解讀一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

孔　敏

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)是中考熱點(diǎn)，同時(shí)也是七年級(jí)上學(xué)期的一個(gè)重要語法項(xiàng)目，現(xiàn)在談?wù)勔话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)，以便幫助大家更好地掌握這一語法項(xiàng)目。

一、概念

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。如：

You are students. 你們都是學(xué)生。

We often practice English in the morning. 我們經(jīng)常在早晨練習(xí)英語。

二、判斷依據(jù)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常有often，usually，always，sometimes等頻度副詞或表示經(jīng)常性的時(shí)間狀語如every day/week/month/year，on Sundays等。如：

They usually watch TV in the evening. 他們通常晚上看電視。

My father goes to work by bike every day.

我的父親每天騎自行車去上班。

His mother often goes shopping on Sundays.

他的媽媽經(jīng)常星期日去購物。

三、句子謂語

1.含系動(dòng)詞be(am/is/are)。be動(dòng)詞的用法為：I 作主語，用am，you作主語用are，單數(shù)的人或物以及不可數(shù)名詞作主語用is，兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或物作主語，用are。如：

I am a student. 我是一個(gè)學(xué)生。

Are you a musician? 你是一個(gè)音樂人嗎?

He is a businessman. 他是一個(gè)生意人。

My brother and sister are both students. 我的哥哥和姐姐都是學(xué)生。

Two cups are on the table. 兩個(gè)茶杯在桌子上。

2.含can，may，must，need等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的句子，它們沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，后接動(dòng)詞原形，如：

He can swim. 他會(huì)游泳。

They can dance and sing. 他們既會(huì)唱歌又會(huì)跳舞。

3.含行為動(dòng)詞(即實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的句子，根據(jù)句子主語的不同而使用不同的動(dòng)詞形式：

（1）第三人稱單數(shù)主語作句子主語具體指下列情況： a.人稱代詞he, she, it。b.單個(gè)人名、地名或稱呼。c.單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或“this/that/the/形容詞性物主代詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”。d.不定代詞someone, somebody, nobody, everything, something, one等，及指示代詞this, that。e.不可數(shù)名詞。f.數(shù)字、重量、算式、時(shí)間、距離或字母等。如果是這些第三人稱單數(shù)作句子主語，謂語用單三動(dòng)詞，單三動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成與名詞的單數(shù)變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則基本相同，主要掌握：一般情況在動(dòng)詞末尾加s。如closes、starts等；以s、x、sh、ch、o結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞在詞尾加es。如：does、washes、watches等。以“輔音+y”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先將y改為i，再加es，如studies、carries等，have的單三形式為has，如：

He does his homework in the evening. 他在晚上做作業(yè)。

She has a brother. 她有一個(gè)哥哥。

My mother often goes shopping on Sundays.

我媽媽經(jīng)常星期天去購物。

(2)如果不是第三人稱單數(shù)作句子主語，謂語用動(dòng)詞原形。如：

I have an English dictionary. 我有一本英語詞典。

They like playing basketball. 他們都喜歡打籃球。

You have a football. 你有一個(gè)足球。

四、句式

(一)陳述句形式常有五種：

1.“S+V”（主語+不及物動(dòng)詞）。如：

My mother gets up early every morning. 媽媽每天早晨起床很早。

The sun rises in the east. 太陽從東方升起。

2.“S+V+P”（主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語）。如：

His sister is a teacher. 他的姐姐是一名教師。

I feel very happy. 我感到非常高興。

3.“S+V+O”（主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語)。如：

She is reading a book. 她在看書。

They made cakes. 他們做了蛋糕。

4.“S+V+InO+DO”（主語+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語）。如：

He gives me a piece of paper. 他給我一張紙。

She tells me a story. 她給我講了一個(gè)故事。

5.“S+V+O+C”（主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語）。如：

We must keep our school clean. 我們必須讓學(xué)校保持干凈。

㈡疑問句

1.一般疑問句

在朗讀時(shí)要用升調(diào)，一般都能用yes或no進(jìn)行回答。由陳述句變一般疑問句的方法有：

(1) 謂語動(dòng)詞有be動(dòng)詞(am/is/are)或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can，must，could，would等)，把它們提到主語前(即跟主語位置對(duì)調(diào))，可用口訣“一調(diào)、二改、三變”來概括這種方法，“一調(diào)”指把句中的be(am/is/are)或can等詞調(diào)到主語前；“二改”指句中的主語若含有I(my/we)等第一人稱代詞時(shí)，需將它們分別改為you(your/you)，謂語為am時(shí)，常改為are；“三變”指把句末的句號(hào)變?yōu)閱柼?hào)，如：

My brother is a teacher.（改疑問句） Is your brother a teacher?

She can dance and sing.（改疑問句） Can she dance and sing?

I am a student. （改疑問句） Are you a student?

(2)句中沒有am/is/are/can/must等系動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，如果謂語是動(dòng)詞原形，變一般疑問句時(shí)要在其句首加助動(dòng)詞do，如果是單三動(dòng)詞在句首加助動(dòng)詞does，并把單三動(dòng)詞改成原形?？捎每谠E“一加助、二改原、三變號(hào)”來概括這種方法，“一加助”指第一步根據(jù)謂語動(dòng)詞加助動(dòng)詞do或does，“二改原”指用了助動(dòng)詞does后，要把單三動(dòng)詞改為原形（加助動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，因原句已經(jīng)就是動(dòng)詞原形，所以動(dòng)詞不需要變動(dòng)），“三變號(hào)”指第三步把句末的句號(hào)變?yōu)閱柼?hào)，如：

He studies English.（改疑問句）→Does he study English?

They have a good teacher.（改疑問句）→Do they have a good teacher?

2.特殊疑問句

變特殊疑問句，在一般疑問句前加相應(yīng)的特殊疑問詞，回答往往針對(duì)特殊疑問詞進(jìn)行。如：

——Where do they work? 他們?cè)谀睦锕ぷ鳎?/p>

——They work in a factory. 在工廠。

——What does she do? 她是干什么的？

——She is a teacher. 她是個(gè)老師。

——How much are these pants? 這些褲子多少錢？

——They are twelve dollars. 他們12美元。

——When is your birthday? 你的生日是什么時(shí)候？

——Its June 3rd. 6月3日。

3.選擇疑問句

選擇疑問句以特殊疑問句或一般疑問句的相關(guān)人、物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等為基礎(chǔ)，以or連接另一個(gè)（或多個(gè)）人、物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等供選擇，回答時(shí)往往選擇or前或后的部分進(jìn)行回答，如：

——Is your friend a boy or a girl? 你的朋友是男孩還是女孩？

——A boy. 男孩。

——Does she work in a factory or in a shop?

他在工廠還是在商店工作？

——In a shop. 在商店。

(三)否定句

(1)有am/is/are或can/must/could/would等直接在它們后加not，如：

They are at home today. （否定句）→They arent at home today.

He is at work. （否定句）→He isnt at work.

She can dance well. （否定句） →She cant dance well.

(2)沒有系動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞則加dont/does not構(gòu)成否定句，如原句是單三動(dòng)詞的要改為原形，如：

He studies English. （否定句）→He doesnt study English.

They have a good teacher. （否定句）→They dont have a good teacher.

注意：

(1)I think…句型變否定句時(shí)要以think為中心，如：

I think it is right. 我認(rèn)為它對(duì)。

I dont think it is right. 我認(rèn)為它不對(duì)。

I think she is at home. 我認(rèn)為她在家。

I dont think she is at home. 我認(rèn)為她不在家。

(2)因no=not any/a，所以不少名詞前也常有no構(gòu)成否定的(尤其是在there be或have/has句式中)。如：

I have time to do the housework. 我有時(shí)間干家務(wù)活。

I have no time(=not any time) to do the housework.

我沒時(shí)間干家務(wù)活。

There is a book in my backpack. 我的雙肩背包里有一本書。

There is no book in my backpack. 我的雙肩背包里沒有書。

(3)肯定句含有always, sometimes, often, usually等時(shí)，常把它們改為never變?yōu)榉穸ň洹Ｈ纾?/p>

He always does some reading at the weekend. 他在周末經(jīng)常閱讀。

He never does some reading at the weekend. 他在周末從不閱讀。

My sister often goes to school by bus.

我妹妹經(jīng)常乘公共汽車去上學(xué)。

My sister never goes to school by bus.

我妹妹從不乘公共汽車去上學(xué)。

(4)have/has作“有”講時(shí)，變疑問句或否定句有兩種方式，既可借助于助動(dòng)詞do/does，也可用它們本身，have/has作其它意義時(shí)，只能借助于助動(dòng)詞。如：

He has a pen. 他有一支筆。

Does he have a pen?/Has he a pen? 他有一支筆嗎？

He doesnt have/hasnt a pen.他沒有一支筆。

They have lunch at school. 他們?cè)趯W(xué)校里吃午餐。

Do they have lunch at school? 他們?cè)趯W(xué)校里吃午餐嗎？

They dont have lunch at school. 他們不在學(xué)校里吃午餐。

（5）在變否定句或疑問句時(shí)，一般要把some改成any。如：

She wants some chalk.（否定句）→She doesnt want any chalk.

There are some beautiful flowers for them.（疑問句）→Are there any beautiful flowers for them？

練習(xí)：

一、用動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空

1. We often ____(play) football after school.

2. He ____(get) up at six oclock.

3. What ____ your sister usually ____(do) after school?

4. Helen____ (study) English, Chinese, Maths, Science and Art at school.

5. Bob sometimes ____(go) to the park with his sister.

6. Her brother ____(watch) TV with her parents every night.

7. ____ Cindy ____(read) English every morning?

8. How many lessons ____ your brothers ____(have) on Monday?

9. Her sister ____(have) a tennis racket.

10. What time ____ you ____(go) to school?

二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換

1. I have a soccer ball.（改為否定句）

2. Graces sister likes playing table tennis. （改為否定句）

3. Mike has two letters for him. (改為一般疑問句)

4. I always play football on Friday afternoon. (改為否定句)

5. Su Yang usually washes some clothes on Saturday.(對(duì)劃線部分提問)

6． I can see some kites in the sky. (改為一般疑問句)

7. There are some men near the river. （改為否定句）

8. I like actions and comedies. (對(duì)劃線部分提問)

9. They want to go to a movie. (改為一般疑問句)

10. Jane watches sports on TV. (改為一般疑問句)

Keys:一、1.play 2.gets 3.does; do 4.studies 5.goes 6.watches 7.Does; read 8.do; have 9.has 10.do; go二、1.I dont have a soccer ball./I havent a soccer ball. 2.Graces sister doesnt like playing table tennis. 3.Does Mike have two letters for him?/Has Mike two letters for him? 4.I never play football on Friday afternoon./I dont always play football on Friday afternoon. 5.What does Su Yang usually do on Saturday?6．Can you see any kites in the sky? 7.There arent any men near the river. 8.What kind of movies do you like? 9.Do they want to go to a movie? 10.Does Jane watch sports on TV?