李國(guó)勤
一、名詞類:
1. 這些男老師們?cè)诟墒裁?
[誤] What are the man teachers doing?
[正] What are the men teachers doing?
[析] 在英語(yǔ)中,當(dāng)一名詞作定語(yǔ)修飾另一名詞(單或復(fù)數(shù)形式)時(shí),作定語(yǔ)的名詞一般要用其單數(shù)形式;但當(dāng)man, woman作定語(yǔ)修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí),要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式men, women。
2. 我想為我兒子買(mǎi)兩瓶牛奶。
[誤] I want to buy two bottle of milk for my son.
[正] I want to buy two bottles of milk for my son.
[析] 表示不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量時(shí),常用“a/an或數(shù)詞+表量的可數(shù)名詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu), 其中當(dāng)數(shù)詞大于1時(shí),表量的可數(shù)名詞要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。
3. 這是那對(duì)雙胞胎的房間。
[誤] This is the twinss room.
[正] This is the twins room.
[析] 以字母s結(jié)尾的普通名詞的所有格只在其后直接加“ ‘ ”構(gòu)成即可。
4. 在小轎車(chē)?yán)锏哪俏慌渴潜说煤蜏返膵寢尅?/p>
[誤] The lady in the car is Peters and Toms mother.
[正] The lady in the car is Peter and Toms mother.
[析] 表示幾人共同擁有某人或某物時(shí), 只在最后一個(gè)人名后加“‘s”; 若是幾人分別擁有某人或某物時(shí), 則在每個(gè)人名后分別加“‘s”。
二、動(dòng)詞類:
5. 你妹妹通常什么時(shí)候去上學(xué)?
[誤] What time does your sister usually goes to school?
[正] What time does your sister usually go to school?
[析] 借助助動(dòng)詞do(或does)構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句或否定句時(shí), 句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用其原形。
6. 琳達(dá)晚上經(jīng)常做作業(yè), 但今晚她在看電視。
[誤] Linda often do her homework in the evening, but this evening she watching TV.
[正] Linda often does her homework in the evening, but this evening she is watching TV.
[析] 在初一英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)階段,我們接觸到了兩種主要時(shí)態(tài): 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,常和often, usually, sometimes 等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的句子中, 若主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用其第三人稱單數(shù)形式?,F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由be(am/is/are)+v-ing形式構(gòu)成。
7. 這雙鞋是紅色的。
[誤] This pair of shoes are red.
[正] This pair of shoes is red.
[析] 在shoes, trousers, gloves, glasses等表示成雙成對(duì)的衣物或工具名詞前用pair(表計(jì)量)修飾時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式由pair的單復(fù)數(shù)形式來(lái)決定。
三、代詞類:
8. 這張票是她的,不是我的。
[誤] This is hers ticket. Its not my.
[正] This is her ticket. Its not mine.
[析] 物主代詞有形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞之分:形容詞性物主代詞之后一定要接名詞, 而名詞性物主代詞之后不需接任何詞。
9. 吳老師教我們英語(yǔ)。
[誤] Miss Wu teaches our English.
[正] Miss Wu teaches us English.
[析] teach sb. sth.中的sb.作teach的賓語(yǔ), 因此當(dāng)sb.為人稱代詞時(shí)要用其賓格形式。
四、介詞類
10. 你能找到這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案嗎?
[誤] Can you find the answer of this question?
[正] Can you find the answer to this question?
[析] 英語(yǔ)中用“the answer to…”表示“……的答案”。
類似結(jié)構(gòu)還有the key to the door, the way tothe zoo等。
11. 那個(gè)穿著紅裙子的小女孩是我們老師的女兒。
[誤] That little girl on a red skirt is our teachersdaughter.
[正] That little girl in a red skirt is our teachersdaughter.
[析] 用介詞表示“穿戴衣物”時(shí), 只能用in,其他介詞沒(méi)有此用法。
五、副詞類:
12. 莉莉,你為什么不回家呢?
[誤] Lily, why dont you go to home?
[正] Lily, why dont you go home?
[析] come, go 等后接here, there, home等地點(diǎn)副詞時(shí),地點(diǎn)副詞前不加to。
六、連詞類:
13. 我喜歡語(yǔ)文和英語(yǔ), 但我不喜歡體育和歷史。
[誤] I like Chinese and English, but I dont like P.E. and history.
[正] I like Chinese and English, but I dont like P.E. or history.
[析] 在肯定句中, 并列成分之間用and來(lái)連接;而在否定句中, 并列成分之間的連接需要用or。
七、冠詞類:
14. 乘飛機(jī)去北京花了史密斯一家人一個(gè)小時(shí)。
[誤] It takes Smiths a hour to go to Beijing by a plane.
[正] It takes the Smiths an hour to go to Beijing byplane.
[析]
1.表示“……一家人”用結(jié)構(gòu)“the+姓氏復(fù)數(shù)”;
2.hour 一詞的第一個(gè)字母不發(fā)音, 它是以元音音素開(kāi)頭的, 所以“一小時(shí)”要用an hour;
3.用介詞by表示“乘坐”某種交通工具時(shí), 交通工具名詞前不加任何冠詞。
八、there be 句型類:
15. “房間里有什么?” “有一些桌子和椅子。”
[誤]——What are in the room?
——There are some desks and chairs.
[正]——What is in the room?
——There are some desks and chairs.
[析]就There be句型中的主語(yǔ)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)時(shí), 無(wú)論主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)形式還是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 均要用“What/Who is+介詞短語(yǔ)?”, 即其中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞均用單數(shù)形式is。
九、句法類:
16. “你不是學(xué)生嗎?” “不,我是學(xué)生。”
[誤] ——Aren't you a student?——No, I am.
[正] ——Aren't you a student?——Yes, I am.
[析] 對(duì)否定疑問(wèn)句的回答是用Yes還是用No,這取決于實(shí)際情況: 如果事實(shí)是肯定的,就用Yes表“不”; 如果事實(shí)是否定的, 就用No表“是的”。