[摘要]目的:探討糖尿病皮膚創(chuàng)面微環(huán)境中的骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分化為表皮細(xì)胞的可能性。方法:從大鼠骨髓中分離純化骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞。選取第3~4代細(xì)胞,應(yīng)用5-溴脫氧尿嘧啶(5-BrdU)標(biāo)記技術(shù)進(jìn)行細(xì)胞標(biāo)記;同時(shí)采用一次性腹腔內(nèi)注射鏈脲佐菌素制作糖尿病大鼠模型。2周后,在大鼠背部人工造成圓形創(chuàng)面,將已標(biāo)記的骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞以注射方式回植入糖尿病大鼠創(chuàng)面組織周圍,分別于注射后2、3周取材,常規(guī)石蠟包埋、連續(xù)切片,行BrdU和角蛋白免疫組織化學(xué)染色。結(jié)果:BrdU陽性細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)在表皮、真皮及皮下組織各層,連續(xù)切片表皮層中部分陽性細(xì)胞同時(shí)也表達(dá)角蛋白。結(jié)論:在糖尿病潰瘍愈合過程中,骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞具有向表皮細(xì)胞分化的潛能。
[關(guān)鍵詞]骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞;糖尿病;創(chuàng)面愈合;表皮細(xì)胞;細(xì)胞分化
[中圖分類號]Q813.11Q254[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼]A[文章編號]1008-6455(2010)01-0065-03
Preliminary study on differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into epidermal cells in diabetic wound
ZHONG Xiao-hong,WANG Ming-gang,ZHAO Li-ping,GAO Xin-yu
(Department of Plastic Surgery,the Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University,Hefei 230001,Anhui,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore the feasibility of differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into epidermal cells under the microenvironment of diabetic wound.Methods MSCs were isolated from the myeloid tissue of the rats, purified and cultured. Third-or fourth-generation MSCs were selected and labelled with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (5-BrdU). The rats were injected intraperitoneally with streptozocin(STZ) once to establish diabetes rat model. After 2 weeks, a round skin was excised on all dorsal back of rats. BrdU-labelled MSCs were, by means of injection, engrafted to skin of the rats. The specimens were harvested from the wound tissues for paraffin embedding and serial section at the 2nd and 3rd week after transplantation and were immunohistochemically stained by either BrdU or keratin. Results BrdU positive cells aggregated in the epidermis, dermis and hypodermia. In serial section, some positive cells expressed keratin simultaneously in the epidermis. Conclusion During the course of the diabetic wound healing, MSCs have the potential for differentiating into epidermal cells.
Key words: marrow mesenchymal stem cells; diabetes mellitus; wound repair; epidermal cells; cell differentiation
創(chuàng)面愈合是一個(gè)由細(xì)胞、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)及細(xì)胞因子等多因素共同參與并高度協(xié)調(diào)、相互調(diào)控的復(fù)雜的生物學(xué)過程,其中任何一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)協(xié)調(diào)不良或功能障礙均可導(dǎo)致創(chuàng)面長期難以愈合;而慢性難愈合創(chuàng)面發(fā)生機(jī)制更加復(fù)雜,至今尚未完全闡明。在臨床實(shí)踐中,糖尿病潰瘍的治療是慢性創(chuàng)面愈合中最為棘手的問題。近年來,隨著組織工程學(xué)研究的不斷深入,干細(xì)胞受到前所未有的重視,特別是來源于骨髓的間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞;由于其具有向各種組織細(xì)胞分化的巨大潛能[1],且免疫原性小,所以骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的應(yīng)用為糖尿病潰瘍的愈合提供可能。本實(shí)驗(yàn)以大鼠為研究對象,將骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞植入糖尿病大鼠創(chuàng)面組織周圍,觀察其向皮膚表皮細(xì)胞分化的潛能。
1材料和方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動物:健康SD雄性大鼠8只,年齡4~6周,體質(zhì)量為134~161g。購自安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬省立醫(yī)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動物中心。1.2 主要試劑和儀器:胎牛血清(FCS)(Hyclone公司);L-DMEM培養(yǎng)基(Hyclone公司);胰蛋白酶(Sigma公司);5-溴脫氧尿嘧啶(5-BrdU)(Sigma公司);兔抗Brdu單克隆抗體及SP系列免疫組化染色試劑盒(北京博奧森生物技術(shù)有限公司);小鼠抗廣譜細(xì)胞角蛋白單克隆抗體及即用型SABC免疫組化染色試劑盒(武漢博士德生物工程有限公司);二氨基聯(lián)苯胺(DAB)顯色劑(北京中杉生物技術(shù)有限公司);BB16型CO2恒溫、恒濕培養(yǎng)箱及HF-safe-1200型超凈工作臺(德國Heraeus and LISHEN公司);CKX41型倒置相差顯微鏡(日本Olympus公司);血糖儀和血糖試紙(歐姆龍公司)。
1.3 骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的分離培養(yǎng)、純化和擴(kuò)增:將大鼠腹腔麻醉后引頸處死,75%酒精浸泡10min;無菌條件下取出股骨和脛骨,并用紗布將骨表面肌肉磨凈,離體的骨放入培養(yǎng)皿中,用高壓滅菌過的磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)沖洗,再移入另一培養(yǎng)皿中,加入3ml培養(yǎng)液;將骨的兩端剪斷,暴露骨髓腔,lml注射器抽取培養(yǎng)液注入股骨和脛骨,小心沖出骨髓,反復(fù)沖洗4~6次,直至腔內(nèi)所有骨髓血沖凈;將含骨髓細(xì)胞的培養(yǎng)液移入15ml離心管中,1 500r/min離心5min;棄上清,加入2ml含10%FCS的L-DMEM培養(yǎng)液,充分吹散細(xì)胞后按1×106/ml密度接種于細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)皿內(nèi),再加入8ml含10%FCS的L-DMEM培養(yǎng)液(含100U/ml青霉素+100μg/ml鏈霉素),于37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),24h后更換培養(yǎng)液,棄去未貼壁的細(xì)胞,每隔2~3天換液,待長滿80%左右按1:2比例傳代,取培養(yǎng)較純的第3~4代細(xì)胞備用。
1.4 骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的5-BrdU標(biāo)記:選用第3~4代細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞移植前48h,以含終濃度為10μmol/L的5-BrdU進(jìn)行標(biāo)記;2天后,0.25%胰酶室溫下消化、1 500r/min離心5min,PBS洗滌、收集細(xì)胞。
1.5 動物模型的建立和骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的輸注:取SD雄性大鼠6只,適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)2周后,禁食12h,按65mg/kg體質(zhì)量劑量一次性腹腔內(nèi)注射鏈脲佐菌素(溶于0.1mmol/L檸檬酸緩沖液,pH4.4);48h后,連續(xù)三次裁尾取血,用歐姆龍血糖試紙測試大鼠的血糖值均≥16.7mmol/L,糖尿病大鼠模型誘導(dǎo)成功;同時(shí)用0.3%戊巴比妥鈉按10ml/kg體質(zhì)量劑量作大鼠腹腔注射麻醉[2];待麻醉成功后,在大鼠背部制作半徑為0.8cm的圓形創(chuàng)面,取密度為1.0×106/ml 5-BrdU標(biāo)記的骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞1ml,均勻注射于大鼠創(chuàng)面邊緣;分別于注射后2、3周切取創(chuàng)面中央再生組織塊,4%多聚甲醛固定,石蠟包埋,2μm連續(xù)切片,備用。
1.6 免疫組織化學(xué)染色:連續(xù)切片采用SP法進(jìn)行免疫組織化學(xué)染色,嚴(yán)格按照美國ZYMED公司提供的免疫組織化學(xué)試劑盒說明書操作,DAB顯色劑顯色。兔抗Brdu單克隆抗體工作濃度1:100;小鼠抗廣譜細(xì)胞角蛋白單克隆抗體工作濃度1:50。以非特異血清代替一抗作為陰性對照,以細(xì)胞核呈深棕色著色為BrdU陽性細(xì)胞,角蛋白陽性細(xì)胞胞漿呈棕黃色。
2結(jié)果
2.1骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞純化和擴(kuò)增:細(xì)胞接種24h后,換液棄去未貼壁細(xì)胞,貼壁的骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞大多呈圓形或不規(guī)則形,散在生長,分布不均,含有較多雜質(zhì)細(xì)胞。約5~6天后,骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞開始成集落樣生長。隨著細(xì)胞密度的增加,胞體變得細(xì)長,雜質(zhì)細(xì)胞隨著多次換液漸漸減少。約10~12天時(shí),細(xì)胞已基本長滿皿底,見圖1A。原代培養(yǎng)12~14天時(shí),雜質(zhì)細(xì)胞隨著換液全部清除,貼壁細(xì)胞形態(tài)比較一致;經(jīng)胰酶消化后1∶2傳代,傳代后每2~3天換液1次,約7天長滿皿底。連續(xù)傳至第3~4代后,骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞形態(tài)上更加趨于一致,為成纖維細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞,呈漩渦狀、輻射狀或網(wǎng)狀排列,生長旺盛,見圖1B。
2.2HE染色:新生表皮較厚,細(xì)胞層數(shù)較多且分層明顯,基底細(xì)胞呈單層柱狀排列,結(jié)合緊密,組織結(jié)構(gòu)完整,較多的皮膚附屬器分布于真皮層中,見圖2。
2.3免疫組織化學(xué)染色:第2、3周創(chuàng)面組織切片中,表皮、真皮及皮下組織中均可見到BrdU陽性細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞核呈深棕色;連續(xù)切片表皮層中部分BrdU陽性細(xì)胞同時(shí)也表達(dá)角蛋白,細(xì)胞胞漿呈棕黃色,見圖3A、B。這就說明了部分細(xì)胞可能為植入帶有5-BrdU標(biāo)記的骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的表皮細(xì)胞。
3討論
體表慢性難愈性創(chuàng)面的治療一直是臨床上倍受關(guān)注的問題,由于其發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜、病程長,已成為外科領(lǐng)域的一大難題,尤以糖尿病潰瘍的治療最為棘手。近年來,隨著我國人民生活水平的不斷提高和逐步進(jìn)入老齡化社會,糖尿病的發(fā)病率呈現(xiàn)明顯的升高趨勢,糖尿病潰瘍作為糖尿病的常見并發(fā)癥,具有難治愈、易感染和高截肢率的特點(diǎn);這不僅給患者帶來極大的痛苦,也給社會增加了沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)。因此,如何促進(jìn)糖尿病潰瘍愈合已經(jīng)成為急需解決的問題。
骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞是骨髓中非造血干細(xì)胞的另一類重要干細(xì)胞,來源于中胚層,有很強(qiáng)的自我復(fù)制和多向分化的潛能,可以產(chǎn)生具有各種表型的子代細(xì)胞,分布于全身的結(jié)締組織中[3]。由于骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞是未分化的前體干細(xì)胞,表型分化尚不成熟,免疫原性小,所以同種異體移植骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞后無排斥反應(yīng)或反應(yīng)較弱,能夠作為組織工程中多種種子細(xì)胞。國外許多研究結(jié)果證實(shí),骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞可以分化為多種不同類型的細(xì)胞,包括成纖維細(xì)胞、骨和軟骨、肌肉(骨骼肌和平滑肌)和神經(jīng)細(xì)胞等[4-11];有文獻(xiàn)顯示骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞對受損創(chuàng)面有明顯促愈作用[12],這可能與骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞能夠釋放許多促進(jìn)創(chuàng)面愈合的生長因子和細(xì)胞因子有關(guān)[13-17];Badiavas等[18]已成功證明在急性皮膚創(chuàng)面微環(huán)境下骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞具有分化為表皮細(xì)胞的潛能;這也為其在慢性創(chuàng)面中向表皮細(xì)胞分化提供一種設(shè)想依據(jù)。
細(xì)胞角蛋白是表皮或上皮組織較特異表達(dá)的一類蛋白,通常情況下,骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞角蛋白呈陰性表達(dá)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)應(yīng)用5-BrdU標(biāo)記的異體骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞輸注入糖尿病大鼠創(chuàng)面組織周圍,免疫組織化學(xué)染色檢測表皮層中已標(biāo)記的細(xì)胞是否表達(dá)角蛋白,從而推測骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞在糖尿病創(chuàng)面中是否具有向表皮細(xì)胞分化的潛能。糖尿病大鼠模型的制作是采用一次性向大鼠腹腔內(nèi)注射鏈脲佐菌素,注射48h后,連續(xù)三次檢測大鼠血糖值均明顯高于正常值,符合糖尿病模型的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。免疫組織化學(xué)染色結(jié)果顯示新生表皮層中含有較多的BrdU染色陽性細(xì)胞,而且部分陽性細(xì)胞同時(shí)表達(dá)角蛋白;最終的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果提示:在糖尿病潰瘍愈合過程中,骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞具有向表皮細(xì)胞分化的潛能。
目前,骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分化為多種類型細(xì)胞的分子機(jī)制和分化能力尚未完全闡明,這可能是限制其應(yīng)用研究的主要因素。國外研究結(jié)果證實(shí)了干細(xì)胞是存在于高度受調(diào)控的被稱為“壁龕”的微環(huán)境中[19-20];但壁龕的組織成分相當(dāng)復(fù)雜,各種不同的組織細(xì)胞所處的微環(huán)境不同,其中最主要的就是各種因子的不同;而且多數(shù)學(xué)者也一致認(rèn)為,骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分化為何種細(xì)胞也與其所處的微環(huán)境密切相關(guān),這是骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向其他組織細(xì)胞分化的主要原因之一。因此,處于受損皮膚的微環(huán)境下,骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞可能具有向皮膚組織細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化的潛能。本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用人工制作糖尿病潰瘍微環(huán)境來誘導(dǎo)骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞在慢性創(chuàng)面中向表皮細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果證實(shí)了該細(xì)胞具有分化為表皮細(xì)胞的能力,促進(jìn)了糖尿病創(chuàng)面的愈合;但是,慢性創(chuàng)面微環(huán)境中的骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化為皮膚組織細(xì)胞的分化機(jī)制與分化能力是否和在急性創(chuàng)面微環(huán)境中有所不同,以及轉(zhuǎn)化的表皮細(xì)胞是否具有正常的生理功能等這些問題尚沒有相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道;新生的真皮層中分布較多的皮膚附屬器,是由骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分化而來還是愈合中自身形成的,還需要進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。
總之,在糖尿病潰瘍愈合過程中,骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分化為表皮細(xì)胞已得到初步證實(shí),可以作為治療該病的一種種子細(xì)胞,為今后臨床上治療糖尿病創(chuàng)面提供一種有效的手段。
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[收稿日期]2009-11-02 [修回日期]2010-01-05
編輯/張惠娟