淺談讀寫任務(wù)中的記敘文寫作

劉慶生

一、記敘文的特點

要寫好記敘文，我們首先要對記敘文的文體特點有一個大概的了解。英語記敘文的主要特點包括：

1. 時態(tài)一般用過去時。

記敘文多數(shù)是描述一件發(fā)生在過去的事情，因此，時態(tài)以過去時為主，包括一般過去時、過去進(jìn)行時、過去將來時、過去完成時等。

2. 包含六個基本要素。

在寫記敘文時，同學(xué)們切忌拿起筆就寫，想到哪里就寫到那里，必須在下筆前構(gòu)思好文章的主題和內(nèi)容。要做到這一點，我們必須明確五個“W”和一個“H”。見下表。

確定了這五個“W”和一個“H”，故事的框架也基本上定下來了。盡管不是每篇英語記敘文都一定要將這些W和H包括進(jìn)去，但是這個方法可以有效地幫助同學(xué)們理清寫作思路，確定寫作素材，避免因為沒有方向而使得文章的敘述顯得凌亂不堪。另外，掌握了這個方法在寫閱讀材料為記敘文的summary時也有很大幫助。

3. 人稱常用第一、三人稱。

一般來說，英語記敘文展開記敘的視角有兩個：第一人稱和第三人稱。第一人稱是從“參與者”的角度進(jìn)行記敘，講述自身經(jīng)歷；第三人稱是以“觀察者”的身份展開敘述，展示他人的經(jīng)歷。在確定了文章的人稱后，不可再隨意地變換人稱，以免破壞文章的連貫性或打亂讀者的思路。

4. 記敘順序以時間為線索。

展開記敘的方式雖然很多，但對考生來說，在有限的時間內(nèi)完成一篇記敘文，還是依時間先后來記敘較好。

5. 常用表順序的連接詞句。

為使句子和段落更銜接，聯(lián)系更緊密，條理更清晰，記敘文中常用first, then, next, later, after that, after, when, before等連接性詞語。

二、實例分析

閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。（2009年廣州市高三級調(diào)研測試）

Who says honesty is dead? Last Tuesday morning Alan Reed, a student, was at the bank. He asked to take out $50 but the bank clerk mistakenly gave him five twenties instead of five tens. For a few seconds he wondered what to do. Should he give the extra money back? Keep it? If he kept it, he could buy several new books, or he could take his friend Alice to a fancy dinner. Probably no one would ever notice. Besides, this would make up for all the times hed been overcharged. But then he looked at the clerk. She was a middle-aged woman with a sweet face, and she reminded him of his mother. She had been nice o him, and she looked pressured in her work. Then it occurred to him that he lady would probably get in trouble. Worst of all, Alan felt he would probably feel guilty about keeping the extra cash. So Alan gave back the money. The bank clerk was so impressed that someone was honest enough to return money not rightfully his that she contacted the newspaper. So there you have it. What would you have done if youd been in Alans position?

[寫作內(nèi)容]

你想投稿給某英文報社，就上面短文中的話題發(fā)表議論，內(nèi)容要點包括：

1. 以約30個詞概括故事的主要內(nèi)容；

2. 以約120個詞表達(dá)你內(nèi)心的感受，并包括如下要點：

（1）你看完這個故事的感受；

（2）以你自己或他人的經(jīng)歷說明誠實給人帶來的好處；

（3）呼吁人們在日常生活中要誠實。

[寫作要求]

1. 作文中可使用自己的親身經(jīng)歷或虛構(gòu)的故事，也可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容但不得直接引用原文的句子；

2. 作文中不能出現(xiàn)真實姓名和學(xué)校名稱。

[評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)]

概括準(zhǔn)確，語言規(guī)范，內(nèi)容合適，篇章連貫。

●寫作分析：（Summary略）

Step 1：談“看完故事的感受”。

談“感受”，其實就是讓考生穿插一些議論在文章當(dāng)中，因為下文是以記敘為主，搭配在一起就形成了夾敘夾議的文章。表示感受的常用表達(dá)如下：

要注意的是議論不宜過多，點到即止。以誠實這個話題為例，考生在寫完對Alan的行為的感受后，可以結(jié)合故事所反映出的主題honesty來進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)淖h論。要注意的是論點必須和下文的記敘部分相關(guān)。如我看完Alan這個故事的感受可寫成：

After reading the story, I am so touched by Alan, whose behavior is worth praising. There is no doubt that honesty still plays a very important role in public morality and only those who are honest will be trusted and respected by people.

其中， honest people will be trusted and respected by others是這一小段的議論論點，因此下文必須以這個論點為主題展開故事。

Step 2：以自身經(jīng)歷來說明誠實給人帶來的好處。

寫作該部分時，同學(xué)們一定要注意審題，其關(guān)鍵詞是“經(jīng)歷”“好處”，也就是要求考生去回顧或虛構(gòu)一些故事，來說明誠實給人帶來的好處，而不是去發(fā)表議論。因此，寫作時要注意以下3點：

（1）寫好過渡句，承上啟下。

在敘述故事前，可以用以下之類的句子來過渡：

Alans story also reminds me of one of my experiences ...

When it comes to honesty, I will never forget the days when ...

After reading Alans story, I recall the experience of my friend, ×××, who ...

（2）圍繞中心，選好例子。

圍繞誠實給人帶來好處這個中心，選好例子，在選例子時要注意：

①考慮要寫的例子能否在有限時間內(nèi)寫完，能否做到清晰點題；

②例子沒有必要過分地追求新穎或另類。簡單的例子只要表達(dá)清楚，思路清晰，一樣拿高分。

以下是寫這篇文章可以參考的兩個例子：

例1：老師減少分，自己主動坦白。

During a very important exam in senior 2, I got the first place and I was very happy. However, I later found that my teacher didnt notice one mistake in my paper. If I told her about that, I wouldnt be No.1 in the class. However, I persuaded myself that honesty came first to the No.1 which didnt actually belong to me. So I came to the office and told my teacher the fact. My teacher was so satisfied with what I had done that she even praised me for my honesty.

其中的六個要素是：

When: in senior 2

Who: I

Where: in the office

What: I got the first place in an important exam but found out that one mistake was ignored by the teacher in the paper

How: I told my teacher the truth and was praised by her

Why: honesty is more important than being No.1 in the exam

例2：打爛窗戶，向鄰居坦白。

One day, when I was playing football with my friend in the courtyard, I kicked the ball so hard that it hit the window of my neighbors house, causing it to break into pieces. Feeling afraid of being scolded by my neighbor, I ran away at once without being noticed by anyone in the courtyard. However, every time I thought of the thing I had done, I felt so guilty that I finally confessed my error to my neighbor. To my surprise, my neighbor didnt blame me for my breaking the window, but instead，forgave me for my honesty.

其中的六個要素是：

When: one day

Who: I

Where: in the courtyard

What: I broke the window of my neighbors house

How: I confessed my error to my neighbor and he forgave me finally

Why: my neighbor considered me as an honest boy

（3）圍繞主題，結(jié)束點題。

在敘述經(jīng)歷之后，在結(jié)尾處要點題，說明誠實讓人受益匪淺。這樣，可以讓評卷老師知道你的例子是圍繞主題來展開的。以下幾個句型可以作為點題時的參考句型：

My experience has taught me that ...

I have learnt from ×××s story / experience that ...

I always consider my experience as valuable for it teaches me that ...

I benefit a lot from this experience ...

本篇文章可以這樣點題：

I benefit a lot from this experience and realized that it is honesty that wins us the respect from others and brings us the real happiness.

Step 3: 寫好結(jié)尾部分

一篇好的文章除了引人入勝的開頭，精彩的正文外，絕對離不開一個好的結(jié)尾。寫好記敘文結(jié)尾有以下幾招：

（1）結(jié)尾的大意可以和開頭相同，但應(yīng)該盡量避免用相同的句型去表達(dá)。如：要表示某樣事物很重要時，除了用sth is very important之外，我們還可以用important的同義詞、同根詞，或同義結(jié)構(gòu)來轉(zhuǎn)換：

sth is of greatimportance

sth plays a very important role in...

sth is of great significance to sb

sth is necessary to sb

sth is so significant that we cant live without it

（2）學(xué)會使用表示歸納的句型。如：

Above all, ...

To sum up, ...

In a word, ...

In conclusion, ...

（3）在寫到一些非常嚴(yán)肅，客觀上毋庸置疑的話題的時候（如：health, friendship, honesty, a sense of responsibility, confidence, sincerity等），我們往往可以采取“A is to B what C is to D (A對B來說，就如同C對D一樣重要)”句型進(jìn)行結(jié)尾。

本文的結(jié)尾可以是：

To sum up,honesty is to us what water is to fishand never in our life should we neglect it. (誠實對我們來說就如同水對魚來說一樣重要) 本句后一分句還使用了倒裝句來加強語氣，說明誠實的必要性。

結(jié)合上述寫作分析，我們可以得到下面的參考文章：

Last Tuesday, Alan Reed went to the bank to take out 50 dollars but the bank clerk gave him 100 dollars mistakenly. However, instead of keeping the extra cash, Alan gave back the money to the bank.

After reading the story, I am so touched by Alan, whose behavior is worth praising. There is no doubt that honesty still plays a very important role in public morality and only those who are honest will be trusted and respected by people.

During one very important exam in senior 2, I got the first place and I was very happy. However, I later found that my teacher didnt notice one mistake in my paper. If I told her about that, I wouldnt be no.1 in the class. However, I persuaded myself that honesty came first to the no.1 which didnt actually belong to me. So I came to the office and told my teacher the fact. My teacher was so satisfied with what I had done that she even praised me for my honesty.

I benefit a lot from this experience and realized that it is honesty that wins us the respect from others and brings us the real happiness.

To sum up, honesty is to us what water is to fish and never in our lives should we neglect it.

責(zé)任編校蔣小青