模塊九　第３—第４單元語(yǔ)法小結(jié)

潘井正

一、同位語(yǔ)從句用法小結(jié)

在主從復(fù)合句中作同位語(yǔ)的名詞性從句稱為同位語(yǔ)從句。同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞性從句中的主要從句之一,也是高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)之一。在最近幾年的高考試題中頻頻出現(xiàn)。2009年高考共考了13道名詞性從句題,其中就有4道題是同位語(yǔ)從句題 (重慶卷第31題,浙江卷第12題,四川卷第7題,江西卷第33題)。因此學(xué)好同位語(yǔ)從句顯得尤為重要。下面通過(guò)對(duì)近幾年全國(guó)各地高考試題中出現(xiàn)的同位語(yǔ)從句的分析,對(duì)其做一個(gè)小結(jié):

1.同位語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中的位置

1) 通常情況下,同位語(yǔ)從句跟在某些名詞后面,用來(lái)解釋或說(shuō)明該名詞所表達(dá)的具體內(nèi)容,也就是說(shuō),同位語(yǔ)從句和被修飾的名詞表達(dá)的是同一個(gè)意思。常見的接同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞還有:belief, news, idea, truth, hope, rumour, thought, problem, information, promise, hope, message, possibility, chance, fact, word, doubt, request等。

考點(diǎn)一:

—Is there any possibility______ you could pick me up at the airport?

—No problem. (2009 浙江卷)

A. whenB. thatC. whetherD. what

【答案】B。

【分析】引導(dǎo)詞根據(jù)意思有所不同。本題從句中不缺任何成分,因此選that。引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞常用that,近年尤其表示可能性的chance和possibility的同位語(yǔ)從句,地方題多見。

2) 有時(shí)因?yàn)榫渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)的需要,同位語(yǔ)從句可以不緊跟在它所說(shuō)明的名詞后,而被別的

詞語(yǔ)隔開,這在語(yǔ)法上叫做分隔式同位語(yǔ)從句。

考點(diǎn)二:

News came from the school office______ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University. (2009 四川卷)

A. whichB. whatC. thatD. where

【答案】C。

【分析】通過(guò)分析語(yǔ)境含義、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、和句子成分可知這兩題的句型都為分割式同

位語(yǔ)從句。先行詞分別是news 和fact。而news, fact等詞引導(dǎo)的同為從句引導(dǎo)詞通常用that。2.同位語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞的選用

2009年高考中關(guān)于同位語(yǔ)從句的考查全部是連接詞的選用。其中that與what的區(qū)別,that 與whether 區(qū)別的考查是近年來(lái)的熱點(diǎn)。

考點(diǎn)三:

1) 考查同位語(yǔ)從句中 what與that的區(qū)別。

Do you have any idea______ is actually going on in the classroom? (2005 遼寧卷)

A. thatB. whatC. asD. which

【答案】B。

【解析】在同位語(yǔ)從句中that與what的區(qū)別是:that在同位語(yǔ)從句中不作句子成分,也不用翻譯,只起連接作用,并且不可省略;而what在同位語(yǔ)從句中不僅起連接作用,而且作句子成分,如主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。通常可以翻譯為“……的話 (東西、人)”,還可以表示“……的時(shí)間、……的地點(diǎn)、……的人、……的速度”等內(nèi)容。本題中,從句缺少主語(yǔ),which 也可以作主語(yǔ),但通常在有范圍的情況下,所以不符合題意,所以what為正確選項(xiàng)。

考點(diǎn)四:

2) 考查同位語(yǔ)從句中that與whether的區(qū)別。

(1)______ is no possibility______ Bob can win the first prize in the match. (2001 上海卷)

A. There; thatB. It; that

C. There; whetherD. It; whether

(2) We havent settled the question______ it is necessary for him to study abroad.

A. ifB. whereC. whetherD. that

【答案】(1) A;(2) B。

【解析】there is no possibility意為“沒(méi)有……的可能性”其中that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。所以第一題選A。第二題到國(guó)外去還是不去的問(wèn)題還沒(méi)有確定。具有是否的意思,所以C項(xiàng)為正確答案。而if不能引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。

考點(diǎn)五:

Some researchers believe that there is no doubt a cure for AIDS will be found. (2005廣東卷)

A. whichB. thatC. whatD whether

【答案】B。

3.同位語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)氣

在suggestion, advice, request, order, proposal, idea, plan 等意為“建議;命令;要求”的名詞后,同位語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用“should + 動(dòng)詞原形”的虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu),句中的should可以省略。例如:My brother gave me some advice how we (should) learn English well. 老師給我們提出了一些如何使用電腦的建議。

The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule (should) be adopted.

采納新規(guī)則的建議是主席提出來(lái)的。

The boss gave the order that all the workers (should) continue to work at the weekend.

老板下令所有人周末都必須加班。

4.同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的用法區(qū)別

1) 從句的性質(zhì)不同。

同位語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)解釋或說(shuō)明前面名詞的具體內(nèi)容,同位語(yǔ)從句和先行詞是同等的關(guān)系系;定語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)說(shuō)明先行詞的性質(zhì)與特征,起修飾與限制作用,二者之間是是從屬的關(guān)系。試比較:

(1) They cant solve the problem how we can finish the task in time. 如何才能及時(shí)完成任務(wù),我們解決不了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。 (how從句是the problem的具體內(nèi)容,為同位語(yǔ)從句)

(2) We cant help them solve the problem that they have. 我們不能幫助解決他們的問(wèn)題。

(problem 就是have 的對(duì)象,至于the problem的具體內(nèi)容,沒(méi)有說(shuō)明,故是定語(yǔ)從句)

2) 引導(dǎo)詞的作用不同。

引導(dǎo)詞that在同位語(yǔ)從句中沒(méi)有詞義,不充當(dāng)句子成分,一般不可省去;而在定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞that可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等句子成分,同時(shí)在句子中坐賓語(yǔ)時(shí)一般可以省略。試比較:(1) The news that Yaoming would visit our school made us very excited. 姚明將要來(lái)我們學(xué)校,這個(gè)消息使我們大家非常興奮。

(that從句是一個(gè)完整的句子,為news的內(nèi)容,that不可省略。是同位語(yǔ)從句)

(2) The news that Mary told us made us very excited. 瑪麗告訴我們的那個(gè)消息使我們非常興奮。

(that在從句中作told的賓語(yǔ),可省略。至于news的內(nèi)容沒(méi)有說(shuō)明,是定語(yǔ)從句)

(3) I have no idea when he will finish the task. 我不知道他什么時(shí)候才能夠完成任務(wù)。

(4) I still remember the days when we studied together ten years ago. 我仍然記得十年前我們?cè)谝黄饘W(xué)習(xí)的日子。

二、長(zhǎng)句分析

1. Canada is one of the largest countries in the world, second only to Russia, and has always been famous for its fantastic natural scenery. 加拿大是世界上最大的國(guó)家之一,國(guó)土僅次于俄羅斯,加拿大素來(lái)以其絢麗的自然風(fēng)光文明于世。

短語(yǔ) second only to… 意思是“僅次于……”,用于強(qiáng)調(diào)某事物接近最大或最重要等。

He is second only to my own son in my affection. 我除了愛我的兒子,最愛他。

Danish bacon has a reputation second only to the butter. 丹麥豬肉的名聲僅次于牛油。

2. Canadians,especially wild life photographers and hunters, are quite fond of this wilderness, and you will be too! 加拿大人非常喜愛這片荒原,特別是野生生物攝影師和獵人。相信你也會(huì)喜愛!

例如:1) He is fond of high-sounding phrases. 他愛用夸大的詞句。

2) She has many shortcomings, but were all very fond of her. 雖然她有許多缺點(diǎn),但我們都很喜歡她。

【高考鏈接】

More and more young people are fond______ playing tennis nowadays. (2006 上海卷)

A. onB. toC. inD. of

【答案】D。

3. Located in the heart of Toronto is the Canadian National Tower, which is often called the CN Tower for short.加拿大國(guó)家電視塔坐落于多倫多市中心,通常簡(jiǎn)稱為CN塔。

此句是一個(gè)倒裝句。當(dāng)句子沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ),并且主語(yǔ)偏長(zhǎng)時(shí),往往將句中作狀語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)或作表語(yǔ)的形容詞短語(yǔ)或作表語(yǔ)的分詞短語(yǔ)放到句首,引起主謂的全部倒裝。

例如:Lying on the ground was a man aged about fifty years old. 一個(gè)大約50歲的人躺在地上。

【高考鏈接】

In the dark forests______, some large enough to hold several English towns. (2005 遼寧卷)

A. stand many lakes

B. lie many lakes

C. many lakes lie

D. many lakes stand

【答案】B。

4. The waterfalls, the largest of which is shaped like a semicircle, are 670 metres wide, and fall 56metres in an awesome white sheet of water. 尼亞加拉大瀑布寬670米,落差56米,形成一幅令人嘆為觀止的白色水幕,其中最大的瀑布形似一個(gè)半圓。

此句是由 the+名詞/代詞 + of + which / whom 組成的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

5. The Western or Roman alphabet is a Greek invention, as is the marathon, which is a long distance race named for a Greek messenger who ran from Marathon to Athens to report a victory at the battle of Marathon in 490BC. 西方字母表或羅馬字母表就是希臘人的發(fā)明,正如馬拉松賽跑一樣。這項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)跑比賽是為了紀(jì)念一位希臘信使而命名的。公元前490年,他從馬拉松一直跑到雅典去報(bào)告馬拉松戰(zhàn)役的勝利。

句中as is the marathon 是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,as 為關(guān)系代詞。

The beginning of the film is exciting, as is the ending, which leaves us much happiness. 電影的開頭很精彩,其結(jié)尾也一樣,給我們帶來(lái)了許多快樂(lè)。

【高考鏈接】

The Beatles,______ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.(2006 天津卷)

A. whatB. thatC. howD. as

【答案】D。

6. A steady cleaning programme must follow in order to protect the marble from air pollution, as well as from natural things such as plant roots and bird droppings. 接下來(lái)必須穩(wěn)步進(jìn)行清潔工作,保護(hù)大理石不受空氣污染及自然物的破壞。

in order to / in order that 為了;以便

1) She stinted herself of food in order to let the children have enough.她自己省著吃,好讓孩子們吃飽。

2) My father works hard in order that he may support us.我父親辛苦地工作為了養(yǎng)家。

【高考鏈接】

All these gifts must be mailed immediately______ in time for Christmas. (2005 遼寧卷)

A. in order to have received

B. in order to receive

C. so as to be received

D. so as to be receiving

【答案】C。