談?wù)劊簦瑁幔粢龑?dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

張志紅

關(guān)系代詞that用來(lái)指物時(shí)，無(wú)論其在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)還是作賓語(yǔ)，均可與which互換使用。關(guān)系代詞that用來(lái)指人并在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，可與who互換使用，關(guān)系代詞that用來(lái)指人并在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可與whom互換使用。但還必須弄明白，在下面幾種情況下，只能用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，而不用which或who（m）引導(dǎo)。

1. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或the last修飾時(shí)，只能用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。例如：

This is the first school that I visited in America ten years ago. 這是我十年前在美國(guó)參觀的第一所學(xué)校。

He is in the last row that is next to the window. 他坐在挨著窗戶的最后一排。

2. 先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，只能用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。例如：

This is the best book that I have ever read before. 這是我以前讀過(guò)的最好的一本書。

Have you worked out the most difficult maths problem that our teacher told us to do？ 你解出老師讓我們做的那道最難的數(shù)學(xué)題了嗎？

3. 有兩個(gè)或多個(gè)先行詞，并且分別表示人和物時(shí)，只能用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。例如：

He told us many interesting things and persons that we had never heard. 他給我們講了我們從來(lái)沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)的人和事。

4. 先行詞是all， everything， something， nothing， none等不定代詞時(shí)，只能用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。例如：

I am interested in all that you have told me. 我對(duì)你告訴我的一切都感興趣。

I think theres nothing that a woman cant do. 我認(rèn)為沒(méi)有女人做不了的事。

5. 先行詞是some， any， no， only， few， little， much或者被這些詞修飾時(shí)，只能用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。例如：

They havent got any dictionaries that we need. 他們沒(méi)有我們所需要的任何字典。

6. 先行詞被the only， the very， the same等修飾時(shí)，只能用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。例如：

Is this the very man that you mentioned to me last Wednesday？ 這就是上星期三你對(duì)我提到的那個(gè)人嗎？

He needs the same bike that you have. 他需要同你的一樣的自行車。

7. 主句是以who， which引起的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，只能用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。例如：

Who is the man that is playing the violin？ 正在拉小提琴的那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)？

Which is the book that you want to borrow？ 你想要借的書是哪一本？

8. 先行詞是主句中的表語(yǔ)或關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。例如：

China is no longer the country that it used to be. 中國(guó)再不是以前那樣的國(guó)家了。

在下列情況下，不能用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

1. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞后作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能用which 或whom引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句（不可省略），不能用that引導(dǎo)。例如：

The farmer uses wood to build a house in which he stores grains. 那個(gè)農(nóng)夫用木材搭建一座房子，用以儲(chǔ)存糧食。

2. 先行詞本身是that時(shí)，用which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，而不用that引導(dǎo)。例如：

The clock is that which tells the time. 鐘表是告訴人們時(shí)間的。

3. 關(guān)系代詞that在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞只能放在從句中有關(guān)動(dòng)詞的后面，而不可放在that之前。例如：

The man that you were talking about has come to our school. 你剛才說(shuō)的那個(gè)人已經(jīng)來(lái)到我們學(xué)校了。

［跟蹤練習(xí)］

Ⅰ. 用that或which填空。

1. A clock is a machine________tells people the time.

2. The panda is a kind of animal________can be found only in China.

3. April 1st is the day________is called April Fools Day in the west.

4. These are the pictures________my daughter drew when she was young.

5. Please think of a word________comes from a foreign language into Chinese.

6. Can you help me find the very person________saved the baby from danger in the earthquake？

7. This is the best film________has been shown in the cinema this year.

Ⅱ. 選擇填空

1. This is the most beautiful park________I have ever visited.

A. whose B. who C. whom D. that

2. This is the most enjoyable journey________I have ever heard of.

A. which B. who C. that D. whom

3. Is this the very museum________some Japanese scientists visited last Wednesday？

A. one B. where C. that D. which

4. The first man________we will see is my friend， Jack.

A. that B. which C. whose D. where

5. This is the best car________I have ever seen.

A. which B. who C. that D. whose

Key：

Ⅰ. 1. that/which2. that/which3. which/that4. which/that

5. that/which6. that7. that

Ⅱ. 1-5 DCCAC