飼糧蛋白質(zhì)水平對冬毛生長期水貂生長性能、血清生化指標(biāo)及毛皮質(zhì)量的影響

Considering today's growing environmental concerns and increasing feed costs,feeding appropriate dietary crude protein content is of theutmost importance in the feed industry.Mink needs protein,for maintenance at first,and then for body growth and the skin development.Furthermore,protein can be used as a source of energy[1-2].According to Glem-Hansen[3],the mink's requirement for digestible protein during the growth period was usually met if 30%of metabolic energy(ME)comes fromprotein.In the present Finnish recommendation for mink feed composition,thedietary protein could be reduced to about 35%of ME after the beginning of September[4].However,limited information exists on effects of different protein levels on long-term growth performance in minks.Furthermore,it is not economical to use protein as a source of energy,as fat can be added to fur animal diets in order to maintain the desired energy content.By optimizing the dietary protein supply,the feed intake and costs can be reduced,and moreover,environmental emission of nitrogen(N)could beminimized.To minimize the N excretion from feces and urine to the environment,the dietary protein supply should be as close to the requirement as possible,and high digestibility of N is preferable.Animal farming is of great environmental concerns due to its huge emission of feces and urine,thus technology to reduce the emission is a hot topic,and diet optimization is a focus in such,which should concern 1)the emission effects,2)normal physiology of animals,3)productivity and 4)cost effectiveness.Our hypothesis：adjusting crude protein may alter the above four indices,and we take the farmed mink as a model to test the hypothesis.

The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance,nutrient digestion and metabolism,serum biochemical parameters and fur characteristics in growingfurring minks,and to find the optimal protein level and digestible protein level of mink diet.

1 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was carried out at thefur animal farm of the Institute of Special Economic Animals and Plants,the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science,during the period from September 16th to December 10th.The experimental minks were housed in roofed standard sheds with open sides.

1.1 Animals and experimental design

Seventy healthy male minks were selected randomly and assigned to 5 experimental dietary protein treatments as P32,P28,P24,P20 and P16[32%,28%,24%,20%and 16%crude protein(CP),respectively],and each group had 14 animals.The average(±SD)age and weight of the animals at the start were(126±6)d and(1.95±0.20)kg,respectively.The experiment was preceded by 1-week adjustment period in order to make the animals accustom to the experimental feed.The ingredients and composition of experimental diets were shown in Table 1.Nutrient levels of the diets were shown in Table 2.Contents of amino acids in diets were shown in Table 3.Animals had free access to drinking water and were fed twice a day at 08 ：00 and 16 ：00(Beijing time)with the experimental diets.All training and testing of the animals were performed by the same person.Body weight(BW)and feed intake were determined.

Table 1 Composition of the experimental diets(fresh basis) %

Table2 Nutrient levels of theexperimental diets %

Table3 Contents of amino acids in thediets(DM basis) %

Blood samples were collected when the trial was ended.Eight animals'blood was collected from heart in each group,and brought to the laboratory immediately,and centrifuged f or 10 min at 5 000 r/min.Then serum were separated from the blood,transferred into Eppendorf centrifuge tubes,and kept at-20℃until analysis.

1.2 N-balance experiments

The N-balance experiments were carried out with nine 18-week-old male kits from respective treatment groups.The fecal and urine collection lasted for 3 days(October 25—27,2009).The animals werekept in metabolism cages constructed for separate collection of feces and urine as described by J?rgensen et al.[5].Feces and urine were collected daily quantitatively and kept frozen at-20℃for analyses.To avoid ammonia evaporation from the urine,20 mL sulphuric acid(5%solution)was added to the urine collection bottles and the urine collection trays were sprayed with citric acid(20%solution)once per day.In the N-balance calculations,retained N was determined as ingested N-(fecal N+urinary N).

1.3 Chemical analyses

The chemical composition of feed and feces were analyzed by standard methods.Dry matter(DM),ash,CP(Kjeldahl-N×6.25),calcium,and phosphorus contents were analyzed according to AOAC(2003)procedures[6].Nitrogen free extract(NFE)was calculated as the difference by subtracting ash,CP and ether extract(EE)from the DM content.The calculation of MEcontent and the proportional composition of ME were based on the digestibility coefficients achieved and the following values of ME： CP 18.8 MJ/kg,EE 39.8 MJ/kg and NFE 17.6 MJ/kg[7].The concentrations of amino acids were determined by Agilent 1100 high performance liquid chromatography(Agilent Technologies Inc.,Santa Clara,USA).All chromatographic procedures were performed at room temperature,and the samples and standards wereevaluated in duplicate as described by Sedgwick et al.[8].Serum urea nitrogen(SUN)concentration and serum total protein(TP)were measured according to the method of Bardford[9]using kit(Nanjing Jiancheng Biotechnology Co.Ltd.,Jiangsu,China)as the standard.The body length was measured from nose to basal tail,skin length and dry skin weight were measured when drying artifactitious process was over[10].

1.4 Calculations and statistical analyses

All data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS[11]appropriate for a randomized complete block design.Data were represented as mean±SD.

2 RESULTS

2.1 Growth performance and nutrient digestibility

Effects of different dietary protein levels on performance and nutrient digestibility were shown in Table 4.Initial weights and final weights of minks were similar in all groups(P＞0.05).Average daily feed intake(ADFI)were significantly different among the dietary protein treatments(P＜0.05),and therewas a trend that the ADFI increased while the dietary protein level was reduced.Digestibility of DM was not affected by experimental diets(P＞0.05),and the digestibility of CP and EE was significantly different among all treatments(P＜0.01).Digestibility of CP declined with dietary protein level reduced,and the digestible proteins of the diets from P32 to P16 were 287.9,244.5,212.9,167.9 and 136.4 g/kg(DM basis),respectively.Digestibility of EE in treatment P16 was significantly lower than that in the other groups(P＜0.05).

Table4 Effects of different dietary protein levels on performanceand nutrient digestibility of minks

2.2 N-balance

Effects of different dietary protein levels on N-balance were shown in Table 5.N intakeincreased linearly with increased dietary protein level(P＜0.01).Fecal N was not significantly different among all groups(P＞0.05),while urinary N excretion was significantly influenced by dietary protein content(P＜0.05).Daily N retention(g per mink)was significantly influenced by dietary protein content(P＜0.01),and values declined linearly with dietary protein levels reduced,but there was no significant difference among treatments P32,P28 and P24.

Table 5 Effects of different dietary protein levels on N-balanceof minks g/d

2.3 Serum urea nitrogen and serum total protein

Effects of different dietary protein levels on SUN and serum TP of minks were shown in Table 6.SUN was affected by different dietary protein levels(P＜0.05).SUN decreased linearly with declined dietary protein levels.TP was not significantly different among all groups(P＞0.05).

Table6 Effects of different dietary protein levels on serum urea nitrogen and serum total protein of minks

2.4 Fur quality

Effects of different dietary protein levels on fur characteristics were shown in Table7.Body length and dry skin weight were of significant differences(P＜0.05),but they were similar among treatments P32,P28 and P24(P＞0.05),which declined along with adecrease in dietary protein level.Different dietary protein levels significantly affected theskin length of animals(P＜0.01).Guard-fur length and under-fur length were not affected by different dietary protein levels(P＞0.05).

Table 7 Effects of different dietary protein levels on fur characteristics of minks

3 DISCUSSION

3.1 Performance and nutrient digestibility

Minks need protein,first of all for maintenance,but also for body growth and pelt development[12].As previous studies reported,muscles and other tissues were primarily formed in the early grow th phase of mink kits[2,13],and in growing-furring period,dietary protein was mainly supplied for pelt development of minks.Our experimental results showed that initial weight and final weight of minks were similar in all groups,and high dietary protein level did not affect the late growth of minks.ADFI increased with dietary protein level declined,which may be the minks to compensate for their protein requirements.

Our study showed that the digestibility of CP and EE decreased with declined dietary protein levels.In another fur animal,fox,the former study observed that the lower the dietary protein level,the lower the digestibility of DM,CP,EE and other nutrients[14].The influence of protein level on the apparent digestibility of protein has been studied more.Research on ileal-fistulated blue foxes by Szymeczko et al.[15]showed a reduction in the apparent digestibility of CP at lower protein levels.Similar results were observed by Skrede[16]in minks.The influence of protein level on the appar-ent digestibility of protein has been under intensive research in other animals,pigs in particular.A number of studies suggested that a reduction in dietary protein would lead to an increment in the relative amount of endogenous N secretion,which,in turn,reduced the apparent digestibility of protein[17-18].In contrast,the results in pig showed that the apparent digestibility of protein was not influenced by dietary protein level[19].In the study,the performance and digestibility of nutrients were not affected when the dietary protein level decreased from 32%to 28%,which means 244.5 g/kg digestible protein in the diet could meet the protein requirement of growing-furring minks.

3.2 N-balance

N intake,urinary N and N retention decreased with reduced dietary protein levels.According to our research,N excretion in urine declined significantly when the protein level in the diet was lowered from 32%to 28%,without affecting the performance of minks.The results were consistent with earlier findings that N excretion declined noticeably along with a reduction in dietary protein in pigs[20-21].Our research showed that when the dietary protein level decreased from 32%to 28%,the urinary N excretion was decreased from 1.96 to 1.52 g/d,that is,about 22.45%reduction in growing-furring minks,which was beneficial to relieve the environmental pressure.

3.3 Serum urea nitrogen and serum total protein

SUN was affected by dietary protein levels.SUN decreased as dietary protein level decreased,indicating more efficient utilization of N.We have noted similar reduction in SUN in previous reports[22-24].Serum TP did not differ significantly among all groups.The result was consistent with earlier findings in which Blomeet al.[25]reported that TPconcentration in plasmawas not significantly different in pigs with different content of dietary protein.

3.4 Fur characteristics

In our study,dietary protein levels affected the fur characteristics of minks.The best fur quality was achieved in treatments P32 and P28.During the fur-growing period,the minks need protein for maintenance and especially for pelt development[13].Body length,skin length and dry skin weight declined with dietary protein level reduced.This may due to the lack of dietary essential amino acids,as observed by B?rsting[26],if the contents of essential amino acids were low,the dietary protein level in mink feed should be 40%of ME from protein to ensure good fur quality.On the other hand,minks developed equal fur quality with diet including only 30%of ME from protein if the contents of essential amino acids in the diet were relatively high.In addition,as previous study pointed out that the amount of protein supporting normal growth could be lower than that required for optimum pelt quality[27].In our study,different dietary protein levels did not seem to cause visually detectable variation of fur quality in this limited sample of mink pelt.In general,protein deficiency was known to have different effects on hair texture depending on species[12].

4 CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results from this experiment,we suggest that,in order to achieve normal fur quality and ensure low N emission,the level of dietary protein should be at about 284.7 g/kg(DM basis)and the digestible protein at about 244.5 g/kg(DM basis).Furthermore,compared with the high protein level,urinary N could be decreased by 22.45%in growing-furring minks.

[1] DAMGAARD B.Dietary protein supply to mink(Mustela vison)：Ef fects on physiological parameters,growth performance and health[D].Ph.D.Thesis.Frederiksberg：The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University,1997：31.

[2] STRYER L.Biochemistry[M].4th ed.New York：W.H.Freeman and Company,1995：1064.

[3] GLEM-HANSEN N.Review of protein and amino acid requirements f or mink[J].Scientifur,1992,16(2)：122-142.

[4] KERMINEN-HAKKIO M, DAHLMAN T,NIEMEL?P,et al.Eff ect of dietary protein level and quality on growth rate and f ur parameters in mink[J].Scientif ur,2000,24(4)：7-12.

[5] J?RGENSEN G,GLEM-HANSEN N.A cage designed for metabolism and nitrogen balance trials with mink[J].Acta Agriculture Scandinavica,1973,23：3-4.

[6] Association of Off icial Analytical Chemists.Off icial methods of analysis[M].17th ed.Arlington：[s.n.],2003.

[7] HANSEN N E,FINNE L,SKREDE A,et al.Energy supply f or the mink and the f ox[R].Nordic Association of Agricultural Scientists,NJF Report No.63.Copenhagen：[s.n.],1991.

[8] SEDGWICK G W,THOMPSON J R.Eff ect of protein precipitating agents on the recovery of plasma free amino acids[J].Canadian Journal of Animal Science,1991,71：953-957.

[9] BARDFORD M M.A rapid and sensitive method f or the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principal of protein-dye binding[J].Analytical Biochemistry,1976,72：248-254.

[10] XIONG J J,LIU X B.Special economic animal raising and production process[M].Beijing：China Agriculture Press,2008.

[11] SAS Institute.SAS/STAT user's guide[CP/CD].Version 8.2.Cary,NC：SASInstitute Inc.,2002.

[12] KERMINEN H M,DAHLMAN T,NIEMEL?P,et al.Effect of dietary protein level and quality on growth rate and fur parameters in mink[C]∥Ⅶth International Science Congress in Fur Animal Production.Kastoria：[s.n.],2000：7-12.

[13] BERG H.The knowledge of fur animal f eeding for fur breeders[R].Finland：Finnish Fur Breeders Association,1986.

[14] DAHLMAN T,VALAJA J,NIEMEL?P,et al.Inf luence of protein level and supplementary L-methionine and lysine on growth perf ormance and fur quality of blue fox(Alopex lagopus)[J].Acta Agriculture Scandinavica,2002,52：174-182.

[15] SZYMECZKO R,SKREDE,A.Protein digestion in fistulated polar foxes[J].Scientifur,1991,15(3)：227-232.

[16] SKREDEA.Utilization of fish and animal byproducts in mink nutrition：f ecal excretion and digestibility of nitrogen and amino acids by mink fed cod(Gadus morrhua)f illet or meat-and-bone meal[J].Acta Agriculture Scandinavica,1979,29：241-257.

[17] LOW A G.Nutrient absorption in pigs[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1980,31：1087.

[18] BAKER D H.Amino acid nutrition of pigs and poultry[C]//HARESIGN W,COLE D J A.Recent advances in animal nutrition.England：[s.n.],1989.

[19] LI S,SAUER W C,ZAN M Z.The effect of dietary crude protein level on ileal and fecal amino acid digestibility in early weaned pigs[J].Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,1993,70：117-128.

[20] JONGBLOED A W,LENIS N P.Alteration of nutrition as a means to reduce environmental pollution by pigs[J].Lives Production Science,1992,31：75-94.

[21] VALAJA J,ALAVIUHKOLA T,SUOMI K.Reducing crude protein content with supplementation of synthetic lysine and threonine in barley-rapeseed meal-pea diets f or growing pigs[J].Agricultural Science Finland,1993,2：117-123.

[22] FIGUEROA J L,LEWIS A J,MILLER PS,et al.Nitrogen metabolism and growth perf ormance of gilts f ed standard maize-soybean meal diets or lowcrude protein,amino acid supplemented diets[J].Journal of Animal Science,2002,80：2911-2919.

[23] NYACHOTI C M,OMOGBENIGUN F O,RADEMACHER M,et al.Performance responses and indicators of gastrointestinal health in early-weaned pigs fed low-protein amino acid-supplemented diets[J].Journal of Animal Science,2006,84：125-134.

[24] Y UE L Y,QIAO S Y.Effects of low-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids performance and intestinal development in piglets over the first 2 weeks after weaning[J].Livestock Production Science,2008,115：144-152.

[25] BLOME R M,DRACKLEY J K,MCKEITH F K,et al.Growth,nutrient utilization,and body composition of dairy calves fed milk replaces containing different amounts of protein[J].Jounal of Animal Science,2003,81：1641-1655.

[26] B?RSTING C F,OLESEN C R.The influence of amino acid supply on the production results of mink[R].Nordic Association of Agricultural Scientists,NJF Report No.92.Copenhagen：[s.n.],1993：88-90.

[27] TY?PP?NEN J,BERG H,VALTONEN M.Effects of dietary supplement of methionine and lysine on parameters and f ur quality in blue f ox during low-protein feeding[J].Agricultural Science Finland,1987,59：355-360.