摘要: 目的 分析原發(fā)性膽總管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)患者的總體情況、膳食因素等臨床特征,為積極預(yù)防結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)提供依據(jù)。方法 回顧性收集2013年1月—2023年12月內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院肝膽胰脾外科因膽石病行膽囊切除治療的23 730例患者臨床資料,其中術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)334例。按性別分類,對復(fù)發(fā)患者的復(fù)發(fā)率、復(fù)發(fā)周期、復(fù)發(fā)年齡、復(fù)發(fā)結(jié)石類別,以及一般資料、疾病資料、影像學(xué)資料和膳食因素資料進(jìn)行匯總分析。計量資料2組間比較采用成組t檢驗,計數(shù)資料2組間比較采用χ 2 檢驗。結(jié)果 膽囊切除術(shù)后原發(fā)性膽總管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)率為1. 41%,復(fù)發(fā)周期頻數(shù)最高集中在術(shù)后10年,男、女性復(fù)發(fā)周期差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=5. 238,Plt;0. 001)。首次診斷為單純膽囊結(jié)石和膽囊合并膽總管結(jié)石者其術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)率分別為1. 23%和2. 76%,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ 2 =42. 104,Plt;0. 001)。復(fù)發(fā)者中年齡gt;60歲在總計及男、女性中均占比最高,92%為漢族居民;10%的復(fù)發(fā)者有膽囊結(jié)石家族史;合并癥中以伴高血壓者占比最高。復(fù)發(fā)者中吸煙和飲酒者占比分別為76. 7%和10. 3%。63. 8%的復(fù)發(fā)者BMI正常、23. 2%為超重,且距第1次膽囊手術(shù)時體質(zhì)量相比,60. 1%的復(fù)發(fā)者體質(zhì)量下降,22. 9%體質(zhì)量增加。不同性別復(fù)發(fā)者的年齡構(gòu)成、民族分布、居住地類型、合并癥、吸煙、飲酒、BMI分類、體質(zhì)量變化差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P值均lt;0. 001)。復(fù)發(fā)結(jié)石類型中多發(fā)、單發(fā)、泥沙樣結(jié)石的比例為74∶15∶11;結(jié)石大小lt;1 cm、1~2 cm、gt;2 cm的占比分別為40. 5%、48. 8%和10. 6%;手術(shù)方式為開腹和腹腔鏡的比例分別為66. 1%和33. 9%;各類型血脂異常的比例均低于30%。不同性別復(fù)發(fā)者的初次結(jié)石種類、結(jié)石類型、結(jié)石大小、手術(shù)方式及高密度脂蛋白異常占比差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P值均lt;0. 001)。影像學(xué)資料分析發(fā)現(xiàn)膽道結(jié)構(gòu)異常者僅4例,表現(xiàn)為膽囊管長而彎曲,術(shù)后73. 1%者伴有膽總管擴(kuò)張。膳食因素隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn)55. 8%的復(fù)發(fā)者平素飲食不規(guī)律。平素飲食結(jié)構(gòu)以肉類和主食為主者分別占比43. 8%和37. 8%,且有性別差異,男性以肉類為主、女性以主食為主;64. 1%的復(fù)發(fā)者平素有高鹽高油的飲食習(xí)慣;59. 8%的患者第1次結(jié)石術(shù)后飲食有改變,其中80%的患者能將飲食調(diào)整為規(guī)律(即飲食規(guī)律者可提高至92%)。結(jié)論 本地區(qū)原發(fā)性膽總管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)率較低且無性別差異,復(fù)發(fā)高峰在術(shù)后10年,60歲以上人群是結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的集中群體。膳食因素及臨床特征分析有助于醫(yī)、患進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識原發(fā)性膽總管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的特點,為后續(xù)采取針對性的預(yù)防提供基礎(chǔ)依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞: 膽囊切除術(shù); 膽總管結(jié)石??; 復(fù)發(fā); 病理狀態(tài), 體征和癥狀
基金項目: 內(nèi)蒙古醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院公立醫(yī)院科研聯(lián)合基金項目(2023GLLH0021); 內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)科技計劃項目(2021GG0116);內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)自然科學(xué)基金項目(2019MS08086)
Clinical features of patients with recurrent primary common bile duct stones after cholecystectomyLU Jianhui 1a ,LI Yongli 2 ,GUO Ruifang 1a ,XUE Rongquan 1b1. a. Clinical Nutrition Center, b. Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Spleen Surgery, Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital,Hohhot 010017, China; 2. Inner Mongolia Clinical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010059, China
Corresponding authors: GUO Ruifang, 6872_grf@163.com (ORCID: 0000-0002-0756-3549); XUE Rongquan, xrq1212@189.com(ORCID: 0009-0003-9411-8121)
Abstract: Objective To investigate the general situation, dietary factors, and clinical features of patients with recurrent primary common bile duct stones, and to provide a basis for effective prevention of stone recurrence. Methods A retrospective analysiswas performed for 23 730 patients who underwent cholecystectomy due to cholelithiasis in Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreaticand Spleen Surgery, Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, from January 2013 to December 2023, and according to the presence orabsence of recurrence of primary common bile duct stones after surgery, 334 patients were divided into recurrence group. Therecurrence group was further analyzed based on sex in terms of recurrence rate, recurrence cycle, recurrence age, recurrence type,and general, disease, imaging, and dietary factors. The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of continuous databetween two groups, the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. Results There were 334cases of recurrence of primary bile duct stones after cholecystectomy, with a recurrence rate of 1.41%, and the highest frequency ofrecurrence cycle was observed in 10 years after surgery, with a significant difference in recurrence cycle between the male andfemale patients (t=5.238, Plt;0.001). There was a significant difference in the recurrence rate of stones after surgery between thepatients with simple gallstones and those with gallbladder and common bile duct stones at initial diagnosis (1.23% vs 2.76%, χ 2 =42.104, Plt;0.001). The patients with recurrence aged gt;60 years accounted for the highest proportion in the whole population and in bothmale and female populations, and 92% were Han residents; 10% of the patients with recurrence had a family history of gallstones, andas for comorbidities, the patients with hypertension accounted for the highest proportion. Among the patients with recurrence, thepatients with smoking or drinking accounted for 76.7% and 10.3%, respectively. As for body weight, 63.8% of the patients withrecurrence had a normal body mass index (BMI), and 23.2% of the patients were overweight; compared with body weight at the time ofthe first gallbladder surgery, a reduction in body weight was observed in 60.1% of the patients with recurrence, while an increase in bodyweight was observed in 22.9% of the patients with recurrence. There were significant differences between the male and female patientswith recurrence in age composition, ethnicity, the type of place of residence, comorbidities, smoking, drinking, BMI, and the changein body weight (all Plt;0.001). As for the type of stone recurrence, the ratio of multiple stones, solitary stones, and muddy stones was 74∶15∶11, and the stone size of lt;1 cm, 1-2 cm, and gt;2 cm accounted for about 40.5%, 48.8%, and 10.6%, respectively. As for thesurgical procedure, the patients undergoing laparotomy accounted for 66.1%, and those undergoing laparoscopy accounted for 33.9%.The patients with various types of dyslipidemia accounted for a percentage oflt;30%. There were significant differences between the maleand female patients with recurrence in the type of stones at initial onset, the type and size of stones, and surgical procedure (all Plt;0.001). Imaging data showed that 4 patients had an abnormal structure of the bile duct, manifesting as long and curve cystic ducts, and73.1% of the patients had common bile duct dilatation after surgery. The follow-up of dietary factors showed irregular diets in 55.8% of thepatients with recurrence. As for the dietary structure, meat and staple food accounted for 43.8% and 37.8%, respectively, which showed asex difference, with meat in male patients and staple food in female patients; 64.1% of the patients with recurrence had a high-salt andhigh-oil diet; 59.8% of the patients had changes in diet after the first surgery for stones, among whom 80% were able to have a regulardiet, and the patients with a regular diet accounted for 92%. Conclusion There is a relatively low recurrence rate of primary commonbile duct stones in this area, and there is no sex difference. The peak of recurrence is 10 years after surgery, and recurrence of stones ismainly observed in the population aged gt;60 years. The analysis of dietary and clinical features can help doctors and patients to furtherunderstand the characteristics of the recurrence of primary common bile duct stones and provide a basis for subsequent targeted prevention.
Key words: Cholecystectomy; Choledocholithiasis; Recurrence; Pathological Conditions, Signs and SymptomsResearch funding: Inner Mongolia Academy of Medical Sciences Public Hospital Research Joint Fund Project (2023GLLH0021);Science and Technology Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (2021GG0116); Natural Science Foundation Project of InnerMongolia Autonomous (2019MS08086)
膽石病是消化系統(tǒng)的常見病和多發(fā)病,主要包括發(fā)生在膽囊和膽管的結(jié)石。近年來其發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢,膽囊結(jié)石在成年人中的發(fā)病率為6%~10%,其中5%~15%的膽囊結(jié)石患者同時合并有膽總管結(jié)石[1-2] 。隨著“保膽”到“切膽”治療理念的轉(zhuǎn)變,膽囊切除目前是治療膽結(jié)石的首選方法[3] 。然而,膽囊切除后并非一勞永逸,術(shù)后意外遺留的結(jié)石是一種罕見但公認(rèn)的并發(fā)癥,研究者們一般將膽囊切除術(shù)后6個月內(nèi)再發(fā)的結(jié)石認(rèn)為是殘余結(jié)石[4-5] 。除殘余結(jié)石外,原發(fā)性膽總管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的問題更是困擾醫(yī)生和患者的難題之一。目前已有保膽取石、內(nèi)鏡逆行胰膽管造影(endoscopic retrogradecholangiopancreatography, ERCP)及 腹 腔 鏡 膽 囊 切 除(laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC)聯(lián)合腹腔鏡下膽總管探查(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration, LCBDE)術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的文獻(xiàn)報道,但因大多研究樣本量小,隨訪周期短、僅限于臨床資料等,研究結(jié)論有待進(jìn)一步統(tǒng)一和完善。鑒于此,本文收集并分析了近10年因膽石病行膽囊切除治療術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)患者的臨床相關(guān)資料,為識別結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)高風(fēng)險人群、及早預(yù)防提供依據(jù)。
1 資料與方法
1. 1 研究對象 回顧性收集內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院肝膽胰脾外科 2013 年 1 月—2023 年 12 月因膽石病行開腹、LC或 LC+LCBDE 患者的臨床資料。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)術(shù)后6個月及以上經(jīng)腹部超聲、CT或MRI證實結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)或術(shù)后病理提示結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)者;(2)相關(guān)及隨訪資料完整者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)ERCP或膽囊造瘺術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)者;(2)伴有相關(guān)嚴(yán)重肝膽疾病者,如原發(fā)性硬化性膽管炎、肝膽惡性腫瘤等;(3)有殘余結(jié)石者。
1. 2 研究內(nèi)容
1. 2. 1 一般資料 包括性別、年齡、民族、居住地類型(市區(qū)、縣城、村鎮(zhèn))、膽囊結(jié)石家族史、合并癥、吸煙、飲酒、身高、體質(zhì)量、身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index, BMI)、與第1次膽石病手術(shù)時相比較體質(zhì)量變化。
1. 2. 2 疾病資料 初次膽石病相關(guān)情況:手術(shù)時間、結(jié)石類別(單純膽囊結(jié)石、膽囊合并膽總管結(jié)石)、結(jié)石類型(單發(fā)、多發(fā)、泥沙樣)、結(jié)石大小(最大結(jié)石直徑)、手術(shù)方式(開腹或腹腔鏡)、血脂指標(biāo)[甘油三酯、總膽固醇、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)];復(fù)發(fā)情況:復(fù)發(fā)時間、復(fù)發(fā)結(jié)石類別(Ⅰ:膽囊殘端結(jié)石,Ⅱ:膽總管結(jié)石,Ⅲ:二者均有)。
1. 2. 3 影像學(xué)資料 觀察膽道結(jié)構(gòu)有無異常、術(shù)后膽總管有無擴(kuò)張。
1. 2. 4 膳食資料 平素飲食規(guī)律與否(不吃早餐、夜加餐、就餐時間不固定、規(guī)律)、飲食結(jié)構(gòu)(主食為主、肉類為主、均衡飲食、素食)、飲食習(xí)慣(高油高鹽、適中)、術(shù)后飲食有無改變(飲食變規(guī)律、調(diào)整飲食結(jié)構(gòu)、二者均改變)。
1. 2. 5 相關(guān)定義及分類 (1)殘余結(jié)石:膽囊切除術(shù)后6個月內(nèi)被再次確診為結(jié)石者。 (2)血脂指標(biāo):納入患者住院系統(tǒng)中入院時的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)。(3)多發(fā)結(jié)石:結(jié)石數(shù)量≥3枚。(4)膽總管擴(kuò)張:術(shù)后首次復(fù)查時膽總管最大直徑≥8 mm。(5)膳食相關(guān)因素調(diào)查:采用食物頻率回顧法,記錄被調(diào)查者過去至少1個月或平素絕大多數(shù)情況下的膳食相關(guān)情況。(6)飲食結(jié)構(gòu):在整個膳食模式中,哪類食物提供能量占總能量的50%左右,即定義為以該類食物為主[6] ;素食指不食畜禽肉、水產(chǎn)品等動物性食物,但食用從動物而來的蛋類和奶類,即蛋奶素。(7)飲食習(xí)慣:高鹽指家庭人均每日食鹽攝入量在6 g以上,高油指家庭人均每日食用油攝入量超過30 g。
1. 3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 21. 0統(tǒng)計軟件進(jìn)行分析。
計量資料用 x ˉ ±s表示,2組間比較采用成組t檢驗;計數(shù)資料 2 組間比較采用 χ 2 檢驗。Plt;0. 05 為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2. 1 結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)概況 共收集到23 730例患者臨床資料,其中結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)者345例,進(jìn)一步排除殘余結(jié)石者11例,最終納入原發(fā)性膽總管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)患者334例,復(fù)發(fā)率為1. 41%,復(fù)發(fā)年齡在30~90歲,平均(63±12)歲。術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)周期為1~42年,復(fù)發(fā)高峰在術(shù)后10年,不同復(fù)發(fā)周期的頻數(shù)分布見圖1。
334例結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)者中男性108例(32%)、女性226例(68%),男、女復(fù)發(fā)率分別為1. 42%和1. 40%,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0. 953)。男性復(fù)發(fā)年齡為30~87歲,復(fù)發(fā)周期為術(shù)后1~23年;女性復(fù)發(fā)年齡為32~90歲,復(fù)發(fā)周期術(shù)后為1~42年;男、女復(fù)發(fā)周期差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Plt;0. 001),復(fù)發(fā)年齡、復(fù)發(fā)結(jié)石類別差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P值均gt;0. 05)(表1)。
首次診斷為單純膽囊結(jié)石和膽囊合并膽總管結(jié)石者其術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)率分別為1. 23%(256/20 890)和2. 76%(78/2 829),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ 2 =42. 104,Plt;0. 001)。復(fù)發(fā)結(jié)石類別:膽囊殘端結(jié)石35例(10. 5%),膽總管結(jié)石263例(78. 7%),二者均有36例(10. 8%),以膽總管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)為主(表1)。
2. 2 臨床特征分析
進(jìn)一步對結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)者相關(guān)資料進(jìn)行回顧性收集及電話隨訪,失訪者33例,均為首次診斷為膽囊合并膽總管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)者,失訪率9. 8%,最終納入301例資料完整者數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析。
2. 2. 1 一般資料分析 年齡gt;60 歲者占總復(fù)發(fā)者的63. 8%,且男、女性均是該年齡段復(fù)發(fā)者占比最多。92%的復(fù)發(fā)者為漢族居民,居住在村鎮(zhèn)(41. 5%)和市區(qū)者(36. 5%)復(fù)發(fā)率較高。10% 的復(fù)發(fā)者有膽囊結(jié)石家族史。合并癥:高血壓57例,糖尿病20例,糖尿病合并高血壓17例,呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病15例。復(fù)發(fā)者中吸煙和飲酒的比例分別為 76. 7% 和 10. 3%。63. 8% 的復(fù)發(fā)者 BMI正常、23. 2%為超重,且距第1次膽囊切除手術(shù)時體質(zhì)量相比,約60%的復(fù)發(fā)者體質(zhì)量下降、23%有增加、17%保持穩(wěn)定(表2)。
2. 2. 2 疾病資料分析 301例復(fù)發(fā)者中初次結(jié)石種類為單純膽囊結(jié)石者256例(85%)、膽囊合并膽管結(jié)石45例(15%),男、女性均以單純膽囊結(jié)石為主;結(jié)石類型以多發(fā)結(jié)石為主(約74%);結(jié)石lt;1 cm者占比40. 5%,結(jié)石1~2 cm者占比48. 8%,結(jié)石gt;2 cm者占比10. 6%;手術(shù)方式為開腹和腹腔鏡的比例分別66. 1%和33. 9%;伴高膽固醇者16例、高甘油三酯58例,HDL和LDL水平異常者分別為83例和30例(表3)。
2. 2. 3 影像學(xué)資料分析 膽道結(jié)構(gòu)異常者僅4例,表現(xiàn)為膽囊管長而彎曲;術(shù)后有膽總管擴(kuò)張者220例(73. 1%)(表4)。
2. 3 膳食因素分析 55. 8%的患者平素存在飲食不規(guī)律,且以不吃早餐的形式占比最多(53. 0%),但不同性別分析:男性飲食不規(guī)律以夜加餐的比例最高,其次是不吃早餐,而女性以不吃早餐和就餐時間不固定為主要表現(xiàn)。約60%的患者第1次膽囊術(shù)后飲食有改變,其中80% 者能將飲食調(diào)整為規(guī)律(飲食規(guī)律者可提高至92%)、改變飲食結(jié)構(gòu)者占16. 1%,二者均能改變者僅占3. 9%。飲食結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),43. 8%的患者平素以肉類為主、37. 8%以主食為主,且體現(xiàn)出性別差異,男性以肉類為主占比最大(53. 6%),女性以主食為主占比最大(42. 6%),超60%的患者有高鹽高油的飲食習(xí)慣(表5)。
3 討論
隨著生活水平改善,膽石癥的發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢[7],且隨著腹腔鏡微創(chuàng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,LC已成為目前治療膽囊結(jié)石的首選方式,LC聯(lián)合LCBDE+T管引流術(shù)是治療膽囊結(jié)石伴膽總管結(jié)石的一種常用術(shù)式,然而,殘余小膽囊及殘余膽囊結(jié)石仍是二者術(shù)后常見的并發(fā)癥之一[8] 。據(jù)報道,國外腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)后殘余結(jié)石的發(fā)病率為0. 5%~2. 3%[9],國內(nèi)文獻(xiàn)報道的腹腔鏡手術(shù)后殘余結(jié)石的概率為0. 8%~1. 8%[10],其原因主要與膽管解剖變異、術(shù)中膽囊三角解剖困難以及操作者技術(shù)不熟練等相關(guān),膽囊切除術(shù)后膽總管殘余結(jié)石大多是因為術(shù)前漏診的繼發(fā)性膽總管結(jié)石,或術(shù)中操作使膽囊內(nèi)的小結(jié)石進(jìn)入膽總管內(nèi)所致[8] 。本研究中殘余結(jié)石的發(fā)病率為0. 05%,明顯低于相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報道,可能與初次膽囊結(jié)石時手術(shù)方式為開腹手術(shù)(66. 1%)的比例高有關(guān)。除殘余結(jié)石問題外,原發(fā)性膽總管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)是困擾醫(yī)患的另一難題,其不僅會給患者帶來再次手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷和經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),而且還可引起急性膽管炎、膽源性胰腺炎、重度梗阻性黃疸等嚴(yán)重疾病,尤其對年老體弱患者,可帶來嚴(yán)重不良后果[11] 。調(diào)查顯示膽總管取石術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)率為4%~25%[5] 。本研究中原發(fā)性膽總管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)率低于既往報道[12-14] ,可能與研究同時納入開腹和腹腔鏡兩種手術(shù)方式,本地區(qū)特殊的地理環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r,以及人們長期形成的飲食、生活習(xí)慣等有關(guān)。膽囊合并膽總管結(jié)石者術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)率約為單純膽囊結(jié)石者的 2. 3倍。既往研究也報道,與單純膽囊結(jié)石或膽管結(jié)石相比,膽囊結(jié)石合并膽總管結(jié)石發(fā)病機(jī)制、原因及病情更為復(fù)雜,且并發(fā)癥嚴(yán)重,治療難度大,術(shù)后更易復(fù)發(fā)[15-16] 。此外,再次復(fù)發(fā)的結(jié)石類別中膽總管結(jié)石約占78%,膽囊殘端結(jié)石占10%左右,因殘余小膽囊內(nèi)黏膜仍具有分泌功能,是膽囊繼發(fā)感染及結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的基礎(chǔ),也進(jìn)一步提示術(shù)者術(shù)中應(yīng)精細(xì)操作以避免殘余小膽囊及結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)。此外,本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)村鎮(zhèn)和市區(qū)居民的復(fù)發(fā)率較縣城居民高,可能與不同地域固有的生活節(jié)奏不同,進(jìn)而影響其形成不同的飲食習(xí)慣和飲食結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān)。男、女性結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)率最高的年齡階段均在61~70歲,其次為70歲以上,總體年齡gt;60歲者占總復(fù)發(fā)者的63. 8%,與既往報道[17-18] 的趨勢一致。
膽結(jié)石患者的家族遺傳特征顯著,但目前還未明確家族史是通過相似的生活、飲食習(xí)慣,還是通過基因遺傳因素或者兩者共同作用對膽結(jié)石的發(fā)病產(chǎn)生影響,今后還需進(jìn)一步探討其明確的作用機(jī)制[19] 。盡管有研究 [20] 報道膽總管結(jié)石相關(guān)的家族史也與結(jié)石的復(fù)發(fā)密切相關(guān),但本研究顯示,伴有膽囊結(jié)石家族史的復(fù)發(fā)者僅占總復(fù)發(fā)者的10%,期待未來更大規(guī)模的調(diào)查明確其關(guān)聯(lián)。本文中92%的復(fù)發(fā)者為漢族居民,主要與本地雖是內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū),但總體居住的漢族居民比例最高,以及蒙古族人群偏好選擇蒙醫(yī)醫(yī)院就診有關(guān)。血脂因素調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)HDL異常者在男、女性復(fù)發(fā)者中的比例最高,其次為甘油三酯異常。大多數(shù)(63. 8%)復(fù)發(fā)者的 BMI在正常范圍且第1次膽囊術(shù)后60. 1%的患者體質(zhì)量有下降,與平素的認(rèn)知可能存在差異。
關(guān)于原發(fā)性膽總管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)危險因素的報道主要集中在保膽取石、ERCP及LC+LCBDE術(shù)后。有文獻(xiàn)[1]報道,影響LC+LCBDE術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的因素包括先天解剖因素、結(jié)石相關(guān)因素和膽道相關(guān)因素等。先天解剖因素包括膽總管成角[21-22] 、膽囊管低位匯入 [23] 、壺腹周圍憩室[24] 。本研究對結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)者影像學(xué)資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),膽道結(jié)構(gòu)異常的患者僅為4例,主要表現(xiàn)為膽囊管長而彎曲,但未收集復(fù)發(fā)者膽總管成角、膽囊管低位匯入和壺腹周圍憩室等影像學(xué)資料,是本研究的局限性之一。
除了膽道自身的解剖因素外,初發(fā)結(jié)石的性質(zhì)、數(shù)量、位置、最大結(jié)石直徑也與復(fù)發(fā)息息相關(guān)。有文獻(xiàn)[25]報道,結(jié)石較大及數(shù)量較多時手術(shù)取石的時間會延長,從而使膽總管管壁的損傷以及膽總管發(fā)生炎癥的風(fēng)險增加,進(jìn)而影響結(jié)石的復(fù)發(fā)。分別有以膽總管結(jié)石數(shù)量≥2枚[26] 和≥10枚 [20] 為界值報道結(jié)石數(shù)量是影響結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)重要因素的文獻(xiàn)。結(jié)石數(shù)量多可能導(dǎo)致術(shù)中遺漏,引起繼發(fā)性結(jié)石的可能性大。本研究中初次結(jié)石為多發(fā)結(jié)石者占比74. 1%,且開腹和腔鏡手術(shù)均以多發(fā)結(jié)石占比最大,與文獻(xiàn)報道一致。在結(jié)石大小方面,有以膽總管結(jié)石最大直徑gt;9 mm[11] 、結(jié)石大小lt;8 mm [20] 等為分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),報道其是影響結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的重要因素。本研究中結(jié)石大小以最大直徑為1~2 cm者占比最多,其次為1 cm以下,關(guān)于結(jié)石大小的截斷值未來仍需更多、更大規(guī)模的研究進(jìn)一步分析。
大量的研究報道,膽總管直徑是結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的危險因素,但預(yù)測截斷值仍存在爭論。Park等[11]認(rèn)為膽總管直徑gt;10 mm是LCBDE術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的危險因素。另有研究[4,27-32] 則認(rèn)為,膽總管直徑gt;15 mm是ERCP術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的潛在預(yù)測因素。膽總管直徑gt;15 mm的患者結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險幾乎是直徑lt;10 mm患者的 4倍[33] ,且 Jeon等[34] 發(fā)現(xiàn),膽總管直徑在ERCP術(shù)后2周內(nèi)恢復(fù)的患者結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)率較低。因此,對于內(nèi)鏡取石后2周內(nèi)膽總管直徑尚未恢復(fù)的患者,應(yīng)行B超或MRCP監(jiān)測膽總管直徑的變化。本調(diào)查中第1次膽囊術(shù)后伴膽總管擴(kuò)張者占比73. 1%,提示其可能是影響結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的因素之一。
與結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān)的膳食因素研究中,王春艷等[35]對老年(≥60歲)膽囊結(jié)石患者術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后1年內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)組鹽類、油類、奶及奶制品、畜禽肉每日攝入量均明顯高于未復(fù)發(fā)組,而水產(chǎn)品、蔬菜類、水果類、谷薯類、水每日攝入量明顯低于未復(fù)發(fā)組。另有研究[36]表明,飲食結(jié)構(gòu)對結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)有一定影響,高膽固醇、高脂肪酸或高碳水化合物的飲食方式會顯著增加結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的發(fā)病風(fēng)險。Wu等[14] 回顧性分析了1 255例膽總管結(jié)石患者,指出術(shù)后高脂飲食、每周蔬菜攝入頻率lt;4次和飲酒是結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的獨立危險因素。本研究因考慮到具體食物種類攝入量可能存在的偏倚較大,故只從宏觀角度調(diào)查和分析了復(fù)發(fā)者的膳食因素特征,便于從總體把握認(rèn)識膳食因素與結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的聯(lián)系。臨床上普遍認(rèn)為飲食不規(guī)律,尤其是不吃早餐,以及典型的高熱量、高膽固醇、高脂肪酸或高碳水化合物的飲食會增加患膽結(jié)石的風(fēng)險[5,37-39]。近來也有飲食種類對膽總管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)影響的研究,但鮮見其他飲食因素與結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的相關(guān)研究。本研究通過對復(fù)發(fā)者膳食因素進(jìn)行隨訪調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),約56%的患者平素飲食不規(guī)律,不吃早餐是其主要形式。分性別發(fā)現(xiàn),男性飲食不規(guī)律以夜加餐的形式比例最高,其次為不吃早餐,可能與男性晚上社會應(yīng)酬較多有關(guān)。飲食結(jié)構(gòu)方面也體現(xiàn)出性別差異,男性以肉類為主者比例最高,而女性以主食為主者比例最高;有64%的患者有高鹽高油的飲食習(xí)慣,男性以肉食類攝入多、女性以食用油攝入多為特點,與內(nèi)蒙古地區(qū)特有的膳食喜好有關(guān)。約60%的復(fù)發(fā)者第1次手術(shù)后飲食方面會做出改變,其中 80% 能將飲食調(diào)整為規(guī)律,而改變飲食結(jié)構(gòu)者為16%。結(jié)合上述文獻(xiàn)可以推測,飲食結(jié)構(gòu)不合理可能是影響術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的重要因素,但本研究未行病例對照分析,尚無法統(tǒng)計飲食規(guī)律、飲食結(jié)構(gòu)等與結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)是否存在統(tǒng)計學(xué)關(guān)聯(lián),后期將進(jìn)一步納入對照人群分析。
綜上所述,內(nèi)蒙古地區(qū)原發(fā)性膽總管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)率較低,需重點關(guān)注年齡gt;60歲患者以及膳食因素、臨床特征與結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的關(guān)聯(lián)性,提示臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員開展針對性的手術(shù)改進(jìn)及健康宣教,以積極預(yù)防結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā),改善預(yù)后。
倫理學(xué)聲明: 本研究方案于2024年6月14日經(jīng)由內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院倫理委員會審批,批號:202406706L,患者均知情同意。
利益沖突聲明: 本文不存在任何利益沖突。
作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明: 蘆建慧設(shè)計課題思路,擬定論文框架,起草、撰寫并修改論文;李勇利負(fù)責(zé)數(shù)據(jù)收集,統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析、繪制圖表;郭瑞芳、薛榮泉負(fù)責(zé)課題思路設(shè)計,指導(dǎo)文章撰寫并最后定稿。
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收稿日期:2024-06-14;錄用日期:2024-07-31
本文編輯:劉曉紅