端午節(jié)的英文怎么說?當(dāng)然是 Dragon Boat Festival(龍舟節(jié))。我們的課本這么教,漢英詞典這樣寫,上網(wǎng)搜,百度、有道也都是這個(gè)“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案”。
我之所以給“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案”加個(gè)引號,是因?yàn)槲已芯空Z言多年,知道語言浩瀚如海,難有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和絕對,地域、階級、時(shí)代、年齡、性別、語境、態(tài)度等等,都可能會(huì)動(dòng)搖這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),讓它不再絕對。
理想和現(xiàn)實(shí)是有差距的。對于絕大多數(shù)的人而言,包括我自己,只能在相對里找絕對,否則無所依循,就變得寸步難行了。
Dragon Boat Festival這個(gè)“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案”有問題嗎?沒有。韋氏、牛津這兩大詞典家族都有相關(guān)收錄,大英、維基這兩大英文百科也都如此認(rèn)可。近來也有音譯為 Duanwu Festival的聲音,不過語料庫的證據(jù)顯示,此譯只有Dragon Boat Festival的2%上下,還不成氣候。
美國的《韋氏第三版新國際英語大詞典》(Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged)是當(dāng)今世上最大的單卷本英語詞典,就收錄了Dragon Boat Festival,定義如下:
a Chinese festival held just before the summer solstice that has as its chief event a race among long narrow boats resembling dragons.(快到夏至?xí)r所過的中國節(jié)日,主要活動(dòng)是以狹長的龍形船競渡。)
世界最大、最權(quán)威的《牛津英語詞典》(Oxford English Dictionary,簡稱OED)收錄了來自中文的 dragon boat(龍舟;龍船),定義就用了洋洋灑灑的67個(gè)詞。另以加注的方式介紹了 dragon boat festival(OED 將其首字母小寫),這個(gè)說明性的按語居然用了71個(gè)詞,篇幅比主體的定義更大:
The dragon boat festival, believed to have been celebrated for over 2,000 years, takes place on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month of the Chinese calendar throughout China and in Chinese communities worldwide. It commemorates the death of Qu Yuan (c340–278 b.c.), China’s first known poet, who drowned himself when his home state of Chu was overthrown; the dragon boat races traditionally represent the search for his body.【端午節(jié)的時(shí)間在農(nóng)歷五月初五,據(jù)信已有2000多年的過節(jié)史,中國各地和全球的華人社區(qū)均過此節(jié)。這個(gè)節(jié)日紀(jì)念的是中國首位知名詩人屈原(約前340─約前278)之死,他因故土楚國覆亡而投江自盡。傳統(tǒng)上,龍舟競渡象征的是搜尋他的遺體?!?/p>
在 OED 里,dragon boat(龍舟)是主條目(main entry),也就是我們翻查詞典時(shí),地位最突出、姿態(tài)最醒目、字體黑大粗的單詞。OED 把“端午節(jié)”的dragon boat festival置于其下,形式上居于次位,重要性略遜一籌,屬于副條目(subentry)的級別。話說回來,雖然dragon boat festival是副條目級的收錄,但卻享有主條目級的待遇,從其定義的字?jǐn)?shù)就可略知一二。
端午節(jié)有許多傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗,諸如賽龍舟、吃粽子、插艾蒲(艾葉/菖蒲)、佩香囊、飲雄黃酒,其中又以賽龍舟、吃粽子為最主要的活動(dòng)。在西方看來,這個(gè)節(jié)日最吸引他們的,恐怕是龍舟(dragon boat),所以英文才會(huì)以Dragon Boat Festival(龍舟節(jié))來稱呼。龍舟運(yùn)動(dòng)也早已是風(fēng)靡全球多國、有世界杯錦標(biāo)賽的項(xiàng)目了。
OED 的書證表明,早在1836年(OED 誤植為1846年),dragon boat就已見諸文獻(xiàn),出現(xiàn)在第二任香港總督John Francis Davis(漢名“德庇時(shí)”)的The Chinese: A General Description of the Empire of China and Its Inhabitants(《中華帝國總論》,或譯《中華帝國及其居民概述》):
Accidents frequently occur from the upsetting of the ‘dragon-boats’, as they are called, from their great length.(“龍舟”經(jīng)常發(fā)生傾覆的意外。龍舟因舟身很長而得名。)
根據(jù) OED 的書證,Dragon Boat Festival這個(gè)固定詞語一直要到1942年才首度出現(xiàn),出處是英國女傳教士Mildred Cable(漢名“蓋群英”)和Francesca French(漢名“馮貴石”)合著的The Gobi Desert(《戈壁沙漠》):
The special dish connected with the Dragon-boat Festival however, is made of rice.(端午節(jié)的特色菜是米做的。)
OED 有350萬條書證,這是唯一有 Dragon Boat Festival 的一條,應(yīng)是OED文獻(xiàn)偏頗、采樣滯后的結(jié)果,不免讓人遺憾。另外,上面龍舟傾覆的書證透露,時(shí)間點(diǎn)應(yīng)在端午節(jié)前后。龍舟和端午節(jié)彼此相生,既然1836年英國人德庇時(shí)已經(jīng)記錄了 dragon boat,怎么就缺“端午節(jié)”的英文,直到百年后的1942年才出現(xiàn)Dragon Boat Festival?
端午節(jié),賽龍舟,吃粽子。同樣的道理,英國人蓋群英在《戈壁沙漠》中對粽子的描述很清楚,可惜獨(dú)缺臨門一腳,沒有直接給一個(gè)zongzi之類的對譯詞。
時(shí)至今日,粽子在西方世界的能見度還是不高,影響力依舊有限,所以,如果粽子有英譯的需要,多半還停留在含糊、間接的表達(dá),比如 rice dumpling(字面“米團(tuán)”)、sticky rice dumpling(字面“糯米團(tuán)”)、Chinese tamale(中式墨西哥粽)。相較于 jiaozi(餃子)、baozi(包子,常略作 bao)已收入OED 、成為正式的英文詞匯,音譯的 zongzi 還有一段路要走。
端午節(jié)是中國首個(gè)入選世界非遺的節(jié)日。Dragon Boat Festival和dragon boat已經(jīng)獲錄權(quán)威英文詞典,接下來我們或可重點(diǎn)營銷粽子,讓世人認(rèn)識粽子、愛吃粽子。屆時(shí),zongzi成為英文詞匯、收進(jìn)權(quán)威詞典,也就水到渠成了。
*上海杉達(dá)學(xué)院英語系教授兼外語學(xué)院院長,語料應(yīng)用與研究中心學(xué)科帶頭人,國家語委漢語辭書研究中心兼職研究員,《中國科技術(shù)語》編委,本刊編委。
Dragon Boat Festivals Around the World
The main Dragon Boat Festival celebrations for Japanese people are eating zongzi and drinking calamus wine in order to fend off evil influences. Since the “calamus” and “advocate strength” in the Japanese language are homophonic, the Dragon Boat Festival has gradually become a festival for boys.
In Singapore, there is a special kind of zongzi called flower zongzi, which is made from the light green rice powder dyed by with flower juice. They are wrapped in a multi-angled shape the size of an egg. Around the Dragon Boat Festival every year, Singapore hosts the DBS Marina Regatta, a major dragon boat racing event.
In the UK, many people go to watch dragon boating and enjoy zongzi during Dragon Boat Festival celebrations. The most famous boat race in the UK is the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race, which is the oldest inter-university rowing event in the world. The race has been held annually on the Thames in London by the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge Rowing Clubs since 1829.