商麗宏,代秋竹,陳魁敏,楊宇,吳敏范
(沈陽醫(yī)學院1.機能實驗中心;2.生理學教研室,沈陽 110034)
CNQX對截斷尾末端后小鼠痛反應變化的影響
商麗宏1,代秋竹2,陳魁敏1,楊宇2,吳敏范2
(沈陽醫(yī)學院1.機能實驗中心;2.生理學教研室,沈陽 110034)
目的研究谷氨酸受體拮抗劑6-氰基-7-硝基喹喔啉-2,3-二酮(CNQX)對截斷尾末端后小鼠痛反應變化的影響,為深入研究截肢后中樞的可塑性變化及幻肢痛產(chǎn)生機制提供理論依據(jù)。方法 采用熱板法分別于截斷小鼠尾末端2.5cm前及截斷后0.5h、1h、2h、3h、24h、168h(1周)測量斷尾小鼠的痛閾,并觀察尾靜脈注射CNQX對斷尾后小鼠痛閾變化的影響。結(jié)果與對照組及斷尾前比較,小鼠斷尾后0.5h、1h,痛閾無明顯變化;小鼠斷尾后2h,痛閾顯著升高(P<0.01);斷尾后3h,升高的痛閾開始恢復(P<0.05);斷尾后24h、168h,小鼠痛閾基本恢復正常。CNQX拮抗了斷尾誘發(fā)小鼠痛閾升高的反應。結(jié)論斷尾后2~3h,小鼠后肢皮膚對溫熱性傷害刺激產(chǎn)生痛反應的閾值提高;谷氨酸AMPA/Kainate受體參與該痛閾提高的過程。
截肢;疼痛;AMPA/Kainate受體;小鼠
幻肢痛(phantom limb pain,PLP)是截肢后的常見并發(fā)癥之一,50%以上的截肢患者術(shù)后伴有PLP[1]。PLP是指截肢者主觀感覺已被切除的肢體仍然存在,并有不同性質(zhì)、不同程度疼痛的現(xiàn)象[2]。研究表明,傷害性傳入信息能夠誘發(fā)中樞興奮性氨基酸,特別是谷氨酸釋放增多,并使其受體異常激活[3]。目前,尚缺少有關(guān)截肢后不同時間機體痛反應變化及其機制的系統(tǒng)研究。Susan等[4]報道,小鼠的斷尾模型可用于研究截肢后中樞長期性可塑性變化。因此,本研究采用熱板法觀測了截斷尾末端小鼠對疼痛反應的變化,并探討了谷氨酸受體拮抗劑6-氰基-7-硝基喹喔啉-2,3-二酮(6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-diketone,CNQX) 對這些變化的影響,以期為深入研究截肢后中樞的可塑性變化及PLP產(chǎn)生機制提供理論依據(jù)。
昆明種雌性小鼠,體質(zhì)量(23±3)g。由沈陽醫(yī)學院實驗動物中心提供。小鼠自由進食水,維持室溫在(15±3)℃。用熱板法測量小鼠的痛反應潛伏期,選痛反應潛伏期<30s的小鼠為實驗動物。實施斷尾手術(shù)時,用手術(shù)剪刀截斷小鼠尾末端2.5cm,用消毒棉包扎斷尾止血。
用熱板法測量小鼠的痛反應潛伏期,以小鼠出現(xiàn)舔后足的時間為準,作為痛閾觀察指標。熱板溫度(55±1)℃。將90只斷尾小鼠隨機分成6組,分別于截斷小鼠尾末端前及截斷后0.5h、1h、2h、3h、24h、168h(1周)測定斷尾小鼠的痛閾。如痛反應潛伏期超過60s,則以60s計算,并結(jié)束實驗。同時分別設空白對照組檢測小鼠痛閾。
將48只小鼠隨機分為空白對照組、小鼠尾末端截斷2h實驗組、小鼠尾末端截斷+尾靜脈注射生理鹽水組及小鼠尾末端截斷+尾靜脈注射CNQX組,每組各12只。生理鹽水或CNQX的注射時間是在小鼠尾末端截斷后100~105min,注射劑量為1mg/kg。用熱板法分別測定上述各組小鼠的痛閾。
與對照組及斷尾前相比,小鼠在斷尾后2h及3h時痛閾提高最顯著(P<0.01,P<0.05),即尾末端截斷后,小鼠后肢皮膚對溫熱性傷害刺激產(chǎn)生痛反應的潛伏期延長;斷尾3h后至斷尾168h,痛閾逐漸恢復到正常水平。見表1。
表1尾末端截斷后不同時間小鼠痛反應潛伏期的變化(±s)T a b.1C h a n g e o f l a t e n c y o f mi c e p a i n r e s p o n s e t o n o c i c e p t i v e h o t p l a t e i n v a r i o u s p e r i o d a f t e r t a i l a mp u t a t i o n(±s)Latency of pain response to nociceptive hot plate(s)Control(n=15) Pre-amputation(n=15) Amputation 0.5 17.64±4.97 17.22±5.46 17.80±5.29(n=14)120.75±5.98 20.40±5.46 21.45±7.24(n=13)218.24±5.06 18.40±5.42 23.78±3.57(n=15)2)317.31±6.72 17.13±6.62 22.42±6.71(n=15)1)24 17.14±5.01 15.41±4.59 19.56±7.34(n=14)168 18.44±5.48 17.81±6.02 17.69±5.64(n=14)1)P<0.05,2)P<0.01vs control and pre-amputation.Period after amputation(h)
如圖1所示,尾末端截斷后2h小鼠后肢皮膚對溫熱性傷害刺激產(chǎn)生反應的痛閾[(29.88±8.52)s],較對照組[(14.23±5.38)s]及斷尾前[(14.00±5.59)s]明顯升高(P<0.01);且顯著高于小鼠尾末端截斷+尾靜脈注射 CNQX 組痛閾[(15.71±5.15)s](P<0.05);而與小鼠尾末端截斷+尾靜脈注射生理鹽水組[(26.80±6.50)s]相比,則未見統(tǒng)計學差異。提示靜脈注射CNQX拮抗了該小鼠痛閾的提高(P<0.05)。
Susan等[4]報道,手術(shù)截斷尾末端5周后,小鼠的后肢和殘留的尾端出現(xiàn)痛敏反應;而應用低劑量嗎啡可誘發(fā)截斷尾末端5周后小鼠產(chǎn)生熱板的易化反應;這些可塑性變化可以延長至5周。因此,可用小鼠的截尾模型研究截肢后中樞性長期性的可塑性變化。我們的前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),手術(shù)截斷尾末端2周后的小鼠痛覺敏感性存在明顯的升高趨勢[5]。目前,尚缺少有關(guān)截肢后不同時間機體痛反應變化及其機制的系統(tǒng)研究。本研究結(jié)果顯示,與斷尾前及對照組比較,斷尾后2h小鼠痛閾顯著升高(P<0.01);斷尾后3h小鼠痛閾升高(P<0.05),但較2h時有所恢復。提示截斷尾末端對小鼠的痛閾有明顯的影響。斷尾后2~3h小鼠正常的后肢皮膚受到溫熱性傷害刺激后不易產(chǎn)生痛反應,這可能是由于斷尾這個強烈的傷害性刺激引起痛覺中樞神經(jīng)元反應過強,導致其興奮性短時間內(nèi)降低造成的。該現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的機制及其與PLP的關(guān)系有待于今后深入研究。
研究表明,谷氨酸在傷害性信息的傳遞中起重要作用[6]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,靜脈注射谷氨酸受體拮抗劑CNQX拮抗了斷尾后2h小鼠出現(xiàn)的痛閾提高的反應。提示α-氨基3-羥基5-甲基4-異惡唑丙酸/海人藻氨酸(α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid/Kainate,AMPA/Kainate)受體參與了斷尾誘發(fā)小鼠痛閾提高的過程。文獻報道,CNQX不易通過血腦屏障[7],因此,我們認為CNQX可能是通過作用外周AMPA/Kainate受體而產(chǎn)生作用的。本研究結(jié)果表明,AMPA/Kainate受體在疼痛的調(diào)控中有重要的作用,可以作為鎮(zhèn)痛藥物作用的候選靶分子之一,為臨床防治截肢后中樞的可塑性變化及PLP提供了理論依據(jù)。
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(編輯王又冬,英文編輯鄭華川)
Effect of CNQX on the Change of Pain Response after the Tail Extremity Amputation in Mice
SHANG Li-hong1,DAI Qiu-zhu2,CHEN Kui-min1,YANG Yu2,WU Min-fan2
(1.Center of Functional Experiment;2.Department of Physiology,Shenyang Medical College,Shenyang 110034,China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of glutamic acid receptor antagonist CNQX on the change of pain responses of mice after amputation of extremity of the tail.MethodsThe distal 2.5cm length of the mouse tail was removed as an experiment model of amputation.Hot plate experiment was used at 0.5h,1h,2h,3h,24h,168h after the amputation,respectively.The latencies of the mice′s licking their hindpaws on the hot plate(55±1℃)were recorded and used as an index of pain threshold by hot plate method.Mice were removed from the chamber if they did not respond within 60s,and the response latency was recorded as 60s.The change of pain response was observed after CNQX was injected by the caudalis vein.ResultsThere was no significant change in pain threshold between control or preamputating and amputating groups at 0.5h or 1h after the amputation (P>0.05).Pain threshold of 2h or 3h groups after the amputation was significantly higher than that of their control groups or before the amputation (P<0.01).There was no significant change in pain threshold between 24h or 168h groups after the amputation,compared with that of their control groups or before the amputation(P>0.05).The intravenous injection of glutamic acid receptor antagonist CNQX antagonized the increase in mice′s pain threshold at 2h after the amputation.ConclusionThreshold of pain responses of the mice to the hot plate is significantly increased at 2to 3h after the amputation of extremity of the tail in mice.The AMPA/Kainate receptor is involved in the increase in pain threshold induced by the amputation.
amputation;pain;AMPA/Kainate receptor;mice
R338.3;Q432
A
0258-4646(2011)01-0048-03
商麗宏(1963-),女,高級實驗師,本科.
吳敏范,E-mail:minfanwu0594@sina.com.cn
2010-08-22