談?wù)Z篇銜接理論在大學(xué)生英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中的運(yùn)用

王玉榕

（武夷學(xué)院 商學(xué)院，福建 武夷山 354300）

談?wù)Z篇銜接理論在大學(xué)生英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中的運(yùn)用

王玉榕

（武夷學(xué)院 商學(xué)院，福建 武夷山 354300）

銜接是篇章研究的重要組成部分。然而，目前大學(xué)生在英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)中卻普遍存在著比較突出的語(yǔ)篇銜接手段方面的問(wèn)題，比如句子結(jié)構(gòu)松散，主題不突出等等。建議在英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作教學(xué)中,教師應(yīng)注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生寫(xiě)作中的語(yǔ)篇銜接與連貫意識(shí),以此來(lái)提高學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作能力。

銜接理論；現(xiàn)狀；錯(cuò)誤分析；提高

一、語(yǔ)篇銜接理論

從語(yǔ)義的角度講，銜接是一種起組織和連接功能的意義，也就是說(shuō)，是謀篇意義。它把概念意義和人際意義組織成連貫的語(yǔ)篇。從銜接意義的表現(xiàn)形式上講，我們可以區(qū)分篇內(nèi)銜接關(guān)系和語(yǔ)篇與語(yǔ)境之間的銜接關(guān)系兩類(lèi)。[1]

1976年澳大利亞著名教授、學(xué)者，世界著名語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Halliday&Hasan夫婦合著完成 《英語(yǔ)的銜接》(Cohesion in English)一書(shū)，此書(shū)的出版標(biāo)志著語(yǔ)篇銜接理論的開(kāi)端，立刻引起國(guó)內(nèi)外專(zhuān)家學(xué)者的極大關(guān)注和重視。書(shū)中第一次提出了語(yǔ)篇銜接理論，包括銜接原則、規(guī)律和語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象。他們將銜接分為照應(yīng)、替代、省略、連接等語(yǔ)法銜接手段和重復(fù)、同義、上下義和搭配等詞匯銜接手段。我們國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)語(yǔ)篇分析的研究主要始于八十年代后，其中有黃國(guó)文教授于1988年出版的《語(yǔ)篇分析概要》，書(shū)中，他把銜接劃分為語(yǔ)法銜接(grammatical cohesion)和詞匯銜接 (lexical cohesion)兩大類(lèi)。[2]之后又有胡壯鱗教授在1994年出版了《語(yǔ)篇的銜接與連貫》，他不僅把銜接分為四類(lèi):指稱(chēng)、結(jié)構(gòu)銜接、邏輯連接和詞匯銜接，他還在及物性、邏輯連接、結(jié)構(gòu)銜接、詞匯、主位、述位等方面以及在語(yǔ)篇宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)等方面作了研究，可以說(shuō)對(duì)該領(lǐng)域起到了進(jìn)一步的推進(jìn)作用。2001年由朱永生等三人編寫(xiě)并出版了《英漢語(yǔ)篇銜接手段對(duì)比研究》，他們通過(guò)比較國(guó)內(nèi)國(guó)外語(yǔ)言學(xué)家關(guān)于語(yǔ)法銜接和詞匯銜接手段及其相關(guān)問(wèn)題的研究，“確定了自己對(duì)范疇的界定和理論闡述的思路，并從縱橫兩個(gè)方面探討了相關(guān)范疇之間的關(guān)系，發(fā)現(xiàn)它們之間界限模糊，并且有些交叉現(xiàn)象，使我們進(jìn)一步看到了銜接手段的復(fù)雜性?！盵4]

二、我國(guó)大學(xué)生英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作的現(xiàn)狀分析

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)作文對(duì)學(xué)生的基本要求是能清楚表達(dá)中心思想、具有嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)特征、語(yǔ)言表達(dá)順暢、語(yǔ)句之間結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊及無(wú)重大語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤等。但很多中國(guó)學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)作文中卻普遍存在著問(wèn)題，主要體現(xiàn)在：（1）語(yǔ)篇整體邏輯差。（2）句間邏輯關(guān)系不明確，甚至不正確。（3）句間沒(méi)有邏輯連接詞，只用逗號(hào)連接兩個(gè)分句。（4）能做到連貫，但不能做到銜接。[5]究其原因，一是由于英漢語(yǔ)的分析構(gòu)思、謀篇布局的差異，致使學(xué)生在語(yǔ)篇的邏輯銜接上普遍存在一些問(wèn)題及學(xué)習(xí)者的母語(yǔ)文化思維模式(cultural thought pattern)的負(fù)遷移模式所致；另一原因是由于長(zhǎng)期來(lái)有些教師重詞匯、語(yǔ)法教學(xué)，輕語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)及文章的布局謀篇指導(dǎo)，所以不少大學(xué)生寫(xiě)出來(lái)的文章并沒(méi)有圍繞一個(gè)明確的主題，東拉西扯，通篇是一堆散句。

例文:Recently there’s been a wave of hunting for jobs on Internet.Parents generally believe that it is their responsibility to plan the careers for their children.Many students consider applying for job very important after graduation.A job will affect their course of lives,their circle of friends,and even their choice of spouses in the future.Because of its convenience and high success rate and more opportunities on the Internet,in fact,many people now resort to the new way of hunting for jobs,less depending upon the old traditional way.The following are two suggestions that you should consider when looking for a job.Many parents insist that their children should obey them in choosing careers.Many children suggest that they should be left free to choose their own careers.It is always advisable that you turn to your parents,your teachers,and your friends for help if you cannotmake the decision about your future career.I suppose,with the ever-increasing popularity of internet,this new way of hunting for jobs will win favor amongmore and more job hunters in China.

該篇作文要求寫(xiě)“網(wǎng)上求職的好處”。但我們卻沒(méi)有看到文章所應(yīng)具有的合理的邏輯性、明顯的結(jié)構(gòu)特征、明確的中心思想，而是結(jié)構(gòu)松散沒(méi)有層次感。所以,它并非是篇完整的文章,充其量是一堆散句。

三、大學(xué)生英文習(xí)作中常見(jiàn)的銜接錯(cuò)誤分析

1)照應(yīng)誤用

照應(yīng)是一些起信號(hào)作用的詞項(xiàng),它本身不能做出語(yǔ)義解釋,只能通過(guò)照應(yīng)別的詞項(xiàng)來(lái)說(shuō)明信息。因此,照應(yīng)是一種語(yǔ)義關(guān)系,它指的是語(yǔ)篇中一個(gè)成分做另一個(gè)成分的參照點(diǎn),也就是說(shuō),語(yǔ)篇中一個(gè)語(yǔ)言成分與另一個(gè)可以與之相互解釋的成分之間的關(guān)系。[4]照應(yīng)包括人稱(chēng)照應(yīng) (personal reference)、指示照應(yīng)(demonstrative reference)和比較照應(yīng) (comparative reference)。學(xué)生作文中常出現(xiàn)代詞與先行詞不一致或誤用代詞等情況。如：

1.[原文]：I think a good teachermust be patient and energetic.This is very important because students often enjoy a lesson if their class is relaxing and interesting

[改正]：I think a good teachermust be patient and energetic.This is very important because students often enjoy a lesson if his class is relaxing and interesting

2.[原文]：We went to the concert last night.This was our firstouting formonths.

[改正] ：We went to the concert last night.That was our firstouting formonths.

[分析]：例1是學(xué)生在寫(xiě)作時(shí)常犯的錯(cuò)誤。第一句說(shuō)的是一個(gè)老師(a good teahcer),后面卻變成了多個(gè)老師(their)了。例 2的 “that”所指對(duì)象是 “we went to the concert last night”,構(gòu)成指示照應(yīng)，“that”常用來(lái)指稱(chēng)表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間。

2)替代不當(dāng)

替代（substitution）指的是用替代形式來(lái)取代上下文中的某一成分。在語(yǔ)法和修飾上，替代被認(rèn)為是為了避免重復(fù)而采用的一種重要語(yǔ)言手段，同時(shí)起著不可忽視的銜接上下文的作用[4]，如：

3.[原文]：“Do you like apples?” “Yes,I like ones.”

[改正]：“Do you like apples?”“Yes,I like them/apples.”

4.[原文] ：He didn’t buy his reference books in the local bookstore butwe bought ours.

[改正] ：He didn’t buy his reference books in the local bookstore butwe did.

[分析]：例 3.“ones”根據(jù)語(yǔ)境不能替代前面的“apples”。例 4 用“did”替代前面的“bought ours”,這種替代關(guān)系不但加強(qiáng)了語(yǔ)篇的銜接，而且還使句子在結(jié)構(gòu)上更簡(jiǎn)潔明快。

3)連接

連接(conjunction)是銜接手段中比較復(fù)雜、較難以完全統(tǒng)一的一種，它不使讀者聯(lián)想到上文的實(shí)體。連接成分既包括句子語(yǔ)法的連詞，也包括具有連接意義的由副詞或介詞短語(yǔ)體現(xiàn)的狀語(yǔ)。[6]Halliday把連接分 為 詳 述 （elaboration）、延 伸 （extension）、增 強(qiáng) （enhancement）三大類(lèi)。學(xué)生在作文中出現(xiàn)連接錯(cuò)誤的情況較多，主要包括連接詞誤用，連接詞搭配不當(dāng)及連接詞濫用等問(wèn)題。如，

5.[原文]：Luckily,Steve didn’t break any bones when he fell off his bike and he could still take a trip to Japan with us the next day.

[改 正 ] ：Luckily,Steve didn’t break any bones when he fell off his bike.Therefore he could still take a trip to Japan with us the next day.

[分析]：學(xué)生往往誤解一些句際關(guān)系,造成理解上的錯(cuò)誤。例5是錯(cuò)把因果關(guān)系表述為增補(bǔ)關(guān)系了。

6.[原文] ：With the development of science and technology,more and more people have access to the Internet.Therefore,it is possible tomake friends on the internet.What’smore,I think it iswise tomake friends online.

[分析]：在以上這段話(huà)中，第三句話(huà)用的連接詞What’smore毫無(wú)意義，顯得很累贅。

7．[原文]：The coathas different colors,for example black,blue,green,red,and pink.

[改正] ：The coat has different colors,such as black,blue,green,red,and pink.

[分析]：“for example”只能引導(dǎo)從句表示解釋,而“such as”表示列舉只能連接單詞或短語(yǔ)。

8.[原文] ：The question if the students answered correctly should be decided by the teacher.

[改正]：The question whether the students answered correctly should be decided by the teacher.

[分析]：在名詞之后引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，用whether而不用 if。

9.[原文]：In spite of the police brandished their clubs and pistols，people showed not the slightest fear．

[改正] ：In spite of the fact that the police brandished their clubs and pistols，people showed not the slightest fear．

[分析]：“in spite of”后面是名詞或動(dòng)名詞，不能直接跟句子。

四、利用語(yǔ)篇銜接手段幫助學(xué)生提高英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作水平

1.教師以作文范例指導(dǎo)學(xué)生擬寫(xiě)段落主題句并擴(kuò)展成文，通過(guò)段與段之間的內(nèi)部銜接手段來(lái)架構(gòu)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇模式。英語(yǔ)文章的一個(gè)總體框架結(jié)構(gòu)一般包括三段：引言段（Introduction）— 主題引入、擴(kuò)展段（Development）— 拓展支持、和結(jié)論段（Conclusion）— 歸引結(jié)論。它強(qiáng)調(diào)段落內(nèi)部與段落之間的語(yǔ)義連接，結(jié)構(gòu)上具有緊湊性，層次感和整體性。以一篇題為“How to succeed in a job interview?”大學(xué)英語(yǔ)范文為例進(jìn)行分析：

Nowadays,in an ever tighter job market,great importance has been attached to an interview by both the employer and the applicant.The interview,so to speak,has become indispensable for getting a satisfactory job.On the one hand,the interviewer can take advantage of the occasion to learn about the candidates,such as their work experiences,education and their personalities,so as to pick out the right person for the company.On the other hand,the interviewee can make use of the opportunity to get to know the job he is going to take up,the salary,the working conditions and many other things about the job he is interested in.

Therefore,the job interview is very important to a job-hunter.But how can one succeed in it?Firstly of all,the intervieweemust pay attention to his or her appearance.The first impression is always where we start.Get dressed properly and neatly.Secondly,good manners are equally important.Don’t be too proud,and neither too timid.Just be courteous.Thirdly,the interviewee must demonstrate his aptitude and skills for the job and his knowledge about the job-related areas.Be confident.Last but not the least,the interviewee ought to be honest about his or her personal as well as academic background,for honesty is the best policy.

To sum up,the job interview is indeed important,but there is no need to be nervous.As long as the interviewee has the ability for the job,with careful preparation and a fairly confident and honest performance,his or her success can be ensured.

[分析]：這篇文章第一段的 “great importance has been attached to an interview by both the employer and the applicant.”引出段落主題句 （paragraph topic sentences），緊接著列舉具體面試的重要性來(lái)圍繞主題句展開(kāi)；其中該段落用了“On the one hand”和“On the other hand”表示轉(zhuǎn)折連接關(guān)系的詞給語(yǔ)篇增添了緊湊感。同樣第二段的第一句由主題句 “Therefore,the job interview is very important to a job-hunter.But how one can succeed in it?”引出，后面作者特別用了“Firstly of all… ”、“Secondly… ”、 “Thirdly… ”、“Lastbutnot the least…”幾句分別就主題句進(jìn)行深入的闡述，使上下文銜接緊密，句子流暢同時(shí)很有層次感。最后一段，文章運(yùn)用“To sum up”這一標(biāo)志性的詞來(lái)顯示結(jié)束全文。

2.引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞這種銜接手段。大多數(shù)中國(guó)學(xué)生缺乏使用邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞的意識(shí)，這跟我們母語(yǔ)的思維表達(dá)習(xí)慣有關(guān)。中國(guó)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者是在母語(yǔ)環(huán)境下學(xué)習(xí)英文寫(xiě)作的，所以會(huì)不知覺(jué)地把母語(yǔ)的思維模式和語(yǔ)言表達(dá)習(xí)慣帶進(jìn)目的語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)中，產(chǎn)生母語(yǔ)遷移(transfer)現(xiàn)象。由于英語(yǔ)屬形和（hypotactic）語(yǔ)言，而漢語(yǔ)屬意合（paratactic）語(yǔ)言，這對(duì)輕“形和”的中國(guó)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)寫(xiě)出來(lái)的大都是“流水句法”就不足為奇了。

例文:Parents have to save a large amount ofmoney for their children to study abroad.They have to pay for the international flight.They have to pay for their food,shelter,entertainment,long-distance telephone calls,and clothing.The children should have some money ready to cover unexpected expenses.

[分析]：以上這段文字在語(yǔ)法上并沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤，但讀起來(lái)顯得結(jié)構(gòu)不夠緊湊，層次不夠分明；但如果我們?cè)谠幕A(chǔ)上加上幾個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)詞稍作改動(dòng)，效果會(huì)大不一樣。

Parents have to save a large amount of money for their children to study abroad.Apart from the international flight,they have to pay for their daily expenses,such as food,shelter,entertainment,long-distance telephone calls,and clothing.In addition,the children should have somemoney ready to cover unexpected expenses.

五、結(jié)束語(yǔ)

關(guān)于銜接連貫理論在寫(xiě)作中的應(yīng)用,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者從沒(méi)有停止對(duì)它的研究。國(guó)內(nèi)一些高校的同行們也對(duì)大學(xué)生英語(yǔ)作文的成績(jī)做過(guò)調(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì)，普遍認(rèn)為中國(guó)大學(xué)生“好”“差”英語(yǔ)作文的銜接手段的運(yùn)用有顯著差異?！昂谩弊魑牡你暯邮侄伪取安睢弊魑闹械亩唷9]筆者認(rèn)為要使學(xué)生寫(xiě)出結(jié)構(gòu)清晰、文通理順的好文章,在寫(xiě)作教學(xué)中,教師應(yīng)注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生寫(xiě)作中的語(yǔ)篇銜接與連貫意識(shí),以此來(lái)提高學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作能力。

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App lication on Text Cohesion Theory in College Students’English W riting

WANG Yurong

（School of Business，Wuyi University，Wuyishan，F(xiàn)ujian 354300）

Coherence is one of themain features of the discourse.However,a lot of coherence and cohesion weakness exists in the college English writings-looseness of sentence structure and lack of outstanding theme,etc.Therefore,the author suggests that college teachers of English writing should focusmuch on the students’ability development.

cohesion theory;present situation;error analysis;improvement

H315

A

1674－2109(2011)01－0077－04

2010－12－16

王玉榕（1962-），女，漢族，講師，主要研究方向：語(yǔ)言語(yǔ)用學(xué)。