摘 " "要:粉黛櫻珠是從中國(guó)櫻桃(Prunus pseudocerasus L.)實(shí)生資源中選育出的優(yōu)良品種。樹勢(shì)中庸,樹姿半開張,萌芽力中等,成枝力中等。果實(shí)扁圓形,果皮黑紫色,果面光亮,平均單果質(zhì)量2.25 g,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)15.90%,可滴定酸含量0.34%,維生素C含量12.20 mg·100 g-1,味甜,品質(zhì)好,不易裂果。果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育期52 d左右,在浙江寧波5月1日前后成熟。適應(yīng)性和抗病蟲性較強(qiáng),種植第3年開花結(jié)果,5~6年進(jìn)入盛果期,豐產(chǎn)、穩(wěn)產(chǎn)。
關(guān)鍵詞:中國(guó)櫻桃;新品種;粉黛櫻珠
中圖分類號(hào):S662.5 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2025)01-0241-03
Breeding report of a new Chinese cherry cultivar Fendaiyingzhu
LIU Zhuqin1, WANG Guoyun2, ZHOU Chaochao2, ZHAO Xiuhua1, WANG Guowu3, GUO Feng4
(1Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Science, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang, China; 2Yuyao Agricultural Technology Extension Service Station, Ningbo 315400, Zhejiang, China; 3Yuyao Liangnong Bai Orchard Farm, Yuyao 315430, Zhejiang, China; 4Ningbo Qiyuan Cherry Orchard, Ningbo 315100, Zhejiang, China)
Abstract: Fendaiyingzhu is a new cultivar selected from the seedling resources of Chinese cherry (Prunus pseudocerasus L.). In 2008, during the germplasm resource investigation on Chinese cherry in Ningbo, a dark purple, sweet-tasting and high-yield Chinese cherry seedling tree (superior plant) was discovered in Liangnong Town and identified as 4-29. The biological characteristics of the mother tree and grafted trees were investigated from 2009 to 2019 in different locations. The results indicated that the morphology and biology of the mother plant and its grafted offsprings remained stable. Application for the protection of the new cultivar right was submitted to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China. And the National Certificate of the right to new varieties of plants was obtained on 30 November, 2022 (variety rights number: CNA20191002168) and the new cultivar was formally named Fendaiyingzhu. The floral characteristics are as follows: The inflorescence of corymbs usually has 3-6 flowers. A flower has 5 round petals, 1 pistil, 32-41 stamens with the purple-red anthers. The petal color is pink at the beginning of flowering and turns to light pink gradually with the opening time. Fendaiyingzhu has self-fertility ability. The fruits are dark purple, oblate shape, not easy to crack and few deformed. The average single fruit mass is 2.25 g with the maximum up to 3.91 g. The flesh is light yellow. The soluble solids content is about 15.90%, the titratable acid content is 0.34%, and the vitamin C content is 12.20 mg per 100 g. The fruit stalk is short with an average length of 1.51 cm, thick and not easy to fall off. The fruit development period is about 52 d in Ningbo region, Zhejiang province. The mature period is around May 1st, about 7 days later than that of the main early maturing variety Zhujiduanbing. The whole harvest period can continue for 15 days. The growth vigor of the trees is medium, tree gesture is half upright and the tree branch ability is middle. The variety has early fruiting ability and high yield. Flowering and fruiting begins in the third year after planting and the period of high yield is from 5 to 6 years after planting. The more fruits are produced on short, middle and long fruit branches, and the fruiting locations are easy to shift outwards. The variety has strong adaptability and disease resistance, and is easy to plant. It is suitable for planting in sandy loam and similar habitat with good drainage and deep soil layer. The recommended spacing within rows and between rows is 3 m×4 m or 4 m×4 m.
Key words: Chinese cherry; New cultivar; Fendaiyingzhu
中國(guó)櫻桃又稱小櫻桃,是薔薇科李亞科櫻屬落葉灌木或小喬木,起源和分布于中國(guó)[1],果實(shí)發(fā)育周期短,成熟期早,果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)期極少用藥,是生產(chǎn)綠色果品的首選,又因其樹姿秀麗、果艷味美、營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富,兼具觀賞和食用價(jià)值,是落葉果樹中經(jīng)濟(jì)效益最高的樹種之一,在特色水果產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展和鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略中發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用[2]。浙江省是中國(guó)櫻桃的發(fā)源地之一,現(xiàn)有栽培面積約0.4萬hm2,產(chǎn)量約1.4萬t[3]。近年來,隨著鄉(xiāng)村休閑旅游業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展,中國(guó)櫻桃因成熟期早、營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富、產(chǎn)值高而備受消費(fèi)者和種植戶的喜愛,栽培面積也越來越大[4],已成為寧波部分鄉(xiāng)村旅游業(yè)的重要支柱,余姚櫻桃2021年獲得國(guó)家農(nóng)產(chǎn)品地理標(biāo)志認(rèn)證,但品種單一、酸味偏重、易裂果且不耐貯藏等缺點(diǎn)限制中國(guó)櫻桃的健康發(fā)展,因此,選育口感甜、抗裂果的中國(guó)櫻桃優(yōu)良品種,對(duì)豐富中國(guó)櫻桃種質(zhì)資源、滿足生產(chǎn)需求有著重要意義。
1 選育過程
中國(guó)櫻桃粉黛櫻珠是2008年從中國(guó)櫻桃實(shí)生資源中選育出的優(yōu)良品種。據(jù)明嘉靖《余姚縣志》記載,寧波余姚市已有500余年櫻桃栽培歷史,至今,余姚四明山上及四明湖畔邊緣還有野生櫻桃的分布,且多為實(shí)生樹,有著豐富的種質(zhì)資源。2008年,筆者對(duì)寧波市中國(guó)櫻桃種質(zhì)資源進(jìn)行調(diào)查時(shí),在余姚發(fā)現(xiàn)了一株果實(shí)黑紫色、風(fēng)味甜、豐產(chǎn)的中國(guó)櫻桃實(shí)生樹(優(yōu)株),標(biāo)記為4-29。2009年在寧波市農(nóng)科院試驗(yàn)基地和梁弄鎮(zhèn)百果園進(jìn)行大樹高接觀察,2010年高接樹開始結(jié)果,當(dāng)年進(jìn)行拉枝處理,2011年大量結(jié)果,且兩地果實(shí)性狀表現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定;2010年春以本地山櫻為砧木進(jìn)行嫁接繁殖,在梁弄鎮(zhèn)百果園建立品種試驗(yàn)園,2012年試花掛果,2015年進(jìn)入盛果期,經(jīng)過連續(xù)多年對(duì)母樹及嫁接樹進(jìn)行植物學(xué)特征和生物學(xué)特性觀察記錄,該品種果實(shí)品質(zhì)優(yōu),外觀艷麗、風(fēng)味濃甜,遺傳性狀穩(wěn)定。2019年向中華人民共和國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部提交植物新品種權(quán)保護(hù)申請(qǐng),2022年11月30日獲得植物新品種權(quán)證書(品種權(quán)號(hào):CNA20191002168),定名為粉黛櫻珠(圖1)。
2 主要性狀
2.1 果實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀
果實(shí)扁圓形,果形端正,果面光滑,縫合線不明顯,果頂?shù)推剑醭墒鞎r(shí)果皮鮮紅色,完全成熟后呈黑紫色。果肉淡黃色,汁液多,半黏核,核小,不易裂果。果柄細(xì)而短,平均長(zhǎng)度為1.51 cm,最長(zhǎng)為1.68 cm,不易脫落。平均單果質(zhì)量2.25 g,最大果質(zhì)量3.91 g,豐產(chǎn)性好。果實(shí)可食率93.62%,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)15.90%,可滴定酸含量0.34%,固酸比46.75,維生素C含量12.20 mg·100 g-1,風(fēng)味甜,果實(shí)鮮食品質(zhì)上乘(表1)。
2.2 植物學(xué)特征
該品種樹勢(shì)中庸,樹姿半開張,成枝力中等;葉片長(zhǎng)橢圓形,葉片長(zhǎng)14.28 cm,葉片寬8.20 cm,葉緣鋸齒深且較密,齒尖,葉尖極尾尖,葉片基部有2個(gè)蜜腺,圓形,紫紅色,葉柄長(zhǎng)1.37 cm。葉片初展時(shí)呈淺紅色,成熟葉片綠色。傘房花序,平均每花序有3.4朵花,自交結(jié)實(shí)。
2.3 生物學(xué)特性
3月初現(xiàn)蕾,3月上中旬盛花,花期持續(xù)13~16 d,花蕾為深粉紅色,初花時(shí)花瓣顏色為粉紅色,隨著開放時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)逐漸轉(zhuǎn)為淡粉紅色;4月下旬成熟可以分批采摘,整個(gè)采收期約15 d,果實(shí)生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育期52 d左右。結(jié)果早,豐產(chǎn)性好,嫁接苗栽植第3年開始開花結(jié)果,5~6 a(年)進(jìn)入豐產(chǎn)期,以短果枝和中、長(zhǎng)果枝結(jié)果為主,結(jié)果期注意控制樹勢(shì),若樹勢(shì)過旺易形成徒長(zhǎng)枝,降低結(jié)果能力。
2.4 適應(yīng)性與抗逆性
粉黛櫻珠在寧波地區(qū)生長(zhǎng)良好,耐瘠薄,壤砂或砂礫壤土均可種植。
3 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
3.1 定植
選擇交通方便、排水良好且有灌溉條件、pH值5.5~7.0的肥沃壤砂或砂礫壤土建園。粉黛櫻珠選擇山櫻、草櫻、大青葉等砧木通過嫁接培育苗木,春季或秋季選擇主干粗度大于0.8 cm且整形帶內(nèi)含6~8個(gè)飽滿芽的健壯苗進(jìn)行定植,以春栽為好。起壟栽植,適宜株行距(3~4)m×4 m,每666.7 m2栽41~55株。
3.2 整形修剪
樹形多采用自然開心形,為便于采摘樹高控制在2.5 m以下。幼樹以整形為主,通過拉枝等方式培養(yǎng)側(cè)枝和結(jié)果枝;成年樹注重夏季修剪,于果實(shí)采收后1個(gè)月內(nèi)完成夏季修剪,主要對(duì)結(jié)果枝組尤其是過長(zhǎng)的主枝和側(cè)枝進(jìn)行回縮修剪,促發(fā)新梢,防止結(jié)果部位外移;萌芽前進(jìn)行休眠期修剪,疏除過密枝條、病殘枝,調(diào)整枝條密度以及各級(jí)枝梢比例,改善后期光照條件。
3.3 肥水管理
根據(jù)不同時(shí)期對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求進(jìn)行施肥,幼樹期以氮肥為主,薄肥勤施,促進(jìn)樹冠形成;成年樹花果期噴施葉面肥2~3次,5月采果后及時(shí)施果后肥,秋季早施以有機(jī)肥為主的基肥。保持土壤相對(duì)含水量不低于60%,平穩(wěn)補(bǔ)水,果實(shí)轉(zhuǎn)色后不宜澆水,以防裂果。
3.4 花果管理
初花期對(duì)開花量過多的花枝進(jìn)行適當(dāng)短截,初花期園內(nèi)放蜂授粉,盛花期噴施速樂硼促進(jìn)坐果;花前覆膜,果實(shí)轉(zhuǎn)色期加防鳥網(wǎng),采摘后去除薄膜和防鳥網(wǎng);果實(shí)按成熟度進(jìn)行分批采摘。
3.5 病蟲害防治
中國(guó)櫻桃果實(shí)成熟期早,病蟲危害少。果實(shí)采摘后,主要受細(xì)菌性穿孔病、褐斑病、流膠病、梨小食心蟲和介殼蟲等病蟲危害,種植過程中以預(yù)防為主,按照病蟲害發(fā)生規(guī)律科學(xué)防治。
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