• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    十八種辛香料對五種食源性致病菌的抑菌研究

    2010-10-09 02:27:20盧惠妮潘迎捷孫曉紅
    關(guān)鍵詞:海洋大學(xué)食源性香料

    盧惠妮,潘迎捷,趙 勇,孫曉紅

    上海海洋大學(xué)食品學(xué)院,上海 201306

    十八種辛香料對五種食源性致病菌的抑菌研究

    盧惠妮,潘迎捷,趙 勇,孫曉紅*

    上海海洋大學(xué)食品學(xué)院,上海 201306

    本實驗研究 18種辛香料對五種食源性病原菌:單增李斯特菌,大腸桿菌 O157∶H7,腸炎沙門氏菌,副溶血性弧菌和金黃色葡萄球菌的抑制作用。辛香料以 60℃蒸餾水浸提。研究各種辛香料的最低抑菌濃度 (80~5 mg/mL)以及經(jīng) 100℃處理 15 min和 121℃處理 15 min的穩(wěn)定性。結(jié)果表明,大部分辛香料具有良好的抑菌效果,尤其是丁香和桂皮對副溶血弧菌和金黃色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌濃度為 5 mg/mL。經(jīng)熱處理部分香料失去了抑制作用,如八角,茴香,五香粉,海南白和黑胡椒,但大多數(shù)香料保持抑菌效果。這些結(jié)果表明,香料可抑制感染海產(chǎn)品的病原菌,同時在加工香料的過程中應(yīng)該避免高溫處理。

    辛香料;食源性病原菌;抑菌活性;最低抑菌濃度;熱處理

    Abstract:The antimicrobial effects of eighteen spices were screened against five food-borne bacterial strains:L isteria m onocytogenes,Escherichia coliO157∶H7,Salm onella enteritidis,V ibrio parahaem olyticus,andStaphylococcus aureus.Spiceswere extracted by hotwater(60℃).Theminimum inhibitory concentrations(M ICs)of extractswere deter mined by the agar dilution method ranged from 80 to 5 mg/mL;The stability of extractswere measured by heat trea tment(100℃-15 min;121℃-15 min).The results showed that most spices have nice antibacterial activity,especially clove and cinnamon powder;The lowestM IC was 5 mg/mL observed in clove and Cassia twig powder act onV.parahaem olyticusandStaphylococcus aureus.By heat treatment,part of the spices apparently lost its inhibitory effect,such as star anise,fennel,spiced powder,Hainan white and black pepper,but themajority of spices keep their antibacterial effect.These results suggest that the spices can be practical for protecting seafood from the risk of contamination by food-borne pathogens and avoid high temperature trea tment during processing the spices.

    Key words:spices;food-borne pathogen;antibacterial activity;M IC;heat treatment

    Introduction

    A very large number of bacteria such asL isteria m onocytogenes,Escherichia coliO157∶H7,Salm onella enteritidis,V ibrio parahaem olyticus,andStaphylococcus aureusare appear in various foods.Food-borne bacteria are also known to be responsible for their harmful to people’s health[1,2].

    Listeria m onocytogenescan cause human meningitis,sepsis,abortion and other diseases.If the immune deficiencies infect itwill in a serious condition[3,4].E.coliO157∶H7 serotype belongs to EHEC,since 1982 itwas first discovered in the United States,including China and many other countries have reported.At present it has ranked second or third place.E.coliO 157∶H7 diarrhea caused by intestinal bleeding,about 2%to 7%ofpatientswill develop into hemolytic uremic syndrome[5].Infection ofSalm onella enteritidiswill appear abdominal cramps,flatulence,nausea,vomiting and other symptoms[6].Vibrio parahaem olyticususually reside in seafood such as cuttlefish,fish,shrimp,jellyfish,as well as containing high salt preserved foods such as pickles,bacon.Catch this bacterialwill presentabdominal pain,vomiting,diarrhea and other symptoms[7,8],Staphylococcus aureusis a kind of ubiquitous bacteria widely distributed in the water,air,dust,dirt dairy,flooring,the ground and come into contact with people of all things.It can cause localized suppurative infection;also can cause pneumonia,pseudomembranous enterocolitis,pericarditis,and even sepsis,systemic infection such as sepsis[9].

    Since food poisoning because of infected by food-borne pathogens is still a threat for both consumers and food industry.Plant essential oil and essences can against several food-borne pathogens.At the same t ime,with the progress ofmaterial civilization and spiritual civilization,consumers pay more attention on the food safety.So it is necessary to study and research the development of antibacterial activity of natural substances,for inhibiting the growth of microorganis ms to ensure food safety[10].

    Antimicrobial substances from naturalsources like plants and spices have been investigated to inhibit the growth of bacterial.The oils of bay,cinnamon,clove and thyme exhibit ant imicrobial properties,and Grampositive bacteria are more sensitive to inhibition by plant essential oils than the Gram-negative bacteria[11].Natural products from medicinal plants have the antibacterial activities.For example,Ethanol extracts from Australian traditionalmedicinal plantsErem ophila alternifoliaandErem ophila duttonii,have been found to inhibit the growth ofL.m onocytogenes[12].

    The objective of the present study was to est imate the antibacterial activity of common eighteen edible spices against five common food-borne pathogens.The M IC,the physical stability of each spice extracts.Aim to acquire the especial spicewhich has the best antibacterial effect.Develop it into natural preservative which substitute synthesis chemical preservative in the use of food industry to guarantee people’s health.The further research is to study the antibacterialmechanism andwork out its components.

    Materials andM ethods

    Spice samples preparation

    Eighteen edible spices used in this study were Chili powder,Clove powder,Dehydrated ginger powder,Turmeric powder,Licorice powder,Star anise powder,Onion powder,cassia twig powder,Dehydrated chive powder,Pepper,Hainan white pepper,Hainan black pepper,Fennel powder,Cumin powder,Garlic powder,Cinnamon powder,Chenpi powder,and Spiced powder.These spices were chosen based on their reported biological activities.All spices were purchased from X INGHUASH I HURONG FOODS CO.,LTD.The peel or rhizome parts of spices were air-dried and then grind them into powder(Over 80 mesh sieve)and stored in vacuum-packed bags at room temperature.

    Extraction of spice material

    Take 8 g of every spice powder material,and then add 100mL distilledwater,extract them in 60℃for5 h,after extraction,centrifugation them (4000 r/min,15 min),collect the supernatant,placed in the refrigerator 4℃for preservation.The extract concentration of each spice is 80 mg/mL.

    Testm icroorgan is m s

    Five bacterial strains used in this study,including Escherichia coli ATCC 43889,V ibrio parahaem olyticusATCC 33846,Sa lm onella enteritidisCMCC 50041,L isteria m onocytogenesATCC 7644 purchased in the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Microbiology;StaphylococcusaureusAB 91093 is preserved by Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention.Bacterial strains were incubated at 37℃(exceptL.m onocytogeneswas cultivated at 30℃)and maintained on a nutrient agar slant at 4℃.

    Ant im icrobial activity assay

    Ant imicrobial activity assaywas determined inhibit five food-borne pathogenic bacterial by the agar plate drilling method.Bacterial strainswere maintained on nutrient agar at 37℃(exceptL.m onocytogenensat 30℃)and overnight cultureswere prepared in nutrient broth.The cultures were diluted with sterilized saline to get the number of approximately 105CFU/mL.Spread 100 μL bacteria liquid on each agar dish.And then drill four holes in one agar plate(6 mm in diameter/every hole),each hole inject 30μL spice extracts[13-15].The plates cultivated at 37℃(exceptL.m onocytogeneswas cultivated at 30℃)for 24 h,measure the inhibitionzone to bring out the antibacterial activity.Three replicates were prepared for each extract in this study.Meantime use sterile water as a negative control.

    M in imum inhibitory concentration(M IC)of spice Extracts

    M IC of these sampleswere deter mined by the nutritional broth dilution method using the serially diluted spice extracts,and we can acquire series concentration spices solution:40,20,10,5,2.5 mg/mL.Bacterial cultures were prepared in nutritional broth and incubated at 37℃(exceptL.monocytogenes was incubated at 30℃)for 8 h.Then adjust the concentration of these bacterial cultures to 105CFU/mL[16,17].

    After ward add 10μL each bacterial to each concentration spice solution,the mixture was then incubated at 37℃for 24 h(exceptL.m onocytogenesat 30℃).After incubation,using flat line method crosses the liquid culture of bacteria to the plate,cultivated at 37℃for 24 h (exceptL.m onocytogenesat 30℃).Observe whether there is any bacteria grow,there is no bacteria in the growth plate of the lowest concentration of extract is the minimum inhibitory concentrationM IC.

    Three replicateswere prepared for each extract in this study.Meantime use sterile water as a negative control,use series concentration potassium sorbate(2.5,5,10,

    20 40 g/kg)as positive control.

    Stability testing

    Heat stability testing

    Through heat trea tmentmethod measure the stability of the eighteen spice extracts,In this study use 100℃and 121℃to dealwith the eighteen spices(the concentration is lower than a concentration gradient of each M IC)about 10 min.Then we used them to study these inhibitory of five pathogens(Method is as same as the M IC determination)to observe the trial of the growth of bacteria and to compare the ther mal stability of their antibacterial[18,19].Three replicates were prepared for each extract in this study.Meantime use sterilewater as a negative control.

    Tim e stability testing

    Choose the sample that had the best antibacterial activity,and then use it to test the antibacterial activity time.The culture method is as same as the for mer.

    Results

    I nhibitory effect of spices extracts on the bacterial food-borne pathogens

    The results of screening the antimicrobial activity of the extracts are given in Table 1.The extract solvent is distilled water.

    Table 1 Ant im icrob ial effect of eighteen spice extracts on the growth of food-borne pathogens

    Note:-a,on behalfof inhibition zone diameterof6-7 mm;+,on behalfof inhibition zone diameterof7.1-8 mm;++,on behalfof inhibition zone diameter of 8.1-9 mm;+++,on behalf of inhibition zone diameter of 9.1-10 mm;++++,on behalf of inhibition zone diameter ofmore than 10.1 mm.

    The water extract of clove powder exhibited good bacteriostatic activity against two Gram-positive bacteria(Staphylococcus aureusandL isteria m onocytogenes),three Gram-negative bacterium(Escherichia coliO157∶H7,V ibrio parahaem olyticusandSalm onella enteritidis),so as ginger,Turmeric,Star anise,Cassia twig,Fennel and Cinnamon powder(Table 1).But others display partial antibacterial;maybe its effect componentswere lost in the process.

    Clover powder extract and chili powder extract showed good inhibition ofV ibrio parahaem olyticuson nutrient agar plate,but Cassia twig powder exhibited weak antibacterial effect ofV.parahaem olyticus,and as negative,sterile water displayed no effect onV.parahaem olyticus(Fig.1).

    The water extract of spiced powder,cassia twig,turmeric powder and onion powder all showed apparent inhibition zone(Fig.2).

    Clove powder extract and dehydrated ginger powder displayed good antibacterial activity onSalm onella enteritidi,but the extract of cinnamon powder and spiced powder had weak inhibitory on this food-borne pathogen(Fig.3).

    M I Cs of spice extracts

    From the data(Table 2),the mass of spices showed the lowerminimum inhibitory concentrations;especially clove powder extract had theM IC of 5 mg/mL onV ibrio parahaem olyticus,cassia twig powder extract had the M IC of 5 mg/mL onStaphylococcus aureus).Tur meric powder,Licorice powder,Star anise powder,Pepper powder,Cinnamon powder and Spiced powder also display good antibacterial effect.But Hainan white pepper and fennel powder inhibitE.coliO157∶H7 represent higherM IC.

    Table 2 Minimum inhibitory concentrations(mg/mL)of spices and herbs aga inst five bacter ial

    This exper iment using a common food preservative potassium sorbate as a positive control,results showed that theM IC of potassium sorbate is higher than some spicesM I C,especially clove powder extract.Itmay because that the pH is not suitable for potassium sorbate to play its inhibitory effect on the medium.

    The result of stability test ing

    The result of heat stability testing

    Table 3 Heat stability of eighteen spice extracts

    Note:-a,stands for non-bacteria growth;+,stands for little bacteria growth;++,stands for more bacteria growth;+++,stands for the most bacteria growth;CK1:negative control(Sterile water).

    Data are summarized in Table 3,Most of Spices processed by 100℃after 15 min have no weakening its antibacterial activity,except star anise powder,fennel powder and spiced powder have waken its inhibitory effect onL.m onocytogene.Onion powder and cinnamon powder lost its antibacterial activity onSalm onella enteritidis,pepper powder,dehydrated chive powder,Hainan white pepper and Hainan black pepper also miss its inhibitory effect on some bacteria.Tur meric powder,onion powder,cinnamon powder,Hainan white

    pepper and Hainan black pepper by way of 121℃after 15 min lost its bacteriostatic effect on part of five food-borne pathogen.Clove powder show the strong stability of antibacterial effect on five bacterial either heat on 100℃,15 min or 121℃,5 min.

    Tim e stability testing

    From the above figures,it is obvious that clove powder extract had the best inhibitory effect,so this study further research the t ime stability of clove extract on five food-borne bacteria.

    Table 4 T ime stability of clove powder extract

    From Table 4,it is apparent that the antibacterial time of clove powder extracton five pathogenswas about 3 d under the culture temperature of 30℃/37℃.

    D iscussionAll spice extract exhibit good bacteriostatic effect on five food-borne pathogens,most spice extracts displayed the heat stability,just partial of them lost its antibacterial effect.Clove powder distilled water extract show the best antibacterial effect on five food-borne pathogens.It also had the lowerM I C,after heat treatment process it keeps good inhibitory effect all the same.

    Gram-negative bacteria were shown to be generally more resistant than gram-positive ones to the antibacterial activity of spice extracts because of their wall lippolysaccharide[20].But this study showedStaphylococcus aureuscould be easily inhibited by spice extracts.Overall,the data suggested that the spices can be practical for protecting seafood from the risk of contamination by food-borne pathogens and avoid high temperature treatment during processing the spices.AcknowledgementsWe are grateful to X INGHUASH IHURONG FOODS CO.,LTD for providing the eighteen spices.We also thank Professor PANG Yingjie,Associate Professor ZHAO Yong,and teacher SUN Xiao-hong at ShanghaiOcean University for their valuable help with the microbiologicalwork and field assistance.

    1 Mead PS,SlutskerL,Dietz V,et al.Food related illness anddeath in the United States.Em erg Infect,1999,5:607-625.2 SanlierN.The knowledge and practice of food safety by young and adult consumers.Food Control,2009,20:538-542.

    3 Al lmannM,et al.Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)for detection of pathogenic microorganisms in bacteriologicalmonitoring of dairy products.ResM icrobial,1995,146:85-97.

    4 Vrinda Menon K,Garg SR.Inhibitory effect of clove oil on Listeria monocytogenes in meat and cheese.Food M icrobiology,2001,18:647-650.

    5 AbdullahD,et al.HassanBacterial quality of raw milk investigated byEscherichia coliand isolates analysis for specific virulence-gene markers.Food Control,2009,20:913-917.

    6 Thorns CJ.Salm onella fim briae:novel antigens in the detection and control of salmonella infections.B r vet J,1995,151:643-658.

    7 Etinosa O.Igbinosa,Anthony I.Okoh.Emerging Vibrio species:an unending threat to public health in developing countries.Research in M icrobiology,2008,159:495-506.

    8 Su YC,Liu CC.Vibrio parahaemolyticus:A concern of seafood safety.Food M icrobiology,2007,24:549-558.

    9 Kouabenan DR,et al.Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus risk perception by healthcare personnel in a public hospital.Social Behavior and Personality,2007,35:89-100.

    10 Sa?dic O,?zcan M.Antibacterial activity of Turkish spice hydrosols.Food Control,2003,14:141-143.

    11 Smith-Pa lmerA,et al.Ant imicrobialpropertiesof plant essential oils and essences against?ve important food-borne pathogens.Letters in AppliedM icrobiology,1998,26:118-122.

    12 Owen RJ,Palombo EA.Anti-listerial activity of ethanolic extracts of medicinal plants,Eremophila alternifolia and Eremophila duttonii,in food homogenates and milk.Food Control,2007,18:387-390.

    13 Mu L,Liao HW,Yin Y,et al.A new method for screen common Chinese herb medicine as bacterial inhibitor.China Food Additives,2008,(6):112-117.

    14 Wang SQ.Determination of antibiotics in perforated titer.B iological bulletin,2004,40:2.

    15 LiD,Zhou LG,Wang JG,et al.Inhibitory effects of Sophora alopecuroides extract to pathogens on cucumber and tomato.Acta Bot Boreal-Occident Sin,2006,26:558-563.

    16 Wu ZH,Xu Y,Wu CM.Study on the method of extracting natural preservative in aniseed and its bacteriostasis.China condim ent,2003,9:18-20.

    17 Wu ZH,et al.Pepper in the extraction of natural preservatives and antimicrobial effect.Food Industry,2004,5:18-19.

    18 Tan JJ.The research of bacteriostasis characteristic onD ictyophora.Food Sci,2001,22(9):73-75.

    19 Han H,Zhang G.Studies on antibacterial role ofD ictyophora gown.Food Res Dev,2008,29(5):129-131.

    20 RussellAD.Mechanismsof bacterial resistance to non-antibiotics:food additives and food and pharmaceutical preservatives.Journal of Applied Bacteriology,1991,71:191-201.

    Antibacterial Activity of Eighteen Edible Spice Extracts on Five Food-borne Bacteria

    LU Hui-ni,PAN Ying-jie,ZHAO Yong,SUN Xiao-hong*
    College of Food Science and Technology,Shanghai Ocean University,Shanghai 201306,China

    Q946.91;R285;TS202.3

    A

    1001-6880(2010)05-0883-08

    ReceivedMay 13,2009;Accepted 2009-07-03

    *Corresponding author Tel:86-21-61900379;E-mail:yjpan@shou.edu.cn

    猜你喜歡
    海洋大學(xué)食源性香料
    秋冬季高發(fā)食源性疾病的危害與預(yù)防
    中老年保健(2022年1期)2022-08-17 06:14:22
    自然界中的神奇香料
    論食品安全與食源性疾病的控制
    夏季食品安全頭號殺手——食源性疾病
    中老年保健(2021年6期)2021-08-24 06:54:00
    中國海洋大學(xué)作品選登
    香料之王
    ——香草傳
    重慶火鍋香飄世界
    中國海洋大學(xué) 自主招生,讓我同時被兩所211大學(xué)錄取
    ?? ??? ???? ????
    食源性病原微生物的危害
    亚洲国产中文字幕在线视频| 日本黄色视频三级网站网址 | 999久久久国产精品视频| 每晚都被弄得嗷嗷叫到高潮| 国产无遮挡羞羞视频在线观看| 色播在线永久视频| 两个人看的免费小视频| 十分钟在线观看高清视频www| 叶爱在线成人免费视频播放| 久久久久精品人妻al黑| 99精品欧美一区二区三区四区| 午夜福利,免费看| 热99久久久久精品小说推荐| 欧美日韩成人在线一区二区| 国产97色在线日韩免费| 嫁个100分男人电影在线观看| 日韩视频一区二区在线观看| 高清视频免费观看一区二区| 乱人伦中国视频| 看黄色毛片网站| 国产成人精品久久二区二区免费| 美国免费a级毛片| av不卡在线播放| 又黄又粗又硬又大视频| 国产成人精品久久二区二区91| 国产精品综合久久久久久久免费 | 欧美激情高清一区二区三区| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 精品福利永久在线观看| 天堂中文最新版在线下载| 日韩三级视频一区二区三区| 午夜福利乱码中文字幕| 亚洲熟女毛片儿| 欧美精品亚洲一区二区| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一出视频| 激情在线观看视频在线高清 | 国产黄色免费在线视频| 精品熟女少妇八av免费久了| 青草久久国产| a级毛片在线看网站| 久久中文字幕一级| 99精国产麻豆久久婷婷| 女人久久www免费人成看片| 日韩欧美一区视频在线观看| 精品乱码久久久久久99久播| 亚洲精品美女久久av网站| 狠狠狠狠99中文字幕| 国产色视频综合| 大型av网站在线播放| www.999成人在线观看| 久久久久精品人妻al黑| 亚洲国产毛片av蜜桃av| 亚洲五月色婷婷综合| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一出视频| 亚洲国产欧美日韩在线播放| 久热这里只有精品99| 中文字幕另类日韩欧美亚洲嫩草| 亚洲五月天丁香| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站 | 乱人伦中国视频| 三上悠亚av全集在线观看| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 伦理电影免费视频| 午夜两性在线视频| 欧美激情 高清一区二区三区| 亚洲精品自拍成人| 啦啦啦在线免费观看视频4| 飞空精品影院首页| 国产免费现黄频在线看| 国产区一区二久久| 国产精品免费视频内射| 久久久久精品人妻al黑| 免费在线观看黄色视频的| 亚洲精品国产色婷婷电影| 亚洲第一欧美日韩一区二区三区| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色 | 丁香六月欧美| av不卡在线播放| 国产一区在线观看成人免费| 一级片免费观看大全| 校园春色视频在线观看| 成人特级黄色片久久久久久久| 宅男免费午夜| 欧美日韩视频精品一区| 搡老乐熟女国产| 久久精品国产综合久久久| 99国产精品99久久久久| 我的亚洲天堂| 黑人欧美特级aaaaaa片| 成年女人毛片免费观看观看9 | 精品国产乱子伦一区二区三区| 欧美成人午夜精品| 国产成人精品在线电影| 99热网站在线观看| 中文字幕精品免费在线观看视频| 亚洲国产欧美日韩在线播放| 999精品在线视频| 99国产极品粉嫩在线观看| 午夜两性在线视频| 国产精品国产高清国产av | 大型黄色视频在线免费观看| 亚洲三区欧美一区| 欧美亚洲日本最大视频资源| 丰满饥渴人妻一区二区三| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播| 女人高潮潮喷娇喘18禁视频| 亚洲 国产 在线| 亚洲全国av大片| 999精品在线视频| 色在线成人网| 十八禁高潮呻吟视频| 一个人免费在线观看的高清视频| 国产亚洲欧美精品永久| 丝袜在线中文字幕| 露出奶头的视频| 午夜精品在线福利| 青草久久国产| 女警被强在线播放| 国产欧美日韩一区二区精品| 后天国语完整版免费观看| 老鸭窝网址在线观看| 18禁裸乳无遮挡免费网站照片 | 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 男女高潮啪啪啪动态图| 69精品国产乱码久久久| av网站在线播放免费| 日日爽夜夜爽网站| 9热在线视频观看99| videos熟女内射| 19禁男女啪啪无遮挡网站| 制服诱惑二区| 免费在线观看日本一区| 国产精品一区二区精品视频观看| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播| 99精品欧美一区二区三区四区| 91成年电影在线观看| 制服诱惑二区| 色尼玛亚洲综合影院| 人人澡人人妻人| 正在播放国产对白刺激| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清 | 亚洲第一欧美日韩一区二区三区| 久久久久久亚洲精品国产蜜桃av| 国产精品欧美亚洲77777| 91精品国产国语对白视频| 咕卡用的链子| 岛国在线观看网站| 国产精品亚洲一级av第二区| 两个人免费观看高清视频| 国产精品.久久久| 99精国产麻豆久久婷婷| 天堂中文最新版在线下载| 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕| 欧美日韩福利视频一区二区| 在线观看免费日韩欧美大片| 亚洲精品国产色婷婷电影| 好看av亚洲va欧美ⅴa在| 女人爽到高潮嗷嗷叫在线视频| 久9热在线精品视频| 欧美乱妇无乱码| 91国产中文字幕| av网站免费在线观看视频| 男女免费视频国产| 在线观看免费午夜福利视频| 露出奶头的视频| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免费看| 19禁男女啪啪无遮挡网站| 精品福利永久在线观看| 夫妻午夜视频| 丰满饥渴人妻一区二区三| 精品乱码久久久久久99久播| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 日韩人妻精品一区2区三区| 国产区一区二久久| 亚洲精品一卡2卡三卡4卡5卡| 日韩欧美一区二区三区在线观看 | aaaaa片日本免费| 国产在线精品亚洲第一网站| 亚洲三区欧美一区| 在线视频色国产色| av网站免费在线观看视频| 国产成人免费观看mmmm| 9191精品国产免费久久| 嫩草影视91久久| 国产有黄有色有爽视频| 日本wwww免费看| 啦啦啦在线免费观看视频4| 9191精品国产免费久久| 国产在线观看jvid| 成年人免费黄色播放视频| 精品久久久久久久毛片微露脸| 美女国产高潮福利片在线看| 不卡av一区二区三区| 天堂俺去俺来也www色官网| 91成人精品电影| 午夜视频精品福利| 啦啦啦免费观看视频1| 一二三四社区在线视频社区8| 国产成人一区二区三区免费视频网站| 99久久99久久久精品蜜桃| 国产精品综合久久久久久久免费 | 免费看a级黄色片| 搡老岳熟女国产| 91麻豆精品激情在线观看国产 | xxxhd国产人妻xxx| av不卡在线播放| 国产野战对白在线观看| 久久天躁狠狠躁夜夜2o2o| 欧美一级毛片孕妇| 国产亚洲av高清不卡| 国产蜜桃级精品一区二区三区 | 色尼玛亚洲综合影院| 中文字幕另类日韩欧美亚洲嫩草| 天天操日日干夜夜撸| 国产精华一区二区三区| xxx96com| 亚洲精品久久午夜乱码| 国产精品乱码一区二三区的特点 | 老熟妇乱子伦视频在线观看| 一边摸一边抽搐一进一出视频| 精品电影一区二区在线| 69av精品久久久久久| 欧美最黄视频在线播放免费 | 成人免费观看视频高清| 人人妻人人爽人人添夜夜欢视频| 国产一卡二卡三卡精品| 国产精品自产拍在线观看55亚洲 | 久久久久国产精品人妻aⅴ院 | av电影中文网址| 日本欧美视频一区| 久久亚洲真实| 热99re8久久精品国产| 男女高潮啪啪啪动态图| 成人18禁高潮啪啪吃奶动态图| 欧美激情久久久久久爽电影 | 天天影视国产精品| 亚洲一卡2卡3卡4卡5卡精品中文| 久久久久国产精品人妻aⅴ院 | 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 俄罗斯特黄特色一大片| 一区二区三区国产精品乱码| 91麻豆精品激情在线观看国产 | 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美| 久久中文字幕一级| 国产成人精品久久二区二区免费| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 国产激情久久老熟女| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| 久久久国产成人免费| 777久久人妻少妇嫩草av网站| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 久久影院123| 久久国产乱子伦精品免费另类| 成年人黄色毛片网站| 女性被躁到高潮视频| 国产免费现黄频在线看| 黑人欧美特级aaaaaa片| 一进一出好大好爽视频| 欧美中文综合在线视频| 美女午夜性视频免费| 亚洲一卡2卡3卡4卡5卡精品中文| 国产亚洲精品久久久久久毛片 | 动漫黄色视频在线观看| 夜夜爽天天搞| 99国产精品一区二区三区| 欧美日本中文国产一区发布| 久久午夜综合久久蜜桃| 少妇被粗大的猛进出69影院| 亚洲综合色网址| 大型黄色视频在线免费观看| 亚洲黑人精品在线| 丰满迷人的少妇在线观看| 麻豆乱淫一区二区| 午夜福利视频在线观看免费| 宅男免费午夜| 亚洲五月天丁香| 日韩有码中文字幕| 亚洲国产中文字幕在线视频| 日韩欧美国产一区二区入口| 18禁黄网站禁片午夜丰满| 午夜两性在线视频| 这个男人来自地球电影免费观看| 成年人午夜在线观看视频| 日韩视频一区二区在线观看| 黄色怎么调成土黄色| 国产蜜桃级精品一区二区三区 | 国产欧美日韩一区二区三| 大码成人一级视频| 丁香欧美五月| 超色免费av| 中文字幕av电影在线播放| 亚洲午夜精品一区,二区,三区| 国产日韩欧美亚洲二区| 十八禁网站免费在线| 久久天躁狠狠躁夜夜2o2o| 夜夜躁狠狠躁天天躁| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av在线 | 极品少妇高潮喷水抽搐| 精品一区二区三区四区五区乱码| 久久国产亚洲av麻豆专区| 一进一出抽搐gif免费好疼 | 一区福利在线观看| 女人久久www免费人成看片| 欧美日韩一级在线毛片| 国产精品一区二区精品视频观看| 久久久久久久久久久久大奶| a级毛片黄视频| 免费观看人在逋| 看黄色毛片网站| 成年人免费黄色播放视频| 久久影院123| 午夜福利一区二区在线看| 狂野欧美激情性xxxx| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av在线 | 啦啦啦免费观看视频1| av片东京热男人的天堂| 十八禁高潮呻吟视频| 女警被强在线播放| 自线自在国产av| 99香蕉大伊视频| 丰满饥渴人妻一区二区三| 国产精品久久视频播放| 久久国产精品影院| 日韩大码丰满熟妇| 一二三四在线观看免费中文在| 国产成人精品久久二区二区91| 亚洲一区二区三区不卡视频| 丝袜美腿诱惑在线| 国产免费男女视频| 男女之事视频高清在线观看| 好看av亚洲va欧美ⅴa在| 人人妻人人澡人人爽人人夜夜| 国产99久久九九免费精品| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 91老司机精品| 十八禁网站免费在线| 9色porny在线观看| 国产精品国产av在线观看| 操美女的视频在线观看| 曰老女人黄片| 深夜精品福利| 成熟少妇高潮喷水视频| 久久久久久人人人人人| 欧美激情高清一区二区三区| 一级毛片精品| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 日韩大码丰满熟妇| 中文字幕精品免费在线观看视频| 久久狼人影院| 一级作爱视频免费观看| 又黄又粗又硬又大视频| 欧美激情 高清一区二区三区| 狂野欧美激情性xxxx| 国产精品98久久久久久宅男小说| 天堂动漫精品| 亚洲第一欧美日韩一区二区三区| 国产成人系列免费观看| 精品欧美一区二区三区在线| 成年动漫av网址| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91| 午夜福利视频在线观看免费| 亚洲综合色网址| 日韩欧美国产一区二区入口| 亚洲精华国产精华精| 精品高清国产在线一区| tube8黄色片| 久久九九热精品免费| 国产亚洲精品久久久久久毛片 | 欧美 日韩 精品 国产| 69精品国产乱码久久久| 成人av一区二区三区在线看| 三级毛片av免费| 好男人电影高清在线观看| 如日韩欧美国产精品一区二区三区| 午夜两性在线视频| 成年人黄色毛片网站| 超碰97精品在线观看| 成人手机av| 丰满饥渴人妻一区二区三| 国产精品成人在线| 黄色 视频免费看| 亚洲熟女精品中文字幕| 亚洲国产欧美日韩在线播放| 国产精品秋霞免费鲁丝片| 自线自在国产av| 亚洲人成伊人成综合网2020| 精品亚洲成国产av| 中文字幕色久视频| 在线观看免费视频网站a站| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 人妻 亚洲 视频| 国产精品欧美亚洲77777| 日韩欧美一区视频在线观看| 精品第一国产精品| 捣出白浆h1v1| 丝袜美足系列| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清 | 亚洲精品在线美女| 99热国产这里只有精品6| 韩国精品一区二区三区| x7x7x7水蜜桃| 亚洲欧美色中文字幕在线| 欧美一级毛片孕妇| 国产精品国产av在线观看| 成人18禁高潮啪啪吃奶动态图| 欧美黑人欧美精品刺激| 中文字幕av电影在线播放| 91成年电影在线观看| 在线国产一区二区在线| 叶爱在线成人免费视频播放| 国产精品久久久久成人av| 天堂中文最新版在线下载| 亚洲一区中文字幕在线| 亚洲五月天丁香| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽 | 男女午夜视频在线观看| 人妻久久中文字幕网| 80岁老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 50天的宝宝边吃奶边哭怎么回事| 91成年电影在线观看| 国产成+人综合+亚洲专区| 亚洲七黄色美女视频| 曰老女人黄片| 久久性视频一级片| 嫩草影视91久久| 在线av久久热| 亚洲片人在线观看| 欧美久久黑人一区二区| 视频区欧美日本亚洲| 搡老熟女国产l中国老女人| 国内毛片毛片毛片毛片毛片| 欧美精品亚洲一区二区| 欧美精品一区二区免费开放| 国产精品影院久久| 亚洲综合色网址| 国产精品久久久人人做人人爽| 久久午夜综合久久蜜桃| 国产亚洲欧美在线一区二区| 欧美人与性动交α欧美软件| 久久精品成人免费网站| 悠悠久久av| 老司机午夜十八禁免费视频| 精品视频人人做人人爽| 淫妇啪啪啪对白视频| 久久精品人人爽人人爽视色| 757午夜福利合集在线观看| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 久久久久久久国产电影| 欧美丝袜亚洲另类 | 精品人妻1区二区| 少妇的丰满在线观看| 99久久精品国产亚洲精品| 亚洲精品在线观看二区| 美女扒开内裤让男人捅视频| 免费人成视频x8x8入口观看| 欧美乱色亚洲激情| 狠狠狠狠99中文字幕| 亚洲精品成人av观看孕妇| 成年人黄色毛片网站| 日韩制服丝袜自拍偷拍| 婷婷丁香在线五月| 在线免费观看的www视频| 丁香六月欧美| 18禁美女被吸乳视频| 亚洲五月色婷婷综合| 亚洲一卡2卡3卡4卡5卡精品中文| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 免费av中文字幕在线| 深夜精品福利| 香蕉久久夜色| 又大又爽又粗| 纯流量卡能插随身wifi吗| 国产精品亚洲av一区麻豆| av欧美777| 黄色a级毛片大全视频| 精品久久久久久久毛片微露脸| 久久久久国产精品人妻aⅴ院 | 自线自在国产av| 精品午夜福利视频在线观看一区| 午夜福利,免费看| 美女福利国产在线| 满18在线观看网站| 亚洲精品在线美女| 国产成人免费观看mmmm| 一进一出好大好爽视频| 男男h啪啪无遮挡| 亚洲国产精品一区二区三区在线| 建设人人有责人人尽责人人享有的| 黄色片一级片一级黄色片| 国产一区在线观看成人免费| 黄色a级毛片大全视频| 亚洲性夜色夜夜综合| 九色亚洲精品在线播放| 日本一区二区免费在线视频| 国产精品香港三级国产av潘金莲| 黄色怎么调成土黄色| 欧美日韩亚洲综合一区二区三区_| 曰老女人黄片| 精品熟女少妇八av免费久了| 精品一区二区三卡| 亚洲情色 制服丝袜| 国产精品自产拍在线观看55亚洲 | 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕| av线在线观看网站| 黑人猛操日本美女一级片| 老汉色av国产亚洲站长工具| 高清欧美精品videossex| a在线观看视频网站| 久久精品国产a三级三级三级| 亚洲国产中文字幕在线视频| 大香蕉久久网| 亚洲色图av天堂| 99精品久久久久人妻精品| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲| 国产精品一区二区免费欧美| 香蕉丝袜av| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 免费看十八禁软件| 亚洲五月色婷婷综合| 一级片免费观看大全| 757午夜福利合集在线观看| 亚洲九九香蕉| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 国产亚洲精品久久久久5区| 午夜福利影视在线免费观看| 欧美激情极品国产一区二区三区| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜添小说| 久久久久精品人妻al黑| 国产免费男女视频| 成年人黄色毛片网站| 免费黄频网站在线观看国产| 人人澡人人妻人| 日韩欧美免费精品| 午夜两性在线视频| 亚洲一区高清亚洲精品| a级片在线免费高清观看视频| 亚洲av片天天在线观看| 中国美女看黄片| 99国产极品粉嫩在线观看| 国产片内射在线| 色94色欧美一区二区| av免费在线观看网站| 国产欧美日韩综合在线一区二区| 欧美在线黄色| 高清在线国产一区| 亚洲成av片中文字幕在线观看| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人 | e午夜精品久久久久久久| 欧美av亚洲av综合av国产av| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91| 午夜福利一区二区在线看| 国产高清videossex| 午夜福利一区二区在线看| 国产精品一区二区在线不卡| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 久久青草综合色| 成人亚洲精品一区在线观看| 啦啦啦在线免费观看视频4| 人人妻人人澡人人爽人人夜夜| 高清欧美精品videossex| 久久午夜亚洲精品久久| 久久狼人影院| 中文字幕高清在线视频| 久久天躁狠狠躁夜夜2o2o| 十八禁高潮呻吟视频| 两个人看的免费小视频| 91av网站免费观看| 超碰97精品在线观看| 人妻久久中文字幕网| 亚洲中文av在线| 曰老女人黄片| 极品人妻少妇av视频| 少妇被粗大的猛进出69影院| 亚洲一区二区三区不卡视频| 欧美日韩视频精品一区| av欧美777| 精品卡一卡二卡四卡免费| 18在线观看网站| 亚洲国产精品sss在线观看 | www日本在线高清视频| 一区在线观看完整版| 亚洲片人在线观看| 91在线观看av| 午夜精品在线福利| 成年动漫av网址| 久久精品国产综合久久久| 欧美乱妇无乱码| avwww免费| 王馨瑶露胸无遮挡在线观看| 成人手机av| av欧美777| 在线观看舔阴道视频| 狠狠狠狠99中文字幕| 亚洲欧美激情在线| 欧美日韩福利视频一区二区| 国产日韩欧美亚洲二区| 法律面前人人平等表现在哪些方面| 黄片小视频在线播放| 国产1区2区3区精品| 国产精品自产拍在线观看55亚洲 | 性色av乱码一区二区三区2| 国产精品98久久久久久宅男小说| 香蕉国产在线看| 韩国精品一区二区三区| 亚洲综合色网址| 99热只有精品国产| 在线观看免费高清a一片| 狠狠狠狠99中文字幕| 麻豆成人av在线观看| 欧美黄色淫秽网站| 久久久久精品人妻al黑| 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女 | 99香蕉大伊视频| 午夜免费观看网址| 色婷婷久久久亚洲欧美|