[摘要]目的:為下頜骨截骨術(shù)提供解剖學(xué)基礎(chǔ),建立簡(jiǎn)單可行的二維坐標(biāo)系,使得行下頜骨截骨美容術(shù)耳后入路時(shí)能夠有效地保護(hù)周?chē)徑Y(jié)構(gòu),提高手術(shù)準(zhǔn)確度。方法:取新鮮成人女尸方形臉頭部標(biāo)本5個(gè)以及新鮮成人方形臉整尸標(biāo)本1具,在兩側(cè)的頸外靜脈插管加壓灌注藍(lán)色乳膠;另外取常規(guī)固定頭部標(biāo)本28側(cè),將兩側(cè)有關(guān)血管用絲線結(jié)扎,灌注藍(lán)色廣告畫(huà)顏料,保證血管壁呈藍(lán)色且清晰。取一張厚度為0.5mm的透明塑料膜,用圓規(guī)在塑料薄膜上建立直角坐標(biāo)系,其最小刻度為0.2cm,將帶有刻度的軟塑料薄膜鋪于標(biāo)本的面?zhèn)葏^(qū),坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn)正對(duì)下頜角后下方的最凸點(diǎn),y軸垂直于該連線(顴弓向外的最凸點(diǎn)與眼裂外側(cè)點(diǎn)之間線段的延長(zhǎng)線)。用油畫(huà)筆將面神經(jīng)的下頜緣支、頸支、下頜后靜脈(取前緣)比較完整的描點(diǎn)到薄膜上。最后將薄膜平鋪于玻璃上,測(cè)量得出坐標(biāo)參數(shù)指標(biāo)。結(jié)果:1.在面的左側(cè):①面神經(jīng)下頜緣支、頸支、下頜后靜脈三者上方的根部靠近并集中于該處,該點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)(x,y)的坐標(biāo)值為(11.4±4.2mm,24.6±5.2mm);②定義面神經(jīng)下頜緣支與下頜支后緣交界處為A點(diǎn),該點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)值為:(6.0±3.1mm,20.4±4.3);定義下頜緣支在下頜角前方與下頜骨下緣最靠近處為B點(diǎn),則其坐標(biāo)值為(38.2±5.3mm,-2.8±4.6mm);經(jīng)下頜角最后下方最凸點(diǎn)(定義為O點(diǎn)),做垂直于AB的直線,該直線與面神經(jīng)頸支的交點(diǎn)為C點(diǎn),該點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)值為:(6.8±4.1mm,-8.5±5.3mm)。2.在面的右側(cè):①面神經(jīng)下頜緣支、頸支、下頜后靜脈三者的根部靠近并集中于該處,該點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)(x,y)的坐標(biāo)值為(-14.8±5.4mm ,22.4±6.2mm);②定義面神經(jīng)下頜緣支與下頜支后緣交界處為A'點(diǎn),該點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)值為:(-6.0±4.5mm ,18.8±5.7mm);定義下頜緣支在下頜角前方與下頜骨下緣最靠近處為B'點(diǎn),則其坐標(biāo)值為(38.4±4.2 mm ,-3.0±5.2mm);經(jīng)下頜角最后下方最凸點(diǎn)(定義為O'點(diǎn)),做垂直于AB'的直線,該直線與面神經(jīng)頸支的交點(diǎn)為C點(diǎn),該點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)值為:(-6.4±4.6mm,-12.4±4.1mm)。結(jié)論:臨床醫(yī)生行下頜骨截骨美容術(shù)耳后入路時(shí),可以考慮盡量在ABC 和ABC'相對(duì)安全的三角形區(qū)域內(nèi)進(jìn)行操作。
[關(guān)鍵詞]下頜骨截骨術(shù);坐標(biāo)定位;下頜緣支;下頜后靜脈;耳后入路
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)]R332.8;R782.2[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A[文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2008)03-05
Anatomical investigation and localization of the approach from post aurem about mandible osteotomy cosmesis
AN Gao,HONG Li,PENG Tian-hong,F(xiàn)AN Song-qing
(Department of Anatomy,Nanhua University,Hengyang 421001,Hunan,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo provide the anatomical basis for the mandible osteotomy, establish a simple and feasible 2D coordinate system.Itcan contribute to the furtherance of protecting effectually the adjoin constitution, and raise the accuracy rating of the operation, when the clinician make the mandible osteotomy cosmesis.MethodsIn 10 side fresh adult Female head specimen and 1 fresh whole body,we perfuse the ambilateral external jugular vein;In 28 side routine retained head specimen, we deligation the ambilateral relevant blood vessel, and perfuse external jugular vein with the blue advertisement advertisement and made the vessel wall drum dyeing, and the vessel wall look ampros.On a page of ransparent plastic film whose thickness is 0.5mm, we construct a rectangular coordinate system with compasses needle .The scale division value of the rectangular coordinate system is 0.2cm.Then,we spread the soft graduated plastic film on the face lateral area,determin the zero ofthe rectangular coordinate system on the plastic film exactly lie on the most prominent dot of angle of mandible and Y axle is perpendicular to the line that is between the most prominent dot on outside-posterior direction on zygomatic arch andthe lateral dot of rima oculi.We trace these dot of the marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve,the cervical branch of facial nerve, retromandibular vein, to the plastic film with oil paintbrush.In fine, we spread the plastic film on glass, measurethese plot and get the indicatrix value.ResultsOn left hand side, ①the root of the ramus marginalis mandibulae nervi facialis, cervical branch of facial nerve and retromandibular vein , is near to one another and to centralize at the position, whose coordinate value is (11.4±4.2mm,24.6±5.2mm).②We definie that the juncture of the ramus marginalis mandibulae nervi facialis andthe ramus of mandible is A, the coordinate value of A dot is(6.0±3.1mm,20.4±4.3mm); We definie that the nearest position the ramus marginalis mandibulae nervi facialis near to the inferior border of mandible is B, the coordinate value of B dot is (38.2±5.3mm ,-2.8±4.6mm).Then, we through the most prominent dot of angle of mandible (O dot) draw a line that the line is perpendicular to AB line segment.we find the point of intersection of the line and AB line segment, definie the point of intersection is C, the coordinate value of C dot is (6.8±4.1mm ,-8.5±5.3mm).On right hand side, ①the root of the ramus marginalis mandibulae nervi facialis, cervical branch of facial nerve and retromandibular vein , is near to one another and to centralize at the position, whose coordinate value is (-14.8±5.4mm ,22.4±6.2mm).②We definie that the juncture of the ramus marginalis mandibulae nervi facialis andthe ramus of mandible is A', the coordinate value of A' dot is (-6.0±4.5 mm ,18.8±5.7 mm).We definie that the nearest position the ramus marginalis mandibulae nervi facialis near to the inferior border of mandible is B', the coordinate value of B dot is (38.4±4.2 mm ,-3.0±5.2mm).Then, we through the most prominent dot of angle of mandible (O'dot) draw a line that the line is perpendicular to A'B' line segment.we find the point of intersection of the line and AB line segment, definie the point of intersection is C', the coordinate value of C'dot is (-6.4±4.6mm ,-12.4±4.1mm).ConclusionWhen the clinician make the mandible osteotomy cosmesis through the approach from post aurem,may consider the relative safe △ABC and △A'B'C'district.
Key words: the mandible osteotomy; coordinate system localization; marginal mandibular branch; retromandibular vein; the approach from post aurem
隨著生活水平的提高,人們對(duì)美的追求也越來(lái)越高,要求通過(guò)手術(shù)改變方臉面型者日益增多,下頜骨截骨美容術(shù)就成為整形美容外科工作中一個(gè)關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。
方臉主要表現(xiàn)為下頜角肥大及腮腺咬肌區(qū)寬大,目前,關(guān)于下頜角肥大的分型,主要根據(jù)陳育哲等[1]依靠外觀及參考下頜骨X線片將下頜骨分為三型:①外翻型:(正面觀)下頜角明顯外翹,下頜角間距超過(guò)顴骨間距;②后下突出型:(側(cè)面觀)下頜角向下向后突出,角度常小于110°;③復(fù)合型:綜合具有前面兩者特性者。
由于這種寬臉畸形并不符合黃金分割,即1∶0.168[2],所以,在醫(yī)學(xué)美學(xué)上稱(chēng)之為不美臉形。而東方民族多以橢圓形或“鵝蛋”形臉為美,近年來(lái),不但女性追求容貌美做整形手術(shù),外翻型的寬臉男性因頭面部上窄下寬而要求做整容手術(shù)的人數(shù)也日益增多。
目前,手術(shù)切口選擇及截骨方法主要有四種入路,即口外入路法,包括Adams切口和耳后切口[3-12],口內(nèi)入路法[13-14]即Converse切口,以及口內(nèi)、外聯(lián)合入路法[15-17]。常用的截骨器械包括:骨鑿、電動(dòng)骨鉆、咬骨鉗、骨銼等。近幾年來(lái),口外耳后入路術(shù)式逐漸流行,甚至有向微創(chuàng)手術(shù)方向發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)[18]。
目前口外耳后入路術(shù)式的切口線多為:從耳垂后沿耳后皺襞斜形向上,達(dá)皺襞上1/3處時(shí),呈60°角轉(zhuǎn)向枕部至發(fā)際向下延伸切,綜合其優(yōu)點(diǎn):①切口位于外耳后,術(shù)后瘢痕隱蔽;②切口不穿通口腔,完全為無(wú)菌手術(shù);③可在半盲視下完成[19];④不需特殊器械;⑤如患者下面部皮膚松弛可同期行除皺術(shù)[20];⑥截骨量較口內(nèi)入路易于控制。但是,該術(shù)式目前在術(shù)后還是易出現(xiàn)一些比較嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥[21-23],如:口角歪斜、血腫、頸部皮膚下垂、牙關(guān)緊閉、不對(duì)稱(chēng)畸形、第二下頜角,究其主要原因,是術(shù)中損傷了面神經(jīng)的下頜緣支、下頜后靜脈、面神經(jīng)的頸支、咬肌和術(shù)中沒(méi)有控制好截骨量所致。
目前的基礎(chǔ)研究方面,由于面神經(jīng)的下頜緣支、頸支、下頜后靜脈等易損傷的結(jié)構(gòu),以往的解剖學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)多為一個(gè)發(fā)出點(diǎn)的定位[24-31],令整形外科醫(yī)生感到棘手的是,術(shù)前缺少對(duì)這些重要指標(biāo)的整段全面定位,這就難免因術(shù)中操作的盲目性造成相應(yīng)的不良后果。
我們瞄準(zhǔn)目前臨床需解決的一些問(wèn)題,以解剖學(xué)研究為基礎(chǔ),嘗試建立簡(jiǎn)單可行的二維坐標(biāo)系,給出這些重要結(jié)構(gòu)的從起點(diǎn)至終點(diǎn)的全程坐標(biāo)定位指標(biāo),對(duì)臨床進(jìn)行下頜骨截骨美容術(shù)耳后入路時(shí)有效保護(hù)周?chē)徑Y(jié)構(gòu)將具有重要的參考意義。
1材料和方法
1.1 標(biāo)本:常規(guī)固定防腐的女尸方形臉頭部標(biāo)本28側(cè),新鮮成人女尸方形臉頭部標(biāo)本10側(cè),新鮮成人方形臉整尸標(biāo)本1具(2側(cè))。
1.2 主要試劑:常規(guī)靜脈灌注用品:10%甲醛、氨水、95%酒精、鹽酸、乳膠、藍(lán)色廣告顏料、紅汞(汞溴紅溶液)。
1.3 常用器械:游標(biāo)卡尺、0.5mm的透明塑料薄膜、坐標(biāo)紙、油畫(huà)筆、圓規(guī)、各種型號(hào)燒杯、量杯、20ml、50ml注射器,各種口徑玻璃插管、橡膠管、紗布、絲線、玻璃棒。
1.4坐標(biāo)的建立以及具體的測(cè)量方法:因考慮到如果簡(jiǎn)單的以下頜角為原點(diǎn),建立解剖學(xué)意義上的矢狀平面后,再來(lái)獲取面神經(jīng)的下頜緣支、頸支、下頜后靜脈在該矢狀平面上的投影參數(shù)為指標(biāo),由于指標(biāo)是投影產(chǎn)生的,則難免會(huì)產(chǎn)生誤差。
為了真實(shí)再現(xiàn)這些解構(gòu)的具體位置,我們采取方法:①先取一張厚度為0.5mm的透明塑料膜,用一張帶有刻度(最小刻度為0.1cm)的坐標(biāo)紙,用膠水固定其在透明塑料薄膜上,用圓規(guī)針將所有的刻度真實(shí)的刻度到薄膜上成點(diǎn),準(zhǔn)確在塑料薄膜上建立直角坐標(biāo)系,其最小刻度為0.2cm;②然后將帶有刻度的軟塑料薄膜鋪于標(biāo)本的面?zhèn)葏^(qū),坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn)正對(duì)下頜角后下方的最凸點(diǎn),y軸垂直于連線u(u定義為顴弓向外的最凸點(diǎn)與眼裂外側(cè)點(diǎn)之間線段的延長(zhǎng)線);用油畫(huà)筆將面神經(jīng)的下頜緣支、頸支、下頜后靜脈(取前緣)比較完整的描點(diǎn)到薄膜上;③最后將薄膜平鋪于玻璃上,測(cè)量得出坐標(biāo)參數(shù)指標(biāo)。好處是:一是面神經(jīng)的下頜緣支、頸支、下頜后靜脈這三個(gè)解構(gòu)并不在一個(gè)平面上,還存在淺深位置關(guān)系,用軟薄膜貼于面部去測(cè)量可以反應(yīng)出其淺深位置關(guān)系;二是臨床醫(yī)生具有可操作性。
2結(jié)果
面左右兩側(cè)的面神經(jīng)下頜緣支、頸支和下頜后靜脈3者的坐標(biāo)值如下:
3討論
現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)美容學(xué)認(rèn)為,美貌人群的顱面結(jié)構(gòu)具有穩(wěn)定、統(tǒng)一的特征,美的容貌各器官間比例關(guān)系協(xié)調(diào)。從審美角度看,黃種人的面部特征是面中稍寬,下頜角區(qū)較窄而圓滑,下頜角角度為124°左右,頦部有一定前突度,鼻唇頦關(guān)系協(xié)調(diào)[32-37]。同時(shí)面型還具有性別特征取向,東方民族傳統(tǒng)觀念認(rèn)為卵圓形臉能較好地表露女性的溫柔、恬靜與嫵媚;方臉型能襯托男性勇敢、剛毅與果斷。若女性為方形臉,其方形臉下頜平面減小趨于平直,外形寬短,常削弱女性的氣質(zhì)與魅力,且不利于發(fā)型的變換,同時(shí)因其男性化的容貌而缺乏吸引力,造成一定程度心理障礙,在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中常影響工作與社會(huì)交往。
方臉主要表現(xiàn)為下頜角肥大及腮腺咬肌區(qū)寬大,下頜角肥大是一種先天性或后天發(fā)育上的缺陷,并非病態(tài)。由于方形臉或下頜角肥大的程度受多種因素的影響,如下頜角角度、下頜角體兩翼張開(kāi)的角度以及咬肌肥大程度、頰部豐滿(mǎn)度等。對(duì)于方臉的治療,應(yīng)綜合求美者的面部的具體情況,采取相應(yīng)的綜合治療手段。當(dāng)然最主要的還是采取下頜角截骨美容術(shù),目前針對(duì)下頜角截骨,主要有有四種入路,即口外入路法,包括Adams切口和耳后切口[3-12],口內(nèi)入路法[13-14]即Converse切口,以及口內(nèi)、外聯(lián)合入路法[15-17]。常用的截骨器械包括:微型骨鑿、微型骨鉆、咬骨鉗、骨銼等微型器械。
總的來(lái)講,不管是采取何種手術(shù)方式,均有其優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),歸納起來(lái),現(xiàn)行的手術(shù)方式仍然存在一些問(wèn)題:①牙關(guān)緊閉: 在行咬肌部分切除時(shí),它是較嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題,有時(shí)持續(xù)時(shí)間很長(zhǎng);有學(xué)者認(rèn)為術(shù)中應(yīng)仔細(xì)止血,術(shù)后在面部?jī)蓚?cè)設(shè)置冰袋,避免嚼口香糖、吃堅(jiān)韌或粘稠的食物,避免張口過(guò)大或打哈欠,如果發(fā)生牙關(guān)緊閉,交替熱敷和冷敷,適度張口運(yùn)動(dòng)將有助于解決問(wèn)題;②血腫:損傷下頜后靜脈的分支,組織血液局部回流不暢;③感染:多為口內(nèi)入路,口腔污染;④不對(duì)稱(chēng)畸形:除手術(shù)前認(rèn)真分析病情,合理設(shè)計(jì)截骨線和截骨量以外,主要還是術(shù)中的仔細(xì)操作和對(duì)比觀察;明顯不對(duì)稱(chēng)要再次手術(shù)矯正;⑤頸部皮膚下垂:損傷面神經(jīng)頸支;⑥口角歪斜:損傷面神經(jīng)下頜緣支;面神經(jīng)下頜緣支意外切斷造成的口角歪斜恢復(fù)困難,術(shù)后3個(gè)月無(wú)恢復(fù)跡象則要作手術(shù)探查;⑦第二下頜角:手術(shù)中沒(méi)有控制好截骨量,多由于截骨線與下頜骨體部角度過(guò)大引起;第二下頜角畸形明顯者需要再次手術(shù)矯正;⑧其他:術(shù)中出現(xiàn)下頜骨骨折,術(shù)中損傷腮腺導(dǎo)管或腮腺體,引起唾液漏等。
現(xiàn)在臨床行下頜骨截骨美容術(shù),口內(nèi)入路、口外入路、口內(nèi)外聯(lián)合入路這三種方法基本呈平行發(fā)展趨勢(shì),并沒(méi)有哪一種入路的方法占據(jù)絕對(duì)的優(yōu)勢(shì),臨床醫(yī)生主要根據(jù)本醫(yī)院的具體醫(yī)療配備條件,以及綜合考慮求美者主觀接受程度采取相應(yīng)的手術(shù)方案,我們之所以選擇耳后入路為突破口,是因?yàn)槎笕肼反嬖诤芏鄡?yōu)點(diǎn),比如:①切口位于外耳后,術(shù)后 隱蔽;②切口不穿通口腔,完全為無(wú)菌手術(shù);②可半盲視下完成;④不需特殊器械;⑤如患者下面部皮膚松弛可同期行除皺術(shù)。但其缺點(diǎn)也很明顯,不熟悉局部解剖易損傷面神經(jīng)下頜緣、頸支。我們這里提到的入路問(wèn)題,并不是簡(jiǎn)單的入路切口問(wèn)題,而是經(jīng)過(guò)切口后,向組織深層推進(jìn)中,如何避免損傷下頜角周?chē)匾Y(jié)構(gòu)的問(wèn)題。如果能夠把下頜角周?chē)拿嫔窠?jīng)下頜緣、頸支、下頜后靜脈這些重要結(jié)構(gòu)做出準(zhǔn)確的定位,則可以為臨床行下頜骨截骨美容術(shù),特別是耳后入路術(shù)式的進(jìn)一步推廣提供方便。
據(jù)我們觀察,在腮腺內(nèi)段,下頜緣支和頸支均共同起自面神經(jīng)頸面干,出腮腺后始分為下頜緣支和頸支。我們將下頜緣支出腮腺后分為3型:?jiǎn)胃尚?、雙干型、合干型,在分型中應(yīng)該重視下頜緣支和頸支的關(guān)系。我們的研究結(jié)果顯示,90%的下頜緣支出腮腺后獨(dú)立走行;10%的下頜緣支出腮腺時(shí)與頸支為共干,出腮腺時(shí)始分為下頜緣支和頸支。我們將下頜緣支主干走行方式分為兩型,即孤立型和共干型,其目的在于強(qiáng)調(diào)下頜緣支的走行特點(diǎn),并明確了下頜緣支和頸支的毗鄰關(guān)系,以免在實(shí)際手術(shù)操作中,損傷下頜緣支主干的同時(shí),又損傷頸支。
根據(jù)本組坐標(biāo)指標(biāo)參數(shù),我們給出以下臨床操作要點(diǎn):
在面的左側(cè):①面神經(jīng)下頜緣支、頸支、下頜后靜脈三者的根部靠近并集中于該處,此處為危險(xiǎn)點(diǎn),命名為左(危險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)),該點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)(x,y)的坐標(biāo)值為(11.4±4.2mm,24.6±5.2mm),如果要同時(shí)包括三者的均數(shù)值,則以該點(diǎn)為圓心,半徑為0.5cm的圓形區(qū)域?yàn)槲kU(xiǎn)區(qū)(示意圖3),稱(chēng)左(危險(xiǎn)區(qū))。
臨床醫(yī)生應(yīng)盡可能的避開(kāi)從此區(qū)域入路進(jìn)入深層。②定義面神經(jīng)下頜緣支與下頜支后緣交界處為A點(diǎn),該點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)值為:(6.0±3.1mm,20.4±4.3);定義下頜緣支在下頜角前方與下頜骨下緣最靠近處為B點(diǎn),則其坐標(biāo)值為(38.2±5.3mm,-2.8±4.6mm);經(jīng)下頜角最后下方凸點(diǎn)O點(diǎn),做垂直于AB的直線,該直線與面神經(jīng)頸支的交點(diǎn)為C點(diǎn),該點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)值為:(6.8±4.1mm,-8.5±5.3mm);我們把該三角形ABC區(qū)域定義為相對(duì)安全區(qū)域,臨床醫(yī)生可以考慮經(jīng)此區(qū)域入路。
在面的右側(cè):①面神經(jīng)下頜緣支、頸支、下頜后靜脈三者的根部靠近并集中于該處,此處為危險(xiǎn)點(diǎn),命名為右(危險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)),該點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)(x,y)的坐標(biāo)值為(-14.8±5.4mm ,22.4±6.2mm),同樣考慮三者的均數(shù)值,則以該點(diǎn)為圓心,半徑為0.5cm的圓形區(qū)域我們命名為危險(xiǎn)區(qū),稱(chēng)右(危險(xiǎn)區(qū))。臨床醫(yī)生應(yīng)盡可能的避開(kāi)從此區(qū)域入路進(jìn)入深層。②定義面神經(jīng)下頜緣支與下頜支后緣交界處為Aˊ點(diǎn),該點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)值為:(-6.0±4.5mm ,18.8±5.7mm);定義下頜緣支在下頜角前方與下頜骨下緣最靠近處為Bˊ點(diǎn),則其坐標(biāo)值為(38.4±4.2 mm,-3.0±5.2mm);經(jīng)下頜角最后下方凸點(diǎn)Oˊ點(diǎn),做垂直于AˊBˊ的直線,該直線與面神經(jīng)頸支的交點(diǎn)為Cˊ點(diǎn),該點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)值為:(-6.4±4.6mm,-12.4±4.1mm);我們把該三角形AˊBˊCˊ區(qū)域定義為相對(duì)右側(cè)的安全區(qū)域,臨床醫(yī)生可以考慮經(jīng)右側(cè)此區(qū)域入路。
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[收稿日期]2007-12-07[修回日期]2008-03-04
編輯/張惠娟