夏羿凡,吳青,蒲勁松
(川北醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院骨科,四川 南充 637000)
彈性髓內(nèi)釘治療兒童前臂骨折的療效評(píng)價(jià)
夏羿凡,吳青,蒲勁松△
(川北醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院骨科,四川 南充 637000)
目的:通過使用彈性髓內(nèi)釘治療患兒前臂骨折,評(píng)價(jià)其對(duì)骨折術(shù)后功能恢復(fù)的影響。方法:2005年至2011年90例移位的患兒前臂骨折,其中8例開放性骨折,77例雙前臂骨折。均采用手法或開放復(fù)位,彈性髓內(nèi)釘內(nèi)固定,并隨訪平均6.6個(gè)月。結(jié)果:骨折全部愈合,愈合時(shí)間平均2.9個(gè)月。功能評(píng)價(jià)優(yōu)秀或良好76例(84%),并發(fā)癥包括8例創(chuàng)口相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,1例橈神經(jīng)淺支麻痹,1例畸形愈合和1例術(shù)后骨筋膜室綜合征。骨折愈合率與患兒骨折部位之間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論:彈性髓內(nèi)釘技術(shù)在兒童前臂骨折中是一種容易使用的,預(yù)后良好的治療技術(shù)。
兒童;前臂骨折;彈性髓內(nèi)釘
大多數(shù)兒童前臂骨折可以通過閉合復(fù)位石膏外固定治愈[1],部分復(fù)位不良、復(fù)位后不穩(wěn)定及開放性前臂骨折需手術(shù)治療。近年來兒童骨折尤其是前臂骨折手術(shù)率上升[2],彈性髓內(nèi)釘技術(shù)(elastic stable intramedullary nailing,ESIN)成為流行的治療方式[3]。雖有部分報(bào)道,但鮮于前瞻性功能評(píng)估[4-6]。
從2005年至2011年有90例患兒施行彈性髓內(nèi)釘內(nèi)固定,年齡2~15歲,平均8.4歲骨折按照OA/OTA分型(表1)。
表1 骨折AO/OTA分型及骨折部位
所有患兒均進(jìn)行全身麻醉,采用直徑2 mm或2.5 mm彈性髓內(nèi)釘,進(jìn)行閉合手法復(fù)位后,每例長骨進(jìn)行單根髓內(nèi)釘固定。如果手法復(fù)位失敗,橈骨采用背側(cè)Thompson入路[7],尺骨采用尺背側(cè)入路進(jìn)行切開復(fù)位。橈骨髓內(nèi)釘從橈腕部穿入至橈骨頭固定,尺骨髓內(nèi)釘從鷹嘴處穿入至尺骨遠(yuǎn)端固定,所有髓內(nèi)釘均埋于皮下。術(shù)后74例骨折(82.2%)患兒進(jìn)行石膏外固定,13例(14.4%)未使用石膏外固定。石膏固定時(shí)間平均33 d(0~53 d),在X線片證實(shí)骨折愈合后,手術(shù)拔除髓內(nèi)釘。
根據(jù)Daruwalla[8]所設(shè)計(jì)的術(shù)后功能分級(jí)(表2)進(jìn)行功能評(píng)估。
表2 術(shù)后功能評(píng)估
采用SPSS 11.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理。采用Fisher精確卡方檢驗(yàn),以評(píng)估骨折愈合率與患兒骨折部位之間的差異,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
90例患兒中,10例非手術(shù)治療失敗后進(jìn)行ESIN,8例為開放性骨折。72例被認(rèn)為具有手術(shù)指征直接進(jìn)行ESIN。其手術(shù)指征為成角移位>10°,旋轉(zhuǎn)移位>45°,手法復(fù)位后橈骨弓未能重建。
后前位及側(cè)位X片顯示骨痂厚度大于3/4骨皮質(zhì)厚度時(shí)可拔除內(nèi)固定,拔除內(nèi)固定時(shí)間平均為術(shù)后4個(gè)月(0.8~17.4個(gè)月),隨訪時(shí)間為平均6.6個(gè)月(2~17.6個(gè)月)。術(shù)后均在康復(fù)治療師監(jiān)督下進(jìn)行正規(guī)康復(fù)治療。
表2所顯示有76例結(jié)果優(yōu)秀或良好,最終隨訪中無疼痛及功能受限。比較骨折部位對(duì)功能恢復(fù)的差異時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
13例患兒出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥(表3),其中8例有創(chuàng)口相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,包括創(chuàng)口感染及釘尾處皮膚破損。創(chuàng)口感染通過3周抗生素治療[9]后治愈,釘尾處皮膚破損在拔除內(nèi)固定后愈合。2例出現(xiàn)了短暫的橈神經(jīng)淺支支配區(qū)麻痹,未行任何治療自行恢復(fù)。1例骨筋膜室綜合征進(jìn)行前臂切開減壓,未出現(xiàn)創(chuàng)口相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。1例延遲愈合患者在進(jìn)行6周超聲刺激治療后于術(shù)后9個(gè)月愈合。1例畸形愈合患兒術(shù)后15個(gè)月骨折重塑后愈合,功能無障礙。
表3 13例患兒出現(xiàn)的相關(guān)并發(fā)癥
成角畸形是公認(rèn)為和前臂旋轉(zhuǎn)功能受限成正相關(guān)。在尸體研究中,Rupasinghe等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)成角角度和旋轉(zhuǎn)畸形≥10°就可導(dǎo)致旋前和旋后受限。然而兒童與與成年人不同,隨著年齡的增長,骨的重塑將使兒童前臂成角移位和旋轉(zhuǎn)移位得以糾正[11]。
接骨板支持者[12]非常強(qiáng)調(diào)重建橈骨解剖弓,因其對(duì)前臂的旋轉(zhuǎn)意義重大[13],所以認(rèn)為只有接骨板才能解剖復(fù)位并重建橈骨弓。本前瞻性研究其中一項(xiàng)為評(píng)價(jià)前臂旋轉(zhuǎn)功能的恢復(fù),從表2中可知,本術(shù)式對(duì)前臂的旋轉(zhuǎn)功能恢復(fù)效果良好。結(jié)果顯示,ESIN在對(duì)于兒童,不需要解剖重建橈骨弓,亦能獲得良好的功能恢復(fù)[14]。
本研究中76例(84.4%)患兒前臂旋轉(zhuǎn)功能良好,本手術(shù)方式相對(duì)于接骨板來說技術(shù)要求簡單,經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足的醫(yī)師也可采用本技術(shù)治療患兒前臂骨折[15]。不暴露或者有限暴露骨折端也有效地減少了骨膜剝離,對(duì)于骨折的愈合來說符合了骨折治療的生物學(xué)原理[16]。
Weinberg等[17]在傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)中演示在插入彈性髓內(nèi)釘前需要預(yù)彎髓內(nèi)釘,以恢復(fù)橈骨弓。然而近年來一系列研究發(fā)現(xiàn)這是沒有必要的[18],僅僅在患兒股骨和脛骨骨折中需要對(duì)彈性髓內(nèi)釘進(jìn)行預(yù)彎。
相對(duì)于接骨板治療前臂雙骨折而言,其優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于手術(shù)時(shí)間較短且較小的創(chuàng)口使外觀更加美觀[19]。技術(shù)要求簡單,大多數(shù)對(duì)患兒骨折治療經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足的醫(yī)師也能安全使用這一方法對(duì)患兒前臂骨折進(jìn)行治療,適合在基層進(jìn)行推廣。
由于在絕大多數(shù)患兒的治療中ESIN取得了優(yōu)秀或良好的臨床效果,建議使用ESIN治療無法復(fù)位或復(fù)位后不穩(wěn)定的前臂骨折患兒。
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Treatment for pediatric fractures of the forearm by elastic intramedullary nailing
XIA Yi-fan,WU Qing,PU Jin-song△
(Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College,Nanchong 637000,Sichuan,China)
Objective:To evaluate the functional recovery through the use of an elastic intramedullary nail in treatment of pediatric forearm fractures.MethodsResults of 90 consecutive children with displaced fractures of the forearm treated by elastic stable intramedullary nailing with a mean follow-up of 6.6 months were presented.Eight had open fractures and 77 had sustained a fracture of both bones.ResultsAll fractures healed at a mean of 2.9 months.An excellent or good functional outcome was achieved in 76 patients.Complications included eight cases of problematic wounds,two transient palsies of the superficial radial nerve,and one case each of malunion and a post-operative compartment syndrome.Healing rate of the forearm fracture had no significant differences with the bone site.ConclusionFindings indicate that the functional outcome following pediatric fractures of the forearm treated by elastic stable intramedullary nailing is good.
Pediatric;Forearm fracture;Elastic intramedullary nail
1005-3697(2012)04-0345-03
R726.8
A
10.3969/j.issn.1005-3697.2012.04.011
四川省教育廳科研項(xiàng)目(12ZB047)
2012-05-08
夏羿凡(1978-),男,四川南充人,碩士研究生,講師,主要從事骨科臨床工作及相關(guān)研究。
△通訊作者:蒲勁松,E-mail:peterpu@163.com網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時(shí)間:2012-7-80∶29
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/51.1254.R.20120708.0029.201204.342_010.html
(學(xué)術(shù)編輯:蔚芃)