[摘要]目的:探究耳后皮瓣翻轉(zhuǎn)修復(fù)巨大黑素細(xì)胞痣切除后耳垂缺損的療效。方法:選取2020年2月筆者醫(yī)院耳垂前部巨大黑素細(xì)胞痣(Giant congenital melanocytic nevus,GCMN)患者1例,進(jìn)行局部病灶切除并使用耳后皮瓣經(jīng)耳甲腔軟骨翻轉(zhuǎn)至耳垂前部進(jìn)行修復(fù),術(shù)后隨訪2年,觀察患者術(shù)后形態(tài)并進(jìn)行記錄。結(jié)果:局部未見黑素細(xì)胞痣復(fù)發(fā),耳后皮瓣修復(fù)耳垂形態(tài)良好,未見明顯瘢痕增生,皮瓣與周圍組織外觀差異小,術(shù)后效果良好,隨訪2年外觀形態(tài)良好,患者滿意度高。結(jié)論:GCMN常存在惡變風(fēng)險(xiǎn),存在于耳垂部位常常影響患者美觀,切除后難以使用簡單的皮瓣轉(zhuǎn)移進(jìn)行覆蓋,皮膚移植覆蓋則對患者外觀有較大影響,修復(fù)效果欠佳。該例使用耳后皮瓣經(jīng)耳甲腔軟骨翻轉(zhuǎn)修復(fù)耳垂前部痣切除后大面積皮膚軟組織缺損的病例,結(jié)局良好,為耳垂部位巨大非平面的創(chuàng)面修復(fù)提供了新的解決策略。
[關(guān)鍵詞]巨大黑素細(xì)胞痣;耳后皮瓣;耳垂缺損;耳甲腔;皮瓣轉(zhuǎn)移
[中圖分類號(hào)]R758.51" " [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]B" " [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2025)03-0082-03
Retroauricular Flap Reversal to Repair Earlobe Defect after Removal of Giant Congenital Melanocytic Nevus: A Case Report
LIU Yu, ZHAO Hanxing, LI Zhengyong, CHEN Zhixing
( Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan, China )
Abstract: Objective" To investigate the effect of retroauricular flap reversal in repairing the ear lobe defect after removal of large melanocyte nevus. Methods" A patient with Giant congenital melanocytic nevus (GCMN) in the front of the earlobe of the author's hospital in February 2020 was selected for local resection and retroauricular flap was turned over to the earlobe through the ear cavity cartilage for reparation. Followed-up for 2 years after surgery. The postoperative morphology of the patients was observed and recorded. Results" No recurrence of melanocyte nevus was observed locally, the shape of earlobe repaired by retroauricular flap was good, no obvious scar hyperplasia was observed, the appearance difference between the flap and surrounding tissue was small, the postoperative effect was good, the appearance was good after 2 years of follow-up with highly satisfaction of patient. Conclusion" GCMN often has the risk of malignant transformation, and the presence of GCMN in the earlobe often affects the appearance of patients. It is difficult to use simple flap transfer to cover the ear lobe after resection, and skin graft coverage has a greater impact on the appearance of patients, and the repair effect was poor. In this case, retroauricular flap was used to repair large area of skin and soft tissue defects after removal of nevus in front of earlobe by turning over through ear conch cavity cartilage. The outcome was good, which provided a new solution strategy for large non-planar wound repair of earlobe.
Key words: melanocytic nevus; retroauricular flap; earlobe defect; auricular cavity; flap graft
先天性黑素細(xì)胞痣(CMN)是一種組織學(xué)特征為黑素細(xì)胞良性增生的皮膚病變,隨著患兒的生長發(fā)育可能存在惡變的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),建議早期切除治療。耳垂屬于頭面部較特殊的解剖部位,因?yàn)楦鞣N原因?qū)е露蛊つw軟組織缺損后難以修復(fù),或創(chuàng)面簡單植皮覆蓋后影響患者美觀,難以達(dá)到滿意的療效。本文報(bào)道了一例耳垂巨痣切除術(shù)后,無法使用植皮簡單修復(fù),改用耳后皮瓣經(jīng)耳甲腔軟骨翻轉(zhuǎn)修復(fù)耳垂前部痣切除后大面積皮膚軟組織缺損的病例,術(shù)后效果良好,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1" 資料和方法
1.1 一般資料:患兒,女,7歲,“因發(fā)現(xiàn)左側(cè)耳垂前部巨痣7+年”于2021年2月1日入四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院。7年前患兒出生時(shí)即發(fā)現(xiàn)左側(cè)耳垂前部有一巨大黑色斑塊,隨患兒生長發(fā)育持續(xù)增長,幾乎覆蓋整個(gè)耳垂前部、對耳屏及耳輪下極正常皮膚,表面少量毛發(fā)生長,無明顯疼痛,偶有瘙癢癥狀,周圍皮膚未見明顯紅腫、破潰等(見圖1)?;純杭凹覍贋榍筮M(jìn)一步手術(shù)治療修復(fù)外觀于我院就診?;純杭韧w健,生長發(fā)育正常。
1.2 入院體格檢查:體溫36.3℃,脈搏95次/分,呼吸頻率20次/分,血壓96/65 mmHg,身高119 cm,體重24 kg。專科查體見左側(cè)耳垂前部有一巨大黑色斑塊,大小約2 cm×3 cm,形態(tài)不規(guī)則,范圍累及整個(gè)耳垂前方、對耳屏及耳輪、耳舟、對耳輪下極皮膚,與周圍正常皮膚邊界欠清,表面少量毛發(fā)生長,表面無皮屑,周圍皮膚未見明顯紅腫、破潰等。診斷為左側(cè)耳垂巨大黑素細(xì)胞痣。
1.3 手術(shù)設(shè)計(jì):入院后完善相關(guān)術(shù)前檢查,排除手術(shù)禁忌證,于2021年2月3日在全麻下行左耳巨痣切除術(shù)、皮瓣轉(zhuǎn)移修復(fù)成形術(shù),病灶完整切除后,于耳垂前部留下了一個(gè)大小約2 cm×3 cm的軟組織缺損。根據(jù)創(chuàng)面缺損大小設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)耳后局部任意皮瓣用于覆蓋創(chuàng)面。根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)區(qū)域游離耳后皮瓣,皮瓣蒂位于耳背部下方,蒂部寬度為1.5 cm,長寬比約為1∶0.6(見圖2)。皮瓣游離后,剔除蒂部表面皮膚(剔除面積約為1.5 cm×0.3 cm)形成皮下蒂。沿耳垂前部缺損創(chuàng)面上緣耳甲腔內(nèi)橫行切開約1.5 cm切口(對應(yīng)背側(cè)切口位于皮瓣蒂部上方),通過切口去除耳甲腔內(nèi)一塊軟骨。耳后游離的皮瓣通過軟骨切口向耳垂前方翻轉(zhuǎn),邊緣修整以貼合缺損,逐層減張縫合(見圖3)。手術(shù)過程見圖4。將腹部自體皮膚移植于耳后供瓣區(qū)缺損處覆蓋創(chuàng)面。
2" 結(jié)果
術(shù)后隨訪2年,可見耳垂形態(tài)良好,耳后供瓣區(qū)術(shù)后植皮區(qū)域成活率良好,與周圍軟組織色澤有些許差異,但由于耳后位置較為隱蔽,從社交距離不易觀察到,對患者外觀影響不大。見圖5。
3" 討論
先天性黑素細(xì)胞痣是一種組織學(xué)特征為黑素細(xì)胞良性增生的皮膚病變[1-2]。GCMN較CMN更大,延伸更深,邊緣不規(guī)則,顏色往往更深,部分有毛發(fā)覆蓋。皮膚黑素瘤與GCMN相關(guān),提示該疾病預(yù)后不良。GCMN可位于全身各處皮膚及黏膜,部分伴有多毛癥和衛(wèi)星痣。GCMN的治療方法包括手術(shù)切除和激光治療[3-4]。其中近一半病例在2歲前開始明顯長大,80%在7歲前出現(xiàn)病灶明顯增大,因此,GCMN建議在早期進(jìn)行手術(shù)。切除GCMN后的創(chuàng)面修復(fù),需要一個(gè)合適的供區(qū)部位和其他后續(xù)輔助治療來達(dá)到最佳的美觀效果[5]。
形狀不規(guī)則、邊界不清的GCMN常常存在惡變的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),通常自出生以來就存在,這些斑塊在患兒出生的前3~5年有惡性轉(zhuǎn)化的趨勢[6-7]。同時(shí),位于耳垂這種顯眼部位的黑痣通常會(huì)影響患者美觀。因此位于耳垂的巨大色素痣應(yīng)該予以早期切除。然而,如何修復(fù)切除后的創(chuàng)面缺陷對于外科醫(yī)生來說是一個(gè)難題。
通常巨痣切除后,使用自體皮膚移植覆蓋創(chuàng)面一直被認(rèn)為是一種簡便、有效的方法[8-9],但是在頭面部的位置進(jìn)行皮膚移植會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響患者的外觀,由于耳垂部缺損是一個(gè)非平面創(chuàng)面,植皮成活率不佳,同時(shí)增加術(shù)后瘢痕的產(chǎn)生,這與患者原本求美的初衷也是背道而馳的。局部皮瓣的轉(zhuǎn)移在創(chuàng)面缺損修復(fù)中也是一種常用的手術(shù)方式[10],但在本病例中,耳垂鄰位的供瓣區(qū)非常有限,若使用鄰位面部供瓣區(qū)也會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響后期耳垂的活動(dòng)度,同時(shí)會(huì)在面部留下明顯切口,影響患者美觀。
本病例采用的耳后皮瓣經(jīng)耳甲腔軟骨切口翻轉(zhuǎn)修復(fù)耳垂前部缺損,解決了供瓣區(qū)不足的問題,同時(shí)耳后皮瓣的厚度、彈性良好,基本重建了耳垂的形態(tài)和原有厚度,對整個(gè)耳廓的外觀沒有形成太大的改變,使其更符合正常生理形態(tài)。同時(shí)耳后供瓣區(qū)經(jīng)植皮修復(fù)后,由于位置隱蔽,日常社交距離中不易發(fā)覺,很好滿足了患兒的美觀需求。
綜上所述,耳后皮瓣經(jīng)耳甲腔軟骨切口修復(fù)耳前創(chuàng)面缺損為耳部前方缺損提供了一種新的創(chuàng)面覆蓋策略,與以往的耳后小皮瓣經(jīng)軟骨轉(zhuǎn)移修復(fù)耳甲腔缺損不同,往往修復(fù)的缺損面積較小。而這種方法通過仔細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)皮瓣的長寬比,可以運(yùn)用于耳前較大面積的非平面創(chuàng)面的缺損修復(fù),同時(shí)其余耳前解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的大面積缺損都可以使用這種方式修復(fù),尤其是當(dāng)耳軟骨外露,無法直接通過皮膚移植覆蓋時(shí),更能體現(xiàn)此種手術(shù)方式的優(yōu)勢。它不僅能最大程度保證耳部創(chuàng)面修復(fù)的美觀度,同時(shí)也不影響其他耳廓正常結(jié)構(gòu),供瓣區(qū)創(chuàng)面瘢痕隱蔽,也更能滿足患者的外觀需求。
利益沖突:所有作者聲明不存在利益沖突。
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[收稿日期]2024-03-01
本文引用格式:劉瑜,趙焓杏,李正勇,等.耳后皮瓣翻轉(zhuǎn)修復(fù)巨大黑素細(xì)胞痣切除后耳垂缺損一例[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2025,34(3):82-84.