重要作用,目前無研究深入探討腦-腸軸在PI-IBS發(fā)病中的作用,但現(xiàn)有研究結(jié)果表明PI-IBS存在腸道局部免疫功能紊亂和ENS、ANS異常,提示腦-腸軸功能紊亂可能在其發(fā)病中起重要作用。
目前用于研究PI-IBS的動(dòng)物模型主要包括以下兩大類[25]:①感染后IBS模型:主要通過寄生蟲或細(xì)菌感染動(dòng)物腸道,以模擬PI-IBS急性腸道感染。目前僅一項(xiàng)研究[26]結(jié)果表明,大鼠腸道感染空腸彎曲桿菌后可出現(xiàn)與PI-IBS類似的腹瀉、大便不成形、小腸細(xì)菌過度生長等臨床表現(xiàn),但無內(nèi)臟高敏感。對(duì)PI-IBS寄生蟲感染模型的研究較多,主要有旋毛蟲、巴西鉤蟲和小隱孢子蟲。目前旋毛蟲感染模型應(yīng)用最廣泛,可模擬PI-IBS的內(nèi)臟高敏感、平滑肌收縮性增加、免疫紊亂等臨床特征。②炎癥后IBS模型:主要通過化學(xué)物質(zhì)刺激動(dòng)物腸道以模擬PI-IBS的炎癥反應(yīng)。常用的化學(xué)物質(zhì)包括乙酸、去氧膽酸、糖酐酯、芥子油、酵母聚糖和三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS),通過灌腸或灌胃方式給藥,可模擬PIIBS的內(nèi)臟高敏感、腸道動(dòng)力紊亂、腸道通透性增加、分泌增加等臨床特點(diǎn),其中以TNBS動(dòng)物模型應(yīng)用最廣泛。
臨床癥狀分析示,PI-IBS患者多為腹瀉型,可伴腹脹、排便緊迫感和糞便黏液增加。13%為便秘型IBS,24%為混合型[27]。此外,腹脹在PI-IBS患者中亦十分常見。
PI-IBS屬排他性診斷,需與乳糖不耐受、膽汁酸吸收不良(表現(xiàn)為夜間腹瀉、糞便量增多)、乳糜瀉、憩室炎、熱帶性口炎性腹瀉等多種疾病相鑒別。上述疾病亦可繼發(fā)于急性腸炎恢復(fù)后,癥狀與IBS相似,且易發(fā)生重疊,診斷時(shí)可通過相關(guān)檢查進(jìn)行排除。
PI-IBS的病因相對(duì)明確,但目前無有效治療方法,本病的治療目的是緩解癥狀。臨床可根據(jù)患者的具體情況使用以下藥物:①美沙拉秦:Bafutto等[28]予18例PI-IBS患者和43例腹瀉型非PI-IBS患者美沙拉秦800 mg tid治療30 d,結(jié)果示PI-IBS患者的總體癥狀評(píng)分明顯下降,排便次數(shù)明顯減少,糞便黏稠度改善,腹痛和腹脹明顯緩解,說明美沙拉秦可明顯緩解PI-IBS患者的癥狀;②新型治療腹瀉型IBS的藥物亦可用于治療PI-IBS,如阿片κ受體激動(dòng)劑阿西馬朵林[29]、活性炭吸附劑AST-120[30]、氯離子分泌抑制劑crofelemer[31]和色氨酸羥化酶1抑制劑LX1031[32]等,均可明顯緩解腹瀉型IBS患者的癥狀,改善糞便性狀。
PI-IBS患者的臨床癥狀可隨時(shí)間的延長逐漸緩解,預(yù)后明顯優(yōu)于非PI-IBS患者[33]。但亦有研究[5]發(fā)現(xiàn),PI-IBS的癥狀可持續(xù)8年之久。
急性腸道感染可致IBS,部分患者在腸道感染痊愈后仍存在IBS癥狀,即PI-IBS。未來需進(jìn)一步明確PI-IBS的病理生理學(xué)機(jī)制和鑒別診斷要點(diǎn),探索PI-IBS發(fā)病中可能的分子機(jī)制,從而尋找針對(duì)性治療靶點(diǎn),以最終治愈PI-IBS。
1 Spiller RC.Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome[J].Gastroenterology,2003,124(6):1662-1671.
2 SpillerR,Garsed K.Postinfectiousirritable bowel syndrome[J].Gastroenterology,2009,136(6):1979-1988.
3 Ji S,Park H,Lee D,et al.Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome in patients with Shigella infection[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol,2005,20(3):381-386.
4 Wang LH,Fang XC,Pan GZ.Bacillary dysentery as a causative factor of irritable bowel syndrome and its pathogenesis[J].Gut,2004,53(8):1096-1101.
5 Marshall JK,Thabane M,Garg AX,et al;Walkerton Health Study Investigators.Eightyearprognosisof postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome following waterborne bacterial dysentery[J].Gut,2010,59(5):605-611.
6 Villani AC,Lemire M,Thabane M,et al.Genetic risk factors forpost-infectious irritable bowelsyndrome following a waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis[J].Gastroenterology,2010,138(4):1502-1513.
7 GweeKA,Graham JC,McKendrick MW,etal.Psychometric scores and persistence of irritable bowel after infectious diarrhoea[J].Lancet,1996,347(8995):150-153.
8 Spence MJ,Moss-Morris R.The cognitive behavioural modelofirritable bowelsyndrome:a prospective investigation of patients with gastroenteritis[J].Gut,2007,56(8):1066-1071.
9 Borgaonkar MR,Ford DC,Marshall JK,et al.The incidence of irritable bowel syndrome among community subjects with previous acute enteric infection[J].Dig Dis Sci,2006,51(5):1026-1032.
10 Mearin F,Pérez-Oliveras M,Perelló A,et al.Dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome after a Salmonella gastroenteritis outbreak:one-year follow-up cohort study[J].Gastroenterology,2005,129(1):98-104.
11 Barbara G,Stanghellini V,Berti-Ceroni C,et al.Role of antibiotic therapy on long-term germ excretion in faeces and digestive symptoms after Salmonella infection[J].Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2000,14(9):1127-1131.
12 Moss-Morris R,Spence M.To"lump"or to"split"the functional somatic syndromes: can infectious and emotional risk factors differentiate between the onset of chronic fatigue syndrome and irritable bowel syndrome[J]?Psychosom Med,2006,68(3):463-469.
13 Neal KR, Hebden J, Spiller R. Prevalence of gastrointestinalsymptomssix monthsafterbacterial gastroenteritis and risk factors for development of the irritable bowel syndrome:postal survey of patients[J].BMJ,1997,314(7083):779-782.
14 TroegerH,LoddenkemperC,SchneiderT,etal.Structural and functional changes of the duodenum in human norovirus infection[J].Gut,2009,58(8):1070-1077.
15 Spiller RC,Jenkins D,Thornley JP,et al.Increased rectal mucosal enteroendocrine cells,T lymphocytes,and increased gut permeability following acute Campylobacter enteritis and in post-dysenteric irritable bowel syndrome[J].Gut,2000,47(6):804-811.
16 Gwee KA,Collins SM,Read NW,et al.Increased rectal mucosal expression of interleukin 1beta in recently acquired post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome[J].Gut,2003,52(4):523-526.
17 Motomura Y,Ghia JE,Wang H,et al.Enterochromaffin cell and 5-hydroxytryptamine responses to the same infectious agentdifferin Th1 and Th2 dominant environments[J].Gut,2008,57(4):475-481.
18 MarshallJK,ThabaneM,GargAX,etal;WEL Investigators.Intestinal permeability in patients with irritable bowel syndrome after a waterborne outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in Walkerton,Ontario[J].Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2004,20(11-12):1317-1322.
19 Yang X,Sheng L,Guan Y,et al.Synaptic plasticity:the new explanation of visceral hypersensitivity in rats with Trichinella spiralis infection[J]?Dig Dis Sci,2009,54(5):937-946.
20 Chen Z,Suntres Z,Palmer J,et al.Cyclic AMP signaling contributes to neural plasticity and hyperexcitability in AH sensory neuronsfollowing intestinalTrichinella spiralis-induced inflammation[J].Int J Parasitol,2007,37(7):743-761.
21 Beyak MJ,Ramji N,Krol KM,et al.Two TTX-resistant Na+ currents in mouse colonic dorsal root ganglia neurons and their role in colitis-induced hyperexcitability[J].Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2004,287(4):G845-G855.
22 Moore BA,Stewart TM,Hill C,et al.TNBS ileitis evokes hyperexcitability and changes in ionic membrane properties of nociceptive DRG neurons[J].Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2002,282(6):G1045-G1051.
23 Dinan TG,Quigley EM,Ahmed SM,et al.Hypothalamicpituitary-gut axis dysregulation in irritable bowel syndrome:plasma cytokines as a potential biomarker[J]?Gastroenterology,2006,130(2):304-311.
24 Kraneveld AD,Rijnierse A,Nijkamp FP,et al.Neuroimmune interactions in inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome:future therapeutic targets[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2008,585(2-3):361-374.
25 Qin HY,Wu JC,Tong XD,et al.Systematic review ofanimal models of post-infectious/post-inflammatory irritable bowel syndrome[J].J Gastroenterol,2011,46(2):164-174.
26 Pimentel M,Chatterjee S,Chang C,et al.A new rat model links two contemporary theories in irritable bowel syndrome[J].Dig Dis Sci,2008,53(4):982-989.
27 Dunlop SP,JenkinsD,NealKR,etal.Relative importance of enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia,anxiety,and depression in postinfectious IBS[J].Gastroenterology,2003,125(6):1651-1659.
28 Bafutto M,Almeida JR,Leite NV,et al.Treatment of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome and noninfective irritable bowel syndrome with mesalazine[J].Arq Gastroenterol,2011,48(1):36-40.
29 Mangel AW,Bornstein JD,Hamm LR,et al.Clinical trial:asimadoline in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome[J].Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2008,28(2):239-249.
30 Tack JF,Miner PB Jr,Fischer L,et al.Randomised clinical trial:the safety and efficacy of AST-120 in nonconstipating irritable bowel syndrome-a double-blind,placebo-controlled study[J].Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2011,34(8):868-877.
31 Mangel AW,Chaturvedi P.Evaluation of crofelemer in the treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome patients[J].Digestion,2008,78(4):180-186.
32 Brown P,Riff DS,Jackson J,et al.LX1031,a novel locally-acting inhibitor of serotonin (5-HT)synthesis significantly improves symptoms in patients with IBS[J].Gastroenterology,2010,138(supplement 5):S129.
33 Neal KR,Barker L,Spiller RC.Prognosis in postinfective irritable bowel syndrome:a six year follow up study[J].Gut,2002,51(3):410-413.