廣東高考語法填空中長難句結(jié)構(gòu)分析

劉玉梅　程強(qiáng)申

縱觀近年廣東高考試題及各地模擬題,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)語法填空中出現(xiàn)了一些結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子。也許是命題者想通過增加句子長度和使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)來打斷和干擾考生正常的閱讀習(xí)慣和思維方式,從而考查考生在篇章層面上理解并運(yùn)用語法知識分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)的能力。

從結(jié)構(gòu)來說,英語句子中,除了謂語之外,其它的成分均可以由從句或者非謂語動詞來充當(dāng)。從功能來說,英語有三類從句,即:①名詞性從句,包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句;②定語從句;③狀語從句。非謂語動詞可以有自己的時態(tài)和語態(tài)(過去分詞除外),也可以有自己的邏輯主語、賓語、狀語等成分,構(gòu)成一個非謂語動詞短語。由于非謂語動詞和從句的這些特點,使英語句子從理論上講可以無限延長。

這些長難句對考生解題似乎產(chǎn)生一定影響,現(xiàn)將其歸類并逐一加以分析。

類型一:復(fù)合句和并列句

有些句子較長,有時甚至出現(xiàn)一個從句套另一個從句環(huán)環(huán)相扣的情況,從句與從句之間的關(guān)系可能包孕、套嵌,也可能并列、平行。

例如1:(2007年廣東卷) “Cursing my misfortune, I was wondering where I was going to spend the night when I realized that the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to___32___should have the honor of receiving me as a guest in their house.”

全句是一個由when連接的并列句,并列連詞when 意為“就在這時”。前一分句前有作狀語的現(xiàn)在分詞短語Cursing my misfortune,分句中還有where引導(dǎo)的賓語從句;在第二個并列分句中含有that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,而賓語從句中又有一個由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句,修飾villagers;在這個賓語從句中的復(fù)合介詞as to (至于) 后還接有一個賓語從句。32空 要填的詞是引導(dǎo)賓語從句且在從句中充當(dāng)主語,指人,所以答案為 who。

例2:(2009佛山二模) In Japan,for example,it is normal for the woman to send chocolates to the man, ___37___in Korea April 14th is known as “Black Day” and is when the unfortunate men who received nothing on Valentines Day gather to eat noodles and show sympathy for each other.

因In Japan, it is…與in Korea April 14th is…兩句之間沒有連詞或分號應(yīng)當(dāng)填連詞,兩句之間是對比關(guān)系,故填并列連詞while。在后一分句中when(是……的時候)引導(dǎo)表語從句,在表語從句中主語the unfortunate men后接定語從句who received nothing on Valentines Day,而gather to eat noodles and show sympathy for each other是并列謂語。

類型二:復(fù)雜修飾成分

句子本不難,但是修飾成分多且長。在同一個句子里既有從句又有介詞短語或非謂語動詞短語,且都不止一個。

例3:(2009茂名一模)In Indonesia, where Obama lived___35___a child, hundreds of students at his former elementary school erupted in cheers when he36___(declare) winner, pouring into the courtyard___37___they hugged, danced in the rain and chanted “Obama! Obama!”

這個句子的主句為hundreds of students erupted in cheers。這個句子修飾語很多:①地點狀語In Indonesia,后跟where引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句,對Indonesia 起補(bǔ)充說明作用;②由when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句;③現(xiàn)在分詞短語 pouring into the courtyard作狀語,后跟where引導(dǎo)的定語從句,定語從句中有三個并列的謂語動詞。(答案:35. as 36. was declared 37. where)

例4:(2009肇慶質(zhì)量檢測) Being very short of money and wanting to do something___32___(use), Iapplied, fearing as I did so, that___33___a degree and with no experience of teaching my chances of getting the job were slim.

這個句子的主句為I applied。前面兩個并列的現(xiàn)在分詞短語Being very short of money and wanting to do something___32___(use),做原因狀語;后面一個現(xiàn)在分詞短語fearing作伴隨狀語,fearing后跟as 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句和that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句;在that my chances of getting the job were slim這個賓語從句中,兩個并列的介詞短語without a degree and with no experience of teaching在賓語從句中作原因狀語。(32. useful 33. without)

類型三:分隔結(jié)構(gòu)

有些句子將語法關(guān)系密切的兩個句子成分用其他語法成分分隔開來?？荚囍谐霈F(xiàn)較多的是先行詞與定語從句的分隔,主語與謂語的分隔。

例5:(2007年廣東卷)“While she was getting me___34(settle) into a tiny but clean room, the head of the village was tying up his horse to my Car to pull it to___35___small town some 20 kilometers away___36___there was a garage.”

由 36空(where)引導(dǎo)的定語從句與先行詞a small town之間被some 20 kilometers away分隔開了,對解題造成一定難度。(34. settled35. a36. where)

例6:Some are young people___37, for one reason or another, have left home and have nowhere to live.

主句為Some are young people。先行詞 young people后接定語從句,其中充當(dāng)主語的關(guān)系代詞與從句的謂語被for one reason or another分割。

例7:(2008廣州二模) But the lives of the ancient people who once lived around the lake and___31___culture was thought to be highly advanced, have long remained a secret.

句子的主干是the lives of the ancient people have long remained a secret. 在the ancient people后面帶有兩個定語從句,一個由who引導(dǎo), 另一個由whose 引導(dǎo),主句的主語與謂語之間隔著兩個定語從句。(31. whose)

鞏固練習(xí)

按照句子結(jié)構(gòu)的語法性和上下文連貫的要求, 在空格處填入一個適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或使用括號中詞語的正確形式填空。

1.(2009年廣東卷)Besides,shopping at this time of the year was not___33___pleasant experience:people stepped on your feet or___34___(push)you with their elbows(肘部),hurrying ahead to get to a bargain.

2.(2009廣州一模)The boy, who had remained silent and deep in thought on the journey home,___34___(reply) in a way that shocked his father.

3.(2009廣州一模)He envied the farmers who had the beautiful night stars to give them light35___his family had only expensive lanterns.

4.(2009汕頭一模)38he was discouraged or faced difficult problems he would open the box, take out an imaginary kiss, and remember the love of this beautiful child39___had put it there.

5.(2009廣州調(diào)研)From that day the cat,___40___never finished and lost his place on the calendar, became the enemy of the rat.

6.(2008深圳一模)All of a sudden, her handicap was gone and all I saw was this beautiful girl,___35___smile just melted me___36___almost instantly gave me a completely new sense of___37___life is all about.

7.(2008佛山二模)They broke through two glass doors,___36___(run) to the museums top floor and grabbed the two paintings from different rooms, somehow___37___(avoid) nearby guards.

8. But each time you try something,you learn,and___39___the learning piles up,the world opens to you.

9. He got some odd bits of cloth,___38___(make) two rolls with them, and had his ears plugged with the two cloth rolls.

10. Many of them have had a serious disagreement with their parents and have left home,___38___(choose) to go to a city and live on the streets.

11. But now, he will probably look out of the window or hide behind his newspaper,___32___(leave) the lady standing33___someone else gets off.

12. There are moments in life___31___you miss someone so much that you just want to pick them from your dreams and hug them for real!

13. The custom of crying marriage existed a long time ago in many areas of Southwest Chinas Sichuan Province, and___32___(remain) in fashion___33the end of the Qing Dynasty.

14. These visitors from all parts of the country brought in money, but the rubbish they left___36___(draw) more and more rats onto the island.

15. So now,___38___I travel, I always bear in mind what I should bring in,___39___I dont want to bring anything that is strange,___40___(need) or even dangerous to my destination.

參考答案

1. (33. a34. pushed )

2. (34. replied.)

3. (35. while/because/as )

4. (38. Whenever/When 39. who)

5. (40. who)

6. (35. whose36. and37. what)

7. (36. ran 37. avoiding )

8. (39. as)

9. (38. made)

10. (38. choosing)

11. (32. leaving 33. until)

12. (31. when)

13. (32. remained33. until/till)

14. (36. drew)

15. (38. whenever 39. because 40. unneeded)

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