今年誰改善了人類生活？

The Nobel committee announced the winners of this year's Nobel Prizes early in October. The Nobel Prize， awarded \"for the betterment of humanity，\" is considered the height of achievement in many fields， with an accompanying prize purse of 10 million Swiss kroner (approx. $1.3 million dollars). The prize is normally dominated by Europeans， Americans， and Japanese， although there have been six Chinese-born winners.

諾貝爾委員會在10月上旬宣布了今年的諾貝爾獎獲得者。諾貝爾獎是為“改善人類生活”而設，被看作不同領域中頂尖成果的證明，獲獎者同時還獲得1000萬瑞士克郎（約合130萬美元）獎金。雖然已經(jīng)有6位華裔諾貝爾獲得者，但該獎通常都是被歐洲人、美國人和日本人摘取。

The Medicine prize centered on unusual infectious diseases， with half the prize money going to the German scientist Harald zur Hausen for his work on the human papilloma virus (HPV) in the 1970s， and the rest going to two French scientists， Franccedil;oise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier， the discovers of the Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV) that causes AIDS. HPV is an unusual virus which can cause certain types of cervical cancer in women.

諾貝爾醫(yī)學獎側重于罕見的傳染病醫(yī)學研究。德國科學家哈拉爾德#8226;楚爾#8226;豪森在20世紀70年代對人類乳突淋瘤病毒的研究做出杰出貢獻，獲得此獎的一半獎金，兩名法國科學家弗朗索瓦絲#8226;巴爾—西諾西和呂克#8226;蒙塔尼因發(fā)現(xiàn)引起艾滋病的人類免疫缺陷病毒而獲得此獎的另一半獎金。人類乳突淋瘤病毒是引發(fā)子女性宮頸癌的一種罕見病毒。

Yoichiro Nambu， Makoto Kobayashi， and Toshihide Maskawa， three Japanese-born scientists， split the Physics prize for their work on \"spontaneously broken symmetry\" and their successful prediction of undiscovered families of quarks， which deepened our understanding of how the universe was born. The Chemistry prize went to Osamu Shimomura， Martin Chalfie， and Roger Tsien for their work on green molecular protein， a glowing substance extracted from jellyfish that allows scientists to trace the processes of disease by attaching it to other cells.

南部陽一郎、小林誠和益川敏英這三名日裔科學家因他們發(fā)現(xiàn)“亞原子物理的對稱性自發(fā)破缺機制”，以及對之前未曾發(fā)現(xiàn)過的夸克的成功預言而共同獲得諾貝爾物理學獎?？淇思由盍宋覀儗τ钪嫫鹪吹睦斫?。諾貝爾化學獎由下村脩、馬丁#8226;查非和錢永健共同摘取。他們從水母身上分離出了綠色熒光蛋白（GFP），科學家通過將綠色熒光蛋白標記在其它細胞上從而跟蹤疾病發(fā)展的過程。

Perhaps the most controversial award was in Economics， where the Nobel Memorial Medal was awarded to Paul Krugman， an American economist， for his work on international trade.Krugman has become a famous critic of the Bush administration， writing a weekly column for the New York Times which regularly excoriates the Republican party's economic， domestic， and international policies. Right-wing American commentators claimed the prize had been awarded because of anti-Bush feeling among the judges， but economists widely praised Krugman's work.

可能最具爭議的獎項要數(shù)諾貝爾經(jīng)濟學獎，在這個領域，美國經(jīng)濟學家保羅#8226;克魯格曼因在國際貿(mào)易方面的貢獻而榮獲諾貝爾紀念獎。克魯格曼每周為定期斥責共和黨在經(jīng)濟、國內(nèi)及國際等方面采取的政策的《紐約時報》撰寫專欄文章，成為知名的布什政府批評者。美國右翼評論家稱該獎的頒發(fā)是因為評委中有反布什情緒，不過經(jīng)濟學家們還是廣泛稱贊克魯格曼所做出的貢獻。

The peace prize， often politically divisive， went to the Finnish ex-President Martti Ahtisaari.Many believed that the prize was likely to go to a political dissident from an authoritarian country this year， but the committee chose to avoid controversy， instead awarded Ahtisaari the prize for his traditional efforts in conflict resolution \"over three decades and five continents.\" Ahtisaari was a largely unsuccessful President， but has been widely acclaimed for his diplomatic work.Literature， meanwhile， went to French author JMG Le Clézio， cheering a nation where concerns about \"cultural decline\" have caused gloom in the past.

時常具有政治分歧性質的諾貝爾和平獎被頒發(fā)給了芬蘭前總統(tǒng)馬爾蒂#8226;阿赫蒂薩里。很多人認為今年這個獎項很可能會被頒發(fā)給一名來自專制國家的持不同政見者，但是委員會選擇避免爭議，將此獎頒發(fā)給阿赫蒂薩，以表彰其三十多年來在五大洲為解決國際沖突而作出的卓越貢獻。阿赫蒂薩在很大程度上來說不是個成功的總統(tǒng)，但他因其外交成果而被廣泛稱贊。與此同時，法國作家讓#8226;馬瑞爾#8226;古斯塔夫#8226;勒#8226;克萊齊奧摘得諾貝爾文學獎，使曾經(jīng)因擔憂“文學枯竭”而沮喪的法國國民欣喜異常。