高考主謂一致命題特征分析與突破

李紅艷

主謂語一致是中學(xué)英語語法的重要內(nèi)容，也是高考的重要考點，其熱點考查方式如下：

命題方式一：在主語后添加附加成分，如介詞短語等構(gòu)成的狀語、定語、定語從句、同位語從句等，增加對主語中心語的判斷難度。

此種考查方式是高考對主謂一致考查的最大熱點，近年來大部分有關(guān)此語法點的高考題都有此特征。

例1： The father as well as his three children_____ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter. （2006遼寧）

A. is goingB. go

C. goesD. are going

解析：答案為C。從語法講解的角度來看，主語The father是單數(shù)概念，盡管后面跟有as well as his three children，謂語動詞仍要用單數(shù)形式。every Sunday afternoon in winter暗示該空表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動作，因此應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時。從命題方式的角度看，此題學(xué)生易弄混淆主語為his three children而出錯，在主語后添加his three children容易誤導(dǎo)學(xué)生對主語的判斷。主語后接“with ...”等構(gòu)成的修飾成分時, 謂語仍須與這類短語前的“主語”一致?？蓸?gòu)成這類短語的常用詞有with， along with， together with， as well as， but， besides， except， added to， including， like， no less than， rather than， more than等。

例2： The country life he was used to_____greatly since 1992. （2005山東）

A. changeB. has changed

C. changingD. have changed

解析：答案為B。主語The country是單數(shù)概念，謂語要用單數(shù)形式。此題在主語后添加了一個定語從句，就容易使學(xué)生誤認為謂語動詞為was used to，從而導(dǎo)致選C項，其實去掉定語從句he was used to，句子就很簡單，也易得出答案。

例3： As you can see, the number of cars on our roads_____ rising these days. (2006全國卷Ⅱ)

A. was keepingB. keep

C. keepsD. were keeping

解析：答案為C。 the number of cars表示“小汽車的數(shù)目”，做主語時動詞用單數(shù)形式，these days暗示該空表示現(xiàn)階段的動作，因此應(yīng)填keeps。對此題許多學(xué)生不清楚主語的中心語為the number而非cars，從而誤選了答案。

解題方法總結(jié)：解答此類題目時，一定要先去掉這些附加成份，留下主語的主體。因為附加成分不是真正的主語，而是起著限定、說明、補充的作用，然后依據(jù)主語確定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。（注意上面例題及下面高考大練兵題目中的黑體部分的內(nèi)容皆為真正的主語）

【高考大練兵】

1. Professor Smith, along with his assistants, ____ on the project day and night to meet the deadline. （2005上海）

A. workB. working

C. is workingD. are working

2. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class,_____ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck. （2004北京）

A. wasB. were

C. had beenD. would be

3. No one in the department but Tom and I_____that the director is going to resign.(2004上海春)

A. knowsB. know

C. have knownD. an to know

4. E-mail, as well as telephones,_____ an important part in daily communication.(1999上海卷)

A. is playingB. have played

C. are playingD. play

5. All the employees except the manger_____to work online at home. (2004廣東卷)

A. encouragesB. encourage

C. is encouragedD. are encouraged

6. A library with five thousand books_____to the nation as a gift. (NMET 90)

A. is offeredB. has offered

C. are offeredD. have offered

7. Nowadays, a large number of women,especially those from the countryside,_____ in the clothing industry. （2005遼寧）

A. is workingB. works

C. workD. worked

8. The number of people invited_____ fifty, but a number of them_____ absent for different reasons. (1996全國卷)

A. were; wasB. was; was

C. was; wereD. are; are

9. The construction of the two new railway lines_____ by now.(2006 陜西)

A. has been completed

B. have been completed

C. has completed

D. have completed

命題方式二：以整體與部分關(guān)系的形式呈現(xiàn)主語，增加主謂一致關(guān)聯(lián)主體的判斷難度。

例4： Most of what has been said about the Smiths_____ also true of the Johnsons. (2006 安徽)

A. areB. is

C. beingD. to be

解析：答案是B。句意：對于史密斯夫婦的評價的大多數(shù)也適用于Johnsons夫婦。what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句做主語時，往往看作是一個整體, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。如：What you said is right. 句中部分為most，整體為what引導(dǎo)的一個名詞性從句，此時依據(jù)語法規(guī)則，主謂一致應(yīng)與從句保持一致。用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主語時，謂語動詞通常與of后面的名詞 / 代詞保持一致。

例5： The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third_____ used regularly. Now we have 60 working all day long.（2006浙江）

A. isB. are

C. wasD. were

解析：答案是D。one-third指one-third of the notebook computers，為復(fù)數(shù)概念，謂語也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。其中of表示整體與部分的關(guān)系，此時主謂一致應(yīng)與整體computers保持一致。此題以省略的形式出現(xiàn)，易讓學(xué)生誤解并選錯答案。

解題方法總結(jié)：在解答此類題時應(yīng)找到句子主語哪一部分為整體，哪一部分為部分，而不能不加分析地被部分牽著鼻子走，將主謂一致與部分內(nèi)容保持一致從而錯選答案。（注意體會例題及高考大練兵題目中的黑體部分皆為句子整體與部分關(guān)系中的整體，主謂一致應(yīng)與整體保持一致）

【高考大練兵】

10._____ of the land in that district_____covered with trees and grass. (2000 上海)

A. Two fifth; isB. Two fifth; are

C. Two fifths; isD. Two fifths; are

11. As a result of destroying the forests, a large_____ of desert_____ covered the land. (2001 上海)

A. number; hasB. quantity; has

C. number; haveD. quantity; have

12. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth_____ each year. (2005 山東)

A. is washing away

B. is being washed away

C. are washing away

D. are being washed away

命題方式三：以and, or, either ... or ... , neither ... nor ... , not only ... but also ...等的形式連結(jié)兩個并列主語，讓學(xué)生不知謂語應(yīng)與哪個主語保持一致，或不知道主語是看作一件事的單數(shù)概念，還是兩件事件的復(fù)數(shù)概念。

例6： When and where to go for the on-salary holiday_____ yet.(2003 上海春)

A. are not decided

B. have not been decided

C. is not being decided

D. has not been decided

解析：答案為D。盡管題中and并列when與where，但其后共有一個不定式，此時主語應(yīng)看作一件事，即為單數(shù)概念。

用and連接的兩個名詞通常視為復(fù)數(shù)概念，但是下列情況比較特殊：用and連接的兩個名詞前都有冠詞或其它修飾語時在數(shù)量上視為復(fù)數(shù)，如a worker and an engineer（一位工人和一位工程師）， a peasant and a writer（一位農(nóng)民和一位作家）， the party secretary and the manager（黨支部書記和經(jīng)理）， the twelfth and the last lesson（第12課和最后一課）， my classmate and my friend（我的同學(xué)和另一位朋友）；用and連接的兩個名詞只在第一個名詞前有冠詞或修飾語時視為同一人或物，如a worker and engineer（一位工人兼工程師），a peasant and writer（一位農(nóng)民作家），the party secretary and manager（黨支部書記兼經(jīng)理），the twelfth and last lesson（第12課即最后一課）,my classmate and friend（我的同學(xué)兼朋友）；用and連接的兩個名詞被看成整體做主語時動詞用單數(shù)，如bread and butter（涂黃油的面包），a coat and tie（一件帶領(lǐng)帶的上衣），a needle and thread（一副針線），truth and honesty（真誠）；用and連接的兩個名詞前都有every, each, many a和no修飾時，做主語動詞用單數(shù)。

解題方法總結(jié)：應(yīng)熟記either ... or ... , neither ... nor ...連結(jié)并列主語時應(yīng)采用就近一致的原則；而以and連結(jié)的主語的主謂一致的判斷應(yīng)分析主語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)的概念。

【高考大練兵】

13. Either you or the headmaster_____ the prizes to those gifted students at the meeting.(1994全國卷)

A. is handing outB. are to hand out

C. are handing outD. is to hand out

14. A poet and artist_____ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.（2006江蘇）

A. isB. are

C. wasD. were

15. Early to go to bed and early to rise_____a good habit.

A. areB. isC. wasD. were

16. The water and the food_____.

A. was run outB. were run out

C. was running outD. are running out

17. Every man and every woman_____ good reason to be proud of the work done by their parents.

A. hasB. have

C. is havingD. are having

18. All work and no play_____ Jack a dull boy.

A. is makingB. are making

C. makeD. makes

19. No teacher and no student_____ been admitted into the club.

A. haveB. hasC. isD. are

命題方式四：以主語單復(fù)數(shù)形式與概念不一致的情況為命題切入點，增加主語單復(fù)數(shù)概念的判斷難度。

例7： Every possible means_____ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.(2000上海卷)

A. is usedB. are used

C. has been usedD. have been used

解析：答案為C。means是一個單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞，它究竟是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)依據(jù)語境來確定。題中every常用于修飾單數(shù)名詞，因此其中的means為單數(shù)概念。

解題方法總結(jié)：應(yīng)熟記一些特殊的單復(fù)數(shù)形式與概念不一致的情況，并依據(jù)語境作分析判斷。請注意如下情況:

Many a fine man has died for it.許多優(yōu)秀戰(zhàn)士為此獻出了生命。

Mathematics seems easy to me.我似乎覺得數(shù)學(xué)不難。

This works was（These works were） built two years ago.這（幾）家工廠是兩年前修建的。

The English speak English.英國人講英語。

No news is good news.

Every means has（All means have） been tried. 各種辦法都試過了。

這類名詞通常還有fish，deer，sheep，plastics，manners（禮貌）等。（但news是不可數(shù)名詞，通常只作單數(shù)用。）

答案： 1. C2. A3. A4. A5. D6. A 7. C8. C9. A10. C11. B12. D13. D14. A15. B16. D17. A18. D19. B