英語閱讀課教學(xué)“五字法”

周紹全

(湖北省宜都市第二高級中學(xué))

英語閱讀課教學(xué)“五字法”

周紹全

(湖北省宜都市第二高級中學(xué))

閱讀是英語學(xué)習(xí)中每一個(gè)英語學(xué)習(xí)者，特別是中學(xué)生長期要面對的一個(gè)難題，閱讀水平的提高有賴于在老師的指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行長期的、科學(xué)的訓(xùn)練。因此，閱讀課教學(xué)在中學(xué)英語教學(xué)中顯得尤為重要。本文擬從閱讀課教學(xué)“看、讀、品、意、精”等五個(gè)方面對如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生閱讀水平進(jìn)行簡要探討。

閱讀 閱讀課教學(xué) “看，讀，品，意，精”

閱讀是一種積極主動地吸收、思考、理解、接受信息和反饋信息的過程，也是一種復(fù)雜的智力活動。高中英語教學(xué)大綱指出“在高中英語教學(xué)中，聽、說、讀、寫要進(jìn)行綜合訓(xùn)練，在進(jìn)一步提高聽、說、寫的能力的同時(shí)，側(cè)重培養(yǎng)閱讀能力。閱讀是理解和吸收書面信息的能力，有助于擴(kuò)大詞匯量，豐富語言知識，了解英語國家的社會文化背景。”培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力可分三個(gè)層次：表層理解、深層理解和評價(jià)性理解。表層理解是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對文章表面信息的把握；深層理解是引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過聯(lián)想、推理、歸納等思維活動對文章主題或一章節(jié)進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的理解；而評價(jià)性理解建立在從整體角度對課文深層理解的基礎(chǔ)上，旨在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生聯(lián)系社會實(shí)際或自身生活，對某一相關(guān)話題進(jìn)行討論，使學(xué)生進(jìn)行發(fā)散性、創(chuàng)造性思維。

長期以來，英語閱讀課教學(xué)一直困擾著我們的英語教學(xué)。閱讀課教學(xué)的成敗直接關(guān)系到高考質(zhì)量。隨著新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及新教材的頒布實(shí)施，高考閱讀量的增加和難度的提高，英語閱讀課教學(xué)變得尤為重要。筆者在長期的英語教學(xué)實(shí)踐中，根據(jù)英語教學(xué)的特點(diǎn)以及學(xué)生實(shí)際，逐步總結(jié)出“看（skimming），讀（reading），品（swallowing），意（paraphrasing），精（getting）”五字閱讀方法。

1.看（skimming），即對某一篇文章進(jìn)行快速閱讀，了解文章大意，并能夠用簡單的話語陳述文章的梗概。以人教版高中英語第三冊 Unit 1中閱讀文章 “That Must be a record”的第二段為例：

More than 60,000 new records are sent in to the book each year,but they cannot all be printed.Instead,the editors of the book set down the records and keep track of them in other ways.The records are put into different categories.The Guinness Book of World Records has chapters on the human body,amazing feats,the natural world,science and technology,arts and the media,modern society,traveland transport,and sports and games. You can learn that the oldest person isawomanwho lived to be 122 years and 164 days, that the longestmoustache reached a length of 1.6 metres and that the longest poisonous snake is 5.71 metres long.There are also strange records,like the Englishman who balanced a small carweighing 159.6 kilogrammes on his head for thirty-three seconds!同學(xué)們經(jīng)過Skimming，可以概括出這樣幾點(diǎn)：

① 60，000 new records each year，but not all are printed；

② different categories，covering almost all fields；

③ from the book we can get a lot of knowledge.

這樣，既訓(xùn)練了同學(xué)們快速閱讀、語言領(lǐng)會歸納能力，同時(shí)也提高了他們閱讀的興趣和語言感知能力。這當(dāng)然是一個(gè)長期的、艱難的過程，但也是閱讀習(xí)慣養(yǎng)成的過程，“世上無難事，只怕有心人”。

2.讀（reading），即在閱讀的過程中緊緊抓住文章每一段的重點(diǎn)詞、中心句，對文章進(jìn)行整體理解。以人教版高三教材Unit 11中的一段為例：

“The story of Li Yonghong is not exceptional.Life at high school is the time to find outnotonlywhatwe are really good at,butalsowhatwe really want.It is not always easy to discover our strengths while we are still at school.Many people tend to listen to their parents or to their teacherswho often have expectations thatare hard to live up to.The ideal for many people at that age is to go to university, but isgoing to university really the ideal career formostpeople?”

透過文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，同學(xué)們通過仔細(xì)閱讀，慢慢體會到英語文章段落的規(guī)律：一個(gè)段落基本上遵循的是“中心句＋支撐句＋結(jié)尾句（總結(jié)）”。像本段內(nèi)容中心句確立之后，不難看出其后的幾句均為支撐句，最后一句The ideal formany people at that age is to go to university,but is going to university really the ideal career formostpeople?為結(jié)尾句。又如：

We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems.Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs.In addition，it can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases.It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society.

這是一個(gè)典型的段落，寫作思路非常明確：

中心句：We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit，because it causes health problems.

支撐句：①Doctors say it can be a direc cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs.②It can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases.

結(jié)論句：It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society.

從以上提綱可見，主題句提出了一個(gè)問題 ：What kind of health problems does cigarette smoking cause？隨后的兩個(gè)支撐句回答了這個(gè)問題，結(jié)論句總結(jié)了支撐句并再一次強(qiáng)調(diào)主題句。這樣訓(xùn)練的目的是使學(xué)生有意識地通過閱讀提高語言的應(yīng)用水平，特別是提高英語寫作能力。

3.品（chewing），即通過對文章的整體理解，嘗試寫出文章的中心內(nèi)容，并背誦文章的某些精彩句子和段落。英國著名政論家Francis Bacon說過：“Some books are to be tasted,others are to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested”。有些閱讀內(nèi)容是一讀而過，安心補(bǔ)腦，而有些經(jīng)典句子，經(jīng)典段落則是回味無窮的，需要我們反復(fù)chewing，從而提高我們的閱讀品位和鑒賞能力。以人教版高三英語教材Unit 15中的“Popular Youth Culture”最后兩段為例：

It has become quite common now to distinguish various people’s different talents or“intelligences”,and accept their influence on human functioning.People have different personality types,and connected to these types are different learning styles.Schools and universities tend to serve people whose mental, intellectual type is strongest.People whose learning style is to try,experiment and find their way through hands-on experience,often find that school life does not accommodate their learning style.

These characteristics combine in unique ways in each person,forming personality types,each made up of different inner processes and ways of functioning in the world.It is important to recognize that each personality type is of equal value.No “way of being”is better than another.Each offers gifts and processes that complement the others,contributing in a unique way to the qualitative functioning of the whole,whether the“whole”is a team,a class,a family or a society.

為什么選用這兩段呢？因?yàn)樵谶@些段落中包含了大量的經(jīng)典句子和重要結(jié)構(gòu)。比如，同學(xué)們通過反復(fù)朗讀和品味這兩段內(nèi)容，可以體會下列東西。

⑴ 重要結(jié)構(gòu)：

①It is important to...

②Ithasbecome quite common now to...

③each personality type isofequalvalue.

④ be collected to...

⑤in a unique way,etc

⑵ 經(jīng)典句子：

① People have different personality types,and connected to these types are different learning styles.

② Each offers gifts and processes that complement the others,contributing in a unique way to the qualitative functioning of the whole,whether the“whole”is a team,a class, a family or a society.

4.意（paraphrasing），即能夠?qū)ξ恼轮谐霈F(xiàn)的某些難句或詞組通過自己的理解用自己所學(xué)過的語言進(jìn)行簡單的釋意。以人教版高二英語第七單元Integrating Skills中The Day My Life Ended...And Began！為例，文中有這樣幾句話：① I remember having an empty feeling in my stomach and thinking that life was going to end.② There were days when I wish Iwere dead so that Iwould not have to feel to sick.③ On the contrary,I now feel as if thatwaswhen my life really began.要求學(xué)生根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容用自己的話來解釋說明這三句，句式，詞匯不限。那么學(xué)生通過認(rèn)真閱讀課文，可能寫出下列釋義（paraphrase）：

① I remembered,when the docter told me that Ihad cancer,I felt empty in my mind and thought that Iwas going to die.

② When I was in hospital,especially when I received the treatment with radiation and chemicals,I felt a deadly sick.Sometimes what Iwanted to do then was a quick death, maybe thatwasmy best choice.

③ At first,I thought Iwas going to die. Butwith the help of the docters and advanced treatment,especially my confidence,I survive the disease surprisingly.Inow feel that Ihave started my second life.

這樣，學(xué)生們經(jīng)過長期訓(xùn)練，閱讀能力會發(fā)生質(zhì)的飛躍，一方面可以鞏固、擴(kuò)大詞匯量，另一方面可使學(xué)生走出英語學(xué)習(xí)死記硬背、一詞一義的誤區(qū)，靈活運(yùn)用語言知識，逐步改變啞巴英語的狀況。

5.精（language-getting），即從所閱讀的文章中習(xí)得語言知識，掌握某些詞和詞組（idiomatics），為我所用。語言學(xué)習(xí)最關(guān)鍵的一環(huán)，或者說語言學(xué)習(xí)的目的是運(yùn)用所學(xué)語言進(jìn)行交際活動，高中英語教學(xué)大綱也明確指出“培養(yǎng)在口頭上和書面上初步運(yùn)用英語進(jìn)行交際的能力，側(cè)重培養(yǎng)閱讀能力，并使學(xué)生獲得一定的自學(xué)能力……”為什么現(xiàn)在很多學(xué)生看不懂除了教科書以外的文章？其根本原因是英語習(xí)慣表達(dá)掌握太少，想當(dāng)然的多。前幾年出現(xiàn)的peoplemountain,people sea（人山人海）；Letme see see（讓我瞧瞧）；Long time no see（好久不見），等，有趣的是，后者的中文表達(dá)方式居然被英語辭書收入！仍以人教版高三英語教材Unit 13中Themystery of the Moon的最后一段為例：

Despite the hard work required of them, servants were paid very little,and there were some familieswho treated their servants badly. However,in many houses the servants had great affection for the “upstairs”family,and felt part of a “downstairs”family too.Most servants had a safe environment to work in, plenty of food and a clean bed to sleep in.This was very different from the dirt and poverty that thousands of unemployed people were living in at the time.Itwas also different from the dangerous conditions in many of the factories. In fact,a lot of people thought thatworking as a servant for a kind familywasa good job.

要求學(xué)生在閱讀的時(shí)候關(guān)注文章的慣用語（idiomatic ways），找出并運(yùn)用這些結(jié)構(gòu)造句，增強(qiáng)對語言的感知能力，所謂舉一反三，達(dá)到靈活使用的目的。在這段文章中，學(xué)生可能找出如下結(jié)構(gòu)并嘗試寫出一些句子：

①Despite（盡管）：Despite the fact that hewas ill，he stillwent to school every day.

② treated sb badly （虐待）：He often treated his parents badly.

③ have great affection for (喜歡)She has great affection for English.

④ work as(當(dāng)、作為）Twenty years ago, he worked as a teacher in a poor village.

總之，閱讀能力的提高是一個(gè)長期探索的過程，需要勇氣和信心，對于教師來說更需要耐心。教學(xué)過程中要注重引導(dǎo)學(xué)生培養(yǎng)良好的閱讀習(xí)慣，始終關(guān)注學(xué)生閱讀過程中表現(xiàn)出來的不良傾向。同時(shí)，學(xué)生閱讀的過程也是教師自身能力提高的過程。

[1]《全日制普通高級中學(xué)教科書（必修）英語》第二冊（上），2004年6月第一版，人民教育出版社；

[2]《全日制普通高級中學(xué)教科書（必修）英語》第三冊，2005年6月第一版，人民教育出版社；

[3]中華人民共和國全日制普通高級中學(xué)《英語教學(xué)大綱》（實(shí)驗(yàn)修訂版），2000年10月第二版，人民教育出版社。

這篇閱讀的內(nèi)容是介紹北京中關(guān)村的基本情況以及一些創(chuàng)業(yè)者的典型示例，本段觀點(diǎn)是中學(xué)階段是理想形成的重要時(shí)期。要求學(xué)生找出段落的中心句以及重點(diǎn)詞匯。

Key sentence：Life at high school is the time to find out not only what we are really good at,but also whatwe really want.

exceptional，strengths，expectations，ideal，etc。