“科圣”墨翟

墨子（約公元前480—前390年），姓墨，名翟，戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期魯國小邾城（今山東省滕州市）人，中國古代偉大的思想家、教育家、科學(xué)家、軍事家和社會(huì)活動(dòng)家。墨子是一位學(xué)貫文理、注重實(shí)踐、百科全書式的“平民圣人”，是中國歷史上第一位“科圣”。他創(chuàng)立的墨家學(xué)說是中華民族優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化的重要組成部分。

墨子工匠出身，是中國歷史上第一位出身于勞動(dòng)人民并為勞動(dòng)人民奔走呼喊的思想家。他自幼聰慧好學(xué)、智力過人。由于出身低微，他養(yǎng)成了注重節(jié)儉、勞身苦志的作風(fēng)，“量腹而食，度身而衣”，吃“藜藿之羹”，穿“短褐之衣”。就是在這種艱苦的條件下，墨子也始終沒有放松學(xué)習(xí)，并針對(duì)社會(huì)現(xiàn)狀，提出自己的見解，形成了自己一套完整的思想體系。創(chuàng)立了墨家學(xué)派。

以“興天下之利，除天下之害”為宗旨，墨子提出10大倫理主張：“兼愛”——愛人如愛己，愛別國如愛本國，不分等級(jí)、不分遠(yuǎn)近、不分親疏地愛天下所有的人；“非攻”——反對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭，主張和平相處；“尚賢”——唯才是用，唯賢是用，反對(duì)任人唯親；“尚同”——崇尚國家統(tǒng)一；“節(jié)用”——反對(duì)奢侈生活，提倡儉樸節(jié)約；“節(jié)葬”——反對(duì)厚葬久喪，主張薄葬短喪；“天志”——認(rèn)為天有意志，君王違背天意就會(huì)受到懲罰；“明鬼”——認(rèn)為鬼神能夠賞罰分明；“非樂”——反對(duì)沉溺于聲色之中；“非命”——反對(duì)宿命論主張發(fā)揮人的主觀能動(dòng)性。

除天志和明鬼帶有明顯的封建色彩外，其余8個(gè)方面都閃耀著真理的光輝。墨子的政治主張涉及社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化、教育、科學(xué)、宗教等諸多領(lǐng)域.他的主要思想、業(yè)績體現(xiàn)在《墨子》一書中。《墨子》一書政治觀點(diǎn)和道德觀念形成的基本核心思想，便是墨子提出的“兼愛”（兼相愛），“兼愛”是墨家學(xué)派的主要思想觀點(diǎn)。其它非攻、節(jié)用、節(jié)葬、非樂等主張，也都是由此而派生出來的。墨子的“兼愛”，是對(duì)孔子思想體系的基本觀念的“仁”的改造。這是中國歷史上第一個(gè)治國平天下的救世方略。

墨子不但是一位偉大的思想家，更是一位杰出的科學(xué)家，因而有“科圣”的美譽(yù)。他為完備城門設(shè)施而設(shè)計(jì)的吊橋、為探測(cè)敵情而設(shè)計(jì)的聽甕、為備戰(zhàn)而制造的舟、車等，都是當(dāng)時(shí)最先進(jìn)的設(shè)備。

墨子天資聰慧，據(jù)說他用木頭削成的車軸，能承受300公斤重的物體；見天上鷹飛鳥翔，他制成了木鳶，能在天上飛三天；他還比當(dāng)時(shí)的巧匠公輸盤更早地發(fā)明了云梯；看到滿山的野果殼在雨水浸泡之后流出色液，他發(fā)明了坑布之法引導(dǎo)山民坑染布料。墨子還把自己對(duì)坑布技術(shù)的感悟上升到哲學(xué)的思維高度，這就是后來他寫的名篇《所染》。 由此可見，墨子還是一位發(fā)明家、科學(xué)家。

除此之外，墨子還擅長守城術(shù)，其弟子將他的經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)成《城守》21篇。在軍事上，他知道以兵制兵、以戰(zhàn)制戰(zhàn)、以術(shù)制術(shù)、以器制器，并為此寫了《非攻》、《備城門》等一系列軍事名篇。

常把學(xué)到的知識(shí)與實(shí)踐相對(duì)照，是墨子治學(xué)的根本，并寫出了《非儒》、《非樂》、《節(jié)葬》、《節(jié)用》等名篇。當(dāng)時(shí)，許多知名之士都投奔到墨子門下，墨家學(xué)派開始形成。墨子對(duì)他的門徒不但授以思想理論，更重視在實(shí)踐中學(xué)習(xí)，關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻還能挺身而出，出兵打仗。歷史上有名的墨子止楚攻宋的故事，就充分說明了這一點(diǎn)。

約在公元前440年前后，墨子約29歲時(shí)，楚國準(zhǔn)備攻打宋國，請(qǐng)著名工匠魯班制造攻城的云梯等器械。當(dāng)時(shí)墨子正在家鄉(xiāng)講學(xué)，聽到消息后非常著急；一面安排大弟子禽滑厘帶領(lǐng)三百名精壯弟子，幫助宋國守城；一面親自出馬勸阻楚王。墨子說：“現(xiàn)在有一個(gè)人，丟掉自己的彩飾馬車，卻想偷鄰居的破車子；丟掉自己的華麗衣裳，卻想偷鄰居的粗布衣，這是個(gè)什么人呢？”楚王不假思索地答道：“這個(gè)人一定有偷竊病吧！”墨子趁機(jī)對(duì)楚王說：“楚國方圓五千里，土地富饒，物產(chǎn)豐富，而宋國疆域狹窄，資源貧困。兩相對(duì)比，正如彩車與破車、錦繡與破衣。大王攻打宋國，這不正如偷竊癖者一樣？如攻宋，大王一定會(huì)喪失道義，并且一定會(huì)失敗?！?楚王理屈辭窮，借魯班已造好攻城器械為由，拒絕放棄攻宋的決定。墨子同魯班演習(xí)各種攻守戰(zhàn)陣。魯班組織了9次進(jìn)攻，結(jié)果9次被墨子擊破。魯班攻城器械用盡，墨子守城器械還有剩余。魯班認(rèn)輸后故意說：“我知道怎么贏你，可我不說?！蹦哟鸬溃骸拔抑滥闳绾乌A我，我也不說?！背跄涿?，問：“你們說的是什么？”墨子義正辭嚴(yán)他說：“他以為殺了我，宋國就守不住，但是，我早已布置好，我的大弟子禽滑厘能代替我用墨家制造的器械指揮守城，同宋國軍民一起嚴(yán)陣以待！即使殺了我，你也無法取勝！”這番話，徹底打消了楚王攻宋的念頭，楚王知道取勝無望，被迫放棄了攻打宋國的計(jì)劃。這就是墨翟陳辭，止楚攻宋的典故。

其時(shí)，早在2300多年前，在墨子的著作《墨經(jīng)》中就已經(jīng)包含了豐富的關(guān)于力學(xué)、光學(xué)、幾何學(xué)、工程技術(shù)知識(shí)和現(xiàn)代物理學(xué)、數(shù)學(xué)的基本要素。小孔成像原理就是墨子最早發(fā)現(xiàn)的。他的微分學(xué)原理，也比西方要早。因此，“科圣”墨子又被西方科學(xué)界稱為“東方的德謨克利特”。

Mozi: The Sage of Science

Mozi (480 B.C.-390 B.C.)， family name Mo， given name Zhai， was a famous thinker， educator， scientist， militarist， and social activist living in Xiaozhucheng in the State of Lu (today’s Tengzhou， Shandong)， during the early Warring States Period (475 - 221 B.C.). He was the first “Sage of Science” in China’s history and founded the school of Mohism， which plays an important part in China’s traditional culture.

Mozi came from the artisan class and was the first thinker to speak for the ordinary people. He was very clever from his childhood and also very thrifty due to his humble birth. Under these hard conditions， Mozi never gave up study. He put forward his opinion according to his social status and created the school of Mohism.

Mozi was not only a great thinker， but also an outstanding scientist and was honored as “The Sage of Science”. He created many kinds of equipment well in advance of their time such as the suspension bridge built for completing the facilities of the city gate， “Tingweng” (a kind of audiomonitor made of pottery) for detecting the enemy situation， and ships and vehicles for use in war.

Mozi was very intelligent. He whittled wooden axles which could bear weights of 300 kilograms; he saw the eagles flying in the sky and made wood gliders which could fly three days in the air; he invented the scaling ladder earlier than Gong Shupan， an artificer at that time; he saw the colored water flowing out of the skins of wild fruit after being soaked by the rain and then guided the people living in the mountains to dye cloth. Subsequently， he raised the practice of dyeing to the level of philosophy and wrote the famous work “Suoran” (Coloring One's Environment). Mozi， then， was both an inventor and a scientist.

In addition， Mozi was also good at defending cities. His disciples summarized his experiences in the 21 chapters of “Chengshou” (City Defending). Mozi wrote lots of military works such as “Feigong” (No Offensive War) and “Beichengmen” (Preparing City Walls and Gates).

2，300 years ago， the whole corpus of Mozi’s ideas called the “Mojing” (the Mohist Canon) had already recorded the rich knowledge of mechanics， optics， geometry， engineering technology and the basic elements of modern physics and maths. His original ideas in the aspects of mechanics， maths， and optics were almost the same as the modern scientific principle. Some of Mozi’s theories involved natural science， optics， and acoustics. Pinhole imaging theory was firstly discovered by Mozi. His differential calculus was earlier than that of the western countries. Mozi was also honored as the “Oriental Democritus” by the western community.

2，000 years later， Mozi was highly regarded as an ancient master of dialectical materialism by Mao Zedong and was known as the “Sage of Science”. He was also highly commended as the “World First Master in Terms of Equal Philanthropism” by Sun Yat-sen. Mozi， Huangdi， Washington， and Rousseau are together considered forgreat individuals in the history of the world. Mr. Yang Xiangkui， a famous modern scholar of China said: “Mozi’s achievements in natural science were higher than the scientists and philosophers of ancient Greece. His own achievements were equal to the whole of that of the Greeks. ”