呂 進(jìn), 曹秀峰, 朱 斌, 紀(jì) 律, 陶 磊, 王冬冬
食管癌是常見的惡性腫瘤之一,居世界癌癥死因第7位[1],中國(guó)癌癥死因第4位。大多數(shù)患者確診時(shí)已為中晚期,長(zhǎng)期生存率較低[2]。對(duì)于可切除的食管癌患者來說,外科手術(shù)仍是首選治療手段,但單純手術(shù)治療中晚期食管癌患者的5年生存率只有10%~20%[3]。多數(shù)看似可切除的食管癌患者治愈前景黯淡。療效不佳的主要原因在于腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移。放療可控制食管癌的局部復(fù)發(fā),化療也具有抗腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的作用。隨著多學(xué)科綜合治療手段的應(yīng)用,放化療(chemoradiotherapy, CRT)是除了外科手術(shù)之外治療食管癌最常用的手段。已有較多研究證明了綜合治療食管癌的有效性[4-10]。然而,目前尚無針對(duì)術(shù)后放化療與單純手術(shù)治療食管癌的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù),因此本中心對(duì)二者治療食管癌的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)研究(RCTs)進(jìn)行Meta分析。
由兩名研究者各自獨(dú)立地通過PubMed數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、CBM(中國(guó)生物醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù))和手工進(jìn)行檢索,檢索出所有已發(fā)表的關(guān)于術(shù)后輔助放化療和單純手術(shù)治療食管癌的RCTs,入選文獻(xiàn)語(yǔ)種不限,腫瘤組織類型不限;未發(fā)表的RCTs排除在外。檢索結(jié)果如不一致,重新檢索直至意見一致。在PubMed數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)上通過檢索式“esophageal neoplasms/surgery OR esophagectomy OR oesophagectomy OR esophageal cancer OR oesophageal cancer”檢索出37 882篇文獻(xiàn),繼以檢索式“antineoplastic agents OR chemotherapy OR radiotherapy”檢索出文獻(xiàn)2 468 395篇,兩次檢索策略以布爾運(yùn)算符“AND”再次檢索,得到 9 049 篇關(guān)于化療、放療、手術(shù)治療食管癌的文獻(xiàn),隨后以“randomized controlled trial”對(duì)該檢索結(jié)果加以限制,產(chǎn)生343篇文獻(xiàn)。在CBM數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)上通過檢索式“食管腫瘤/藥物療法”檢索出964篇文獻(xiàn),繼以檢索式“食管腫瘤/外科”檢索出文獻(xiàn)7 473篇,再次以檢索式“食管腫瘤/放射療法”檢索出文獻(xiàn)1 766篇,3次檢索策略以布爾運(yùn)算符“AND”再次檢索,得到11篇關(guān)于化療、放療、手術(shù)治療食管癌的文獻(xiàn)。從這些文獻(xiàn)中評(píng)審出所有關(guān)于術(shù)后輔助放化療和單純手術(shù)治療食管癌的RCTs,最終產(chǎn)生3篇符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的中文文獻(xiàn)[11-13],以此進(jìn)行食管癌術(shù)后CRT組(術(shù)后輔助放化療組)與S組(單純手術(shù)組)的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)研究。
由兩名研究者各自獨(dú)立地對(duì)入選文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),按照Cochrane Reviewers’ Handbook 4.2.2 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將文獻(xiàn)分為A、B、C三個(gè)等級(jí)。若文獻(xiàn)評(píng)價(jià)等級(jí)不一致,檢查其中偏差直至意見一致。試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的提取也將由兩名研究者各自獨(dú)立完成,比較其中偏差直至取得共識(shí)。Meta分析結(jié)果包括1、2、3、4、5年生存率(包括根治性切除和姑息性切除亞組),局部區(qū)域復(fù)發(fā)率。根治性切除指完全切除(R0),姑息性手術(shù)不包括食管轉(zhuǎn)流或探查手術(shù)。因大多文獻(xiàn)中相關(guān)死亡率、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率及總體轉(zhuǎn)移率未報(bào)道,故本研究未對(duì)這些數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析。對(duì)5年總體生存(OS)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行敏感性分析,以評(píng)價(jià)同步或序貫性術(shù)后放化療對(duì)生存分析的影響。
統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件為Revman 4.2(Review Manager Computer Program Version 4.2 for Windows, Oxford, England:The Cochrane Collaboration,2003)。對(duì)各研究進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)。如果優(yōu)勢(shì)比(OR)齊性,采用固定效應(yīng)模型作合并效應(yīng)量估計(jì)。如果OR 非齊性,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)。假設(shè)齊性檢驗(yàn)的α值為0.1,若齊性檢驗(yàn)的P值>0.1,則認(rèn)為OR為齊性,否則為非齊性。OR為判定術(shù)后CRT組與S組數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比的基本指標(biāo)。繪制漏斗圖,通過觀察其對(duì)稱性,評(píng)估發(fā)表偏倚的影響[14]。由于文獻(xiàn)中患者原始數(shù)據(jù)不夠充分,中位生存數(shù)據(jù)并未進(jìn)行Meta分析。
3個(gè)入選RCTs 共包括974例患者。由于放化療治療手段內(nèi)在盲法的限制,RCT研究質(zhì)量評(píng)估3篇均為B級(jí)。術(shù)后CRT組與S組1、2年OS對(duì)比無差異,但3、4、5年OS術(shù)后CRT組優(yōu)于S組(圖1、2),OR值分別為1.34 (95% CI 0.99,1.81;P=0.20), 1.32 (95% CI 0.90,1.95;P=0.35), 1.86 (95% CI 1.40,2.46;P=0.15), 3.31 (95% CI 1.92,5.70;P=0.16), 1.75 (95% CI 1.24,2.47;P=0.51)。
圖1 CRT組與S組3年生存率的Meta分析
圖2 CRT組與S組5年生存率的Meta分析
雖3、4、5年OS術(shù)后CRT組優(yōu)于S組,但兩組中完全切除者生存率與OS并不完全一致。對(duì)于完全切除患者而言,兩組比較1、2、3年生存率無差異,但術(shù)后CRT組4、5年生存率明顯提高,OR值分別為1.46 (95% CI 0.84,2.52;P=0.59),0.82 (95% CI 0.25,2.63;P=0.02),1.65 (95% CI 0.94,2.91;P=0.79),1.90 (95% CI 1.03,3.51;P=0.58) ,2.22 (95% CI 1.11,4.44;P=0.82)。對(duì)于姑息性切除患者,術(shù)后CRT組1、2、3、4、5年生存率均有提高,OR值分別為2.02 (95% CI 1.15,3.56;P=0.98), 2.61 (95% CI 1.42,4.79;P=0.77), 4.74 (95% CI 2.31,9.74;P=0.98), 7.15 (95% CI 3.06,16.69;P=0.92), 6.73 (95% CI 2.58,17.58;P=0.94)。
對(duì)5年總體生存率進(jìn)行敏感性分析后發(fā)現(xiàn),如只入選同步放化療RCTs,術(shù)后CRT組5年總體生存率同樣優(yōu)于S組(OR 1.89, 95%CI 1.30 to 2.76;P=0.63);因只有1篇序貫性放化療RCT[12],故不宜剔除同步放化療的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行Meta分析。
至于腫瘤的局部區(qū)域復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移率,術(shù)后CRT組較低(OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.42,0.79;P=0.57) (圖3)。術(shù)后CRT組與S組的平均無瘤生存時(shí)間分別為28個(gè)月和14個(gè)月。對(duì)于手術(shù)切除質(zhì)量以及淋巴結(jié)清掃范圍,從當(dāng)前入選文獻(xiàn)中很難做出辨別。漏斗圖呈倒置的基本對(duì)稱的圖形,提示無發(fā)表偏倚(圖4)。
圖3 CRT組與S組局部區(qū)域復(fù)發(fā)的Meta分析
圖4 偏倚分析漏斗圖
單純手術(shù)治療食管癌療效并不滿意。國(guó)外研究認(rèn)為,術(shù)前化療和術(shù)前CRT分別可使食管癌患者總體生存率提高4.4%、6.4%,但治療相關(guān)死亡率也分別增加1.7%、3.4%[15]。相比之下,亞洲學(xué)者更傾向于術(shù)后化療和術(shù)后CRT為食管癌患者輔助治療手段[16]。
到目前為止,本研究是目前唯一一項(xiàng)針對(duì)術(shù)后CRT與單純手術(shù)治療食管癌的Meta分析。雖有一些關(guān)于術(shù)后CRT與單純手術(shù)治療食管癌的非隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究[17-18],Rice等[19]應(yīng)用術(shù)后輔助放化療于31例食管癌患者,認(rèn)為該輔助手段可延長(zhǎng)患者生存期,但是否確實(shí)有益于食管癌患者預(yù)后證據(jù)尚顯不足?;熉?lián)合放療可提高殺傷不同周期的腫瘤細(xì)胞,當(dāng)放療在空間上發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用時(shí),化療還可發(fā)揮抗腫瘤微轉(zhuǎn)移灶的效用,療效互補(bǔ)并增益。新輔助放化療已顯示出令人鼓舞的結(jié)果,如通過腫瘤降期有利于腫瘤切除等[4,20-23],然而對(duì)術(shù)后CRT是否能延長(zhǎng)食管癌患者生存期并無統(tǒng)一意見,故有必要重新評(píng)價(jià)術(shù)后CRT對(duì)食管癌患者預(yù)后的價(jià)值。
當(dāng)前Meta分析顯示術(shù)后CRT有益于食管癌患者的長(zhǎng)期總體生存,并顯示術(shù)后CRT降低了腫瘤的局部區(qū)域復(fù)發(fā)率,這也提示有利于提高患者的生存率。遺憾的是,本研究未能收集遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移和總體轉(zhuǎn)移數(shù)據(jù),術(shù)后CRT是否可降低食管癌的遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率尚未可知。同時(shí)對(duì)5年總體生存率進(jìn)行敏感性分析顯示結(jié)果變化不大,提示入選文獻(xiàn)穩(wěn)定性好。另外,結(jié)果亦顯示根治切除術(shù)后CRT可延長(zhǎng)食管癌患者4、5年生存率,相比之下,姑息性切除術(shù)后CRT對(duì)延長(zhǎng)食管癌患者1、2、3、4、5年生存期均有益處,這進(jìn)一步證明術(shù)后CRT有利于延長(zhǎng)食管癌患者的總體生存。由于入選文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)不充分,本研究未能分析治療相關(guān)死亡率和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。
總之,本Meta分析顯示術(shù)后輔助放化療與單純手術(shù)治療食管癌相比,能提高患者長(zhǎng)期生存率,降低腫瘤局部區(qū)域復(fù)發(fā)率。但由于本組入選隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究較少,且一些相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)不夠充分,故此結(jié)論尚需更多的大樣本多中心隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床研究進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
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