轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展，港口如何給力

本刊記者 殷 毅

轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展，港口如何給力

本刊記者 殷 毅

● 岸電，看上去很美。

● 困難，遠不止技術(shù)和標準，“合作共贏”也許才是那道最難邁過的坎。

● 港口資源整合，心態(tài)開放很重要。

李令紅全國人大代表，寧波港集團有限公司總裁，寧波港股份有限公司董事長。

船舶停靠碼頭，排放的大量廢氣和有害物質(zhì)對港口和周邊地區(qū)環(huán)境帶來較大的污染。治理這一污染源目前最有效的方法就是由港口向靠泊船舶提供岸電，只要技術(shù)方案得當(dāng)，港航雙方在環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟兩方面均可以實現(xiàn)雙贏。目前船舶使用岸電還處于試用階段，大范圍推廣前，還有許多困難需要克服，有技術(shù)層面的，也有政策層面的。

技術(shù)層面主要有，一是靠港船舶與岸電采用的電制（頻率和電壓）不相匹配。我國港口電網(wǎng)通用的頻率為50赫茲，分為10kV、6kV和380V等電壓等級；而靠泊船舶的頻率，既有50赫茲，也有60赫茲，電壓除了我國的電壓等級外，還有11kV、6.6kV、690V和440V等歐美國家電壓等級，組合起來的種類可達10余種，匹配難度很大。二是船岸電纜對接的標準尚不統(tǒng)一。由于技術(shù)方案不同，船岸之間連接的電纜有一根的，也有多根的，電纜的接口形式、電壓等也不同，造成船岸對接困難；三是由于船舶內(nèi)部改造難度大費用高，船方改造設(shè)施的動力不足。

政策層面，需要政府加大政策引導(dǎo)力度，通過制定具體的激勵政策，如可操作的船舶減排獎勵政策，促使港航雙方企業(yè)共同研發(fā)、試用和推廣船舶岸電技術(shù)。但使用岸電不能是“剃頭挑子一頭熱”，港口方面動起來了，船方的行動也要跟得上。據(jù)了解，目前不少船方對岸電缺乏了解，心存疑慮。

我認為，岸電在大范圍推廣前需要做的是繼續(xù)加大船舶岸電技術(shù)的研究，積極參與船舶岸電標準的制定和宣傳推廣。同時，呼吁政府有關(guān)部門加大對船舶岸電的政策支持力度。這方面，國外港口有先進經(jīng)驗可以借鑒，如美國洛杉磯港務(wù)局就出臺了“新建的碼頭必須建設(shè)岸電設(shè)施，靠泊船舶必須進行岸電改造，否則不予靠泊”的規(guī)定。出臺類似規(guī)定，必須由政府部門牽頭，統(tǒng)一對一定區(qū)域內(nèi)的港口和船舶進行規(guī)范。此外政府有關(guān)部門還可以出臺可操作的船舶接岸電減排獎勵政策細則等，以鼓勵靠泊船舶使用岸電。

至于港航雙方如何更好地實現(xiàn)岸電技術(shù)和設(shè)備的對接，我認為需要落實的是港航雙方要加強技術(shù)交流和溝通，選擇最適合的技術(shù)，并有計劃地對現(xiàn)有船舶和碼頭設(shè)施進行改造；在國際標準出臺后，在新建碼頭和新建船舶預(yù)留或建設(shè)符合國際標準的岸電設(shè)施；雙方共同制定靠泊船舶接岸電安全操作規(guī)程，確保接岸電期間人員和設(shè)備的安全。最后，雙方要商定合理的電費標準，確保經(jīng)濟上實現(xiàn)雙贏；要進一步提高認識，樹立強烈的共建綠色港航的政治意識、大局意識和責(zé)任意識，自覺地開展好節(jié)能減排工作。

常德傳全國人大代表，青島港（集團）有限公司董事局主席、總裁，被譽為中國港口管理界的“教父”。

推廣岸電對港口來說絕對是一個發(fā)展的大方向、好方向。它會使港口的水更清、天更藍、躁音更小，符合我們國家建設(shè)環(huán)境友好資源節(jié)約型社會的大方向。目前船舶使用岸電尚屬試驗和試用階段。據(jù)說連云港港、寧波港和上海港都上了岸電項目，效果很好。對于船舶停靠使用岸電，從技術(shù)層面講，目前急需解決的是電源、電壓和投入的問題。岸電屬高壓電，具體的技術(shù)問題很多；同時投入后如何核算，港航雙方如何分享節(jié)能減排成效，也是上岸電項目需要解決的一個重要問題。

我們國家各港口情況都有所不同。上岸電項目港口的投入是巨大的。對港口來說，我認為投入后如何回收這個問題是目前各港口重視的大問題，也是亟待解決的最主要問題。因為船舶使用岸電投入的不是幾百萬而是幾千萬的問題，這個數(shù)字對我們青島港這樣的大企業(yè)來說都很有難度。對于船舶?？渴褂冒峨?，我們曾多次測算，但都因為投入大、投入后不知如何推開、各種技術(shù)未能得到很好解決而暫用沒有上。所以說，投入問題不解決就無法實現(xiàn)港口使用岸電。我們當(dāng)前最應(yīng)該做的就是好好“核算”如何“回收”。

目前，港口的發(fā)展已進入第二個階段，即經(jīng)營集中。第一個階段是大家分散建港，造成資源的浪費。港口經(jīng)濟必須有規(guī)模效應(yīng)，不能太分散。今后港口資源的整合要進入第三個階段，就是靠市場的力量、資本的力量?？渴袌龅牧α?，從市場需求的角度出發(fā)，進行資源的整合，靠資本的收購、兼并來進行。

從行政捏合到市場化資本式的整合，需要很長的過程，但是必然趨勢。在市場和資本的邏輯下配置資源，未來的港口兼并模式并不是說一個區(qū)域就互相兼并，而是有同樣的核心業(yè)務(wù)或者能夠進行產(chǎn)業(yè)整合的機會，才會整合。這是資源整合的一個方面；另外，中國的港口界也不要把眼睛全盯在國內(nèi)，國際舞臺也很大。我一直在提倡我們的企業(yè)走出去，以“集團軍”的方式走出去?，F(xiàn)在，我們有的企業(yè)到國外去買礦山，但是買了之后發(fā)現(xiàn)，沒有鐵路，沒有碼頭，礦石運不出來。我認為，中國企業(yè)應(yīng)該集中力量搞“集團軍”。政府可以協(xié)調(diào)，采礦的、修路的、建港口的等一起走出去。買礦、開礦的同時，修鐵路、運營鐵路、建碼頭、運營碼頭，再用船隊把礦石運回來。放眼世界，不單打獨斗，集團軍作戰(zhàn)，我們的企業(yè)才能大有作為。

于汝民全國人大代表，天津港(集團)董事長。

A large amount of waste gas and harmful substances exhausted by ships when berthing in the ports will greatly pollute the environment of the ports and the surrounding areas. The most effective measure to deal with such pollution is to provide shore power to ships berthing in the ports. As long as the technical solutions are appropriate, the ports and the ships will both be benef i ted in terms of environment and cost. At present, shore power is still in the trial stage.There still are a lot of diff i culties, both technical and policy,to overcome before widespread application.

Mr.Li Linghong, deputy to the NPC pointed out,technical diff i culties are: fi rstly, frequency and pressure of berthing ships do not correspond with shorebased ones. Chinese ports grids usually adopt 50 Hz of frequency and 10kV, 6kV and 380V of voltage;secondly, the standards for joints of ship and shore electric cables are not unif i ed; Thirdly, it is very diff i cult and costly to transform the internal space of ships and shipowners do not have the will to do so.

As regards policy, the government needs to strengthen policy guidance by formulating specific incentive policy,such as ship emission reduction award policy, to encourage ports and ships to jointly development, put on trial and promote the ship-shore power technology. But the use of shore power should not be the choice of one side, both the port and the ship should be involved and the ship side should keep the pace. It is known that a large number of shipowners have little knowledge and are doubtful about shore power.

Research on shore power technology and active participation in the development and publication of shipshore power standards should be increased before widespread promotion of shore power. Meanwhile, we should appeal to the relevant government departments to increase the policy support to the ship shore power. In this aspect, advanced experience of foreign ports can be referred to, for example, the Los Angeles Port Authority sets out that " the new terminals must build shore power facilities, and berthing ships must undertake shore power transformation, otherwise berthing will not be allowed".The introduction of similar provisions must be led by government department, and to be applied uniformly to the ports and ships within a certain region. Besides, the relevant government departments can also issue practical regulations of awarding berthing ships that use shore power.

As to how the port and ship can better achieve the connection to shore power technology and equipment,he thinks that the port and ship should enhance technical exchanges and communications in order to choose the most appropriate technology and to transform the existing ships and terminals according to plans. After the introduction of international standards, shore power facilities complying with international standards should be reserved and constructed in the newly built terminals and newbuildings. Both parties should jointly establish regulations for safe operation of berthing ships connecting to shore power in order to ensure the safety of people and equipment during the course of connecting to the shore power. Lastly, both parties should consult and decide on an appropriate fee in order to ensure economic benef i ts for both parties. A strong political sense of building green port, the sense of overall circumstances and the sense of responsibility should be established and emission reduction work should be carried out willingly.

Mr.Chang Dechuan, deputy to the NPC pointed out that,it is absolutely a general direction to extend shore power for ports. It could bring about cleaner water, blue sky and less noise, which accord with our general orientation of building an eco-friendly and resource-saving society. At present, shore power is still in the stage of test and trial.It is said that, Lianyungang Port, Ningbo Port, Shanghai Port all use shore power and have achieved excellent results. From the technical point of view, power supply,voltage and investment are the problems that need to be urgently solved. Shore power belongs to high voltage and it has many specif i c technical problems; at the same time,how to calculate after investment as well as how to share the effects of energy conversion between port and ship are the important problems to be urgently solved.

Chinese ports are different from each other. It will cost ports large amount of money to invest in shore power.For the ports, Mr. Chang Dechuan believes that, at present, the big issue is how to get the return. Since the investment of shore power project is tens of millions rather than millions, such an amount of investment is even diff i cult for a big enterprise like Qingdao Port.

How the Port Supports the Transformation Development

Reporter Yin Yi