摘要: 目的 探討胸腺基質(zhì)淋巴細(xì)胞生成素(TSLP)在對(duì)乙酰氨基酚(APAP)誘導(dǎo)的急性肝損傷小鼠模型中的作用及其機(jī)制。方法 16只野生型(WT)雄性 C57BL/6J小鼠被隨機(jī)分為 2組,分別為 control組和 APAP 組,每組 8只;APAP 組按照400 mg/kg的劑量腹腔注射APAP溶液建模,control組注射等體積生理鹽水,6 h后進(jìn)行取材。全自動(dòng)化學(xué)分析儀檢測(cè)血清ALT 及 AST,實(shí)時(shí)定量 PCR 方法檢測(cè)肝組織炎癥因子 TNF-α 和 IL-6的 mRNA 表達(dá),試劑盒檢測(cè)肝組織勻漿中谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR、Western Blot方法檢測(cè)TSLP的轉(zhuǎn)錄和蛋白水平的表達(dá)。另取22只WT雄性C57BL/6J小鼠,隨機(jī)分為 3 組,分別為 control 組(n=8)、APAP 組(n=8)和 APAP+rTSLP 組(n=6),APAP+rTSLP 組先腹腔注射 rTSLP 溶液,同時(shí)control組、APAP組注射溶劑PBS;30 min后APAP+rTSLP組和APAP組注射APAP溶液,control組注射等體積生理鹽水。檢測(cè) 3 組小鼠血清 ALT 及 AST;通過(guò) HE 染色觀察小鼠肝臟的病理變化;試劑盒檢測(cè)肝組織勻漿中氧化應(yīng)激指標(biāo)丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平;Western Blot方法檢測(cè)自噬相關(guān)蛋白LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱ、Beclin1、P62,以及核因子E2相關(guān)因子2(Nrf2)、蛋白激酶B(Akt)、磷酸化-Akt (p-Akt)、哺乳動(dòng)物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)、磷酸化-mTOR(p-mTOR)等分子的蛋白表達(dá)。此外,取16只WT雄性C57BL/6J小鼠和16只沉默TSLP受體(TSLPR ?/? )小鼠,分為WT小鼠control組、WT小鼠APAP組、TSLPR ?/? 小鼠control組和TSLPR ?/? 小鼠APAP組,每組8只,WT小鼠APAP組和TSLPR ?/? 小鼠APAP組按照400 mg/kg的劑量腹腔注射APAP溶液建模,WT小鼠control組和TSLPR ?/? 小鼠control組注射等體積生理鹽水。檢測(cè)4組小鼠血清ALT、AST以及肝組織的MDA含量;Western Blot方法檢測(cè)LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱ、Akt、p-Akt的蛋白表達(dá)。計(jì)量資料兩組間比較采用成組t檢驗(yàn);多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,進(jìn)一步兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn)。結(jié)果 APAP誘導(dǎo)急性肝損傷小鼠建模成功后,肝臟TSLP的mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)水平較control組均升高(P值均lt;0. 01)。在應(yīng)用rTSLP的研究中,相比于control組,APAP組的ALT、AST明顯升高(P值均lt;0. 001),肝組織HE染色呈現(xiàn)沿中央靜脈放射狀壞死,氧化應(yīng)激指標(biāo)SOD、Nrf2蛋白表達(dá)下降,MDA水平上升(P值均lt;0. 01);而APAP+rTSLP組較APAP組,ALT、AST下降,肝組織壞死面積減小,SOD、Nrf2蛋白表達(dá)升高,MDA下降(P值均lt;0. 05);APAP+rTSLP組與control組相比,LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱ、Beclin1、P62、p-Akt、p-mTOR蛋白表達(dá)差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均lt;0. 01)。在應(yīng)用TSLPR ?/? 小鼠的研究中,建模后,TSLPR ?/? 小鼠相較于WT小鼠,ALT、AST、MDA升高,LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱ、p-Akt蛋白表達(dá)下降(P值均lt;0. 01)。結(jié)論 TSLP能夠增加自噬,降低氧化應(yīng)激,從而改善過(guò)量APAP引起的急性肝損傷,并且其作用機(jī)制可能與PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路的激活和mTOR的抑制有關(guān)。
關(guān)鍵詞: 胸腺基質(zhì)淋巴細(xì)胞生成素; 醋氨酚; 化學(xué)性與藥物性肝損傷; 小鼠, 近交C57BL
基金項(xiàng)目: 廣西壯族自治區(qū)教育廳自然科學(xué)研究項(xiàng)目(2023KY0117); 廣西自然科學(xué)基金(2015GXNSFAA139156)
Mechanism of action of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in a mouse model of acetaminophen-induced acute liver injuryCHEN Wenshang, YIN Mingjing, ZHU Jijin
Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, ChinaCorresponding author: ZHU Jijin, zhujijin63@vip.sina.com (ORCID: 0000-0001-6419-1350)
Abstract: Objective To investigate the role and mechanism of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in a mouse model ofacetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver injury. Methods A total of 16 wild-type (WT) male C57BL/6J mice were randomlydivided into control group and APAP group, with 8 mice in each group, and the mice in the APAP group were given intraperitonealinjection of APAP solution at a dose of 400 mg/kg to establish an animal model, while those in the control group were giveninjection of an equal volume of normal saline, with samples collected after 6 hours. An automatic chemical analyzer was used tomeasure the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST); quantitative real-time PCRwas used to measure the mRNA expression levels of the inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6(IL-6) in liver tissue; the kit was used to measure the content of glutathione (GSH) in liver tissue homogenate; quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot were used to measure the transcriptional level and protein expression level of TSLP. Furthermore, 22WT male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control group with 8 mice, APAP group with 8 mice, and APAP+recombination TSLP (rTSLP) group with 6 mice; the mice in the APAP+rTSLP group were given intraperitoneal injection of rTSLPsolution, while those in the control group and the APAP group were given injection of the solvent PBS; after 30 minutes, the micein the APAP+rTSLP group and the APAP group were given injection of APAP solution, while those in the control group were giveninjection of an equal volume of normal saline. The serum levels of ALT and AST were measured; HE staining was used to observethe pathological changes of the liver; kits were used to measure the levels of the oxidative stress indices malondialdehyde (MDA)and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver tissue homogenate; Western blot was used to measure the expression levels of theautophagy-related proteins LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱ, Beclin1, and P62 and the molecules such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2), protein kinase B (Akt), phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and phosphorylatedmTOR (p-mTOR). In addition, 16 WT male C57BL/6J mice and 16 TSLP receptor-silenced (TSLPR ?/? ) mice were divided intoWT mouse control group, WT mouse APAP group, TSLPR ?/? mouse control group, and TSLPR ?/? mouse APAP group, with 8 mice ineach group; the mice in the WT mouse APAP group and the TSLPR ?/? mouse APAP group were used for modeling by intraperitonealinjection of APAP solution at a dose of 400 mg/kg, and those in the WT mouse control group and the TSLPR ?/? mouse control groupwere given injection of an equal volume of normal saline. The serum levels of ALT and AST and the content of MDA in liver tissuewere measured for these four groups, and Western blot was used to measure the protein expression levels of LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱ, Akt, and p-Akt. The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups; a one-way analysis of variancewas used for comparison between multiple groups, and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparisonbetween two groups. Results After the mouse model of APAP-induced acute liver injury was established successfully, there weresignificant increases in the mRNA and protein expression levels of TSLP compared with the control group (both Plt;0.01). In thestudy of rTSLP, compared with the control group, the APAP group had significant increases in ALT and AST (both Plt;0.001) andradial necrosis along the central vein observed by HE staining of liver tissue, as well as significant reductions in the proteinexpression levels of the oxidative stress indices SOD and Nrf2 and a significant increase in the level of MDA (all Plt;0.01);compared with the APAP group, the APAP+rTSLP group had significant reductions in ALT and AST, a significant reduction innecrotic area of liver tissue, significant increases in the protein expression levels of SOD and Nrf2, and a significant reduction inMDA (all Plt;0.05); there were significant differences in the protein expression levels of LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱ, Beclin1, P62, p-Akt, and p-mTOR between the APAP+rTSLP group and the control group (all Plt;0.01). In the study of TSLPR -/- mice, compared with the WTmice after modeling, the TSLPR ?/? mice had significant increases in the levels of ALT, AST, and MDA and significant reductionsin the expression levels of LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱ and p-Akt (all Plt;0.05). Conclusion TSLP can increase autophagy, reduce oxidative stress,and thus improve acute liver injury induced by APAP overdose, possibly by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway andinhibiting mTOR.
Key words: Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin; Acetaminophen; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Mice, Inbred C57BLResearch funding: Natural Science Research Project of the Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(2023KY0117); Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province (2015GXNSFAA139156)
對(duì)乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen, APAP)是最常見(jiàn)的非處方解熱鎮(zhèn)痛藥物,然而,其過(guò)量使用是導(dǎo)致急性肝損傷和急性肝衰竭最重要的原因,尤其在西方國(guó)家[1-2] ,且尚無(wú)特異的治療手段。目前對(duì)于APAP誘導(dǎo)肝損傷的發(fā)病機(jī)制和治療的認(rèn)識(shí)有限[3-4] ,故進(jìn)一步探究新的分子機(jī)制和治療靶點(diǎn)尤為重要。胸腺基質(zhì)淋巴細(xì)胞生成素(thymic stromal lymphopoietin, TSLP)是一種由4條短鏈α螺旋束組成的Ⅰ型IL-2家族細(xì)胞因子,與IL-7具有同源性,其在免疫調(diào)節(jié)和促炎調(diào)節(jié)等方面具有重要作用[5] 。TSLP 通過(guò)結(jié)合由 IL-7 受體 α 鏈和 TSLP 受體(thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor, TSLPR)鏈組成的受體復(fù)合物促發(fā)下游信號(hào)[6]。研究[7]表明,TSLP在肝臟疾病中具有重要作用,包括良性肝病、肝腫瘤等。TSLP通過(guò)PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路保護(hù)肝臟缺血再灌注損傷,其機(jī)制是TSLP促進(jìn)自噬的激活[8] ;自噬在APAP誘導(dǎo)的肝損傷中可清除APAP代謝過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的中間毒性產(chǎn)物和受損的細(xì)胞器,從而起到保護(hù)作用[9]。然而,TSLP在APAP引起的肝毒性中的作用機(jī)制目前尚不明確。因此,本研究旨在探究TSLP在APAP誘導(dǎo)的急性肝損傷中的作用及其機(jī)制,希望能夠?yàn)槲磥?lái)的臨床診療提供新的靶點(diǎn)。
1 材料與方法
1. 1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物 54只野生型(WT)雄性C57BL/6J小鼠分別購(gòu)于長(zhǎng)沙天勤生物公司[動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)許可證編號(hào):SCKX(湘)2019-0014]和北京維通利華實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物技術(shù)有限公司[動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)許可證編號(hào):SCXK(京)2016-0006]。16只TSLPR基因全敲除(TSLPR ?/? )雄性C57BL/6J小鼠購(gòu)于賽業(yè)(蘇州)生物科技有限公司[動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)許可證編號(hào):SCXK(蘇)2020-0006],用于實(shí)驗(yàn)的小鼠均為純合子雌、雄小鼠繁殖得到的8~10周齡1代小鼠。全部小鼠被飼養(yǎng)于廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心[動(dòng)物使用許可證編號(hào):SYXK(桂)2020-0004]。所有小鼠在進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)操作前需提前一天禁食過(guò)夜(16 h)。
1. 2 主要藥品和試劑 APAP購(gòu)于美國(guó)MedChemexpress生物科技公司。外源重組小鼠 TSLP(recombinationmouse TSLP, rTSLP)蛋白購(gòu)于美國(guó) Ramp;D Systems 公司(貨號(hào)555-TS-101)。一抗:TSLP(貨號(hào)PA5-20321)購(gòu)于美國(guó) Invitrogen 公司;GAPDH(貨號(hào) GB11002)、β-actin(貨號(hào)GB11001)和P62(貨號(hào)GB11239)購(gòu)于武漢賽維爾生物科技有限公司;LC3(貨號(hào)WL01506)、Beclin1(貨號(hào)WL02508)、Akt(貨號(hào) WL0003b)、p-Akt(磷酸化 Akt,Ser473)(貨號(hào) WLP001a)、哺乳動(dòng)物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR)(貨號(hào) WL02477)、p-mTOR(磷酸化 mTOR,Ser2448)(貨號(hào) WL03694)購(gòu)于沈陽(yáng)萬(wàn)類生物科技有限公司;核因子 E2 相關(guān)因子 2(nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2)(貨 號(hào)D221053)購(gòu)于上海生工生物工程公司。山羊抗兔二抗(貨號(hào)ab6702)購(gòu)于英國(guó)Abcam公司。超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)(貨號(hào)A001-3-2)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)(貨號(hào)A006-2-1)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)(貨號(hào)A003-1-2)檢測(cè)試劑盒均訂購(gòu)于南京建成生物工程研究所。
1. 3 動(dòng)物分組與處理
1. 3. 1 驗(yàn)證小鼠肝組織 TSLP表達(dá) 采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法,將16只WT小鼠隨機(jī)分為control組和APAP組,每組8只。APAP組小鼠腹腔注射以生理鹽水為溶劑的APAP溶液,劑量為400 mg/kg;control組小鼠則注射等體積生理鹽水。
1. 3. 2 分析 TSLP 的功能 實(shí)驗(yàn)分為兩部分。第一部分:采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法,將22只WT小鼠隨機(jī)分為3組,分別為control組、APAP組和APAP+rTSLP組,其中control組和APAP組各8只小鼠,APAP+rTSLP組6只小鼠。APAP+rTSLP 組小鼠先腹腔注射無(wú)菌 PBS 溶解的 rTSLP 溶液(2 μg/只),而 control組和 APAP組注射 PBS;30 min后,APAP+rTSLP 組和 APAP 組注射 400 mg/kg 劑量的 APAP溶液,control組小鼠則注射等體積生理鹽水。第二部分:采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法,將16只WT小鼠和16只TSLPR ?/? 小鼠分為 4 組,分別為 WT 小鼠 control 組、WT 小鼠 APAP組、TSLPR ?/? 小鼠control組和TSLPR ?/? 小鼠APAP組,每組8只。WT小鼠APAP組和TSLPR ?/? 小鼠APAP組按照400 mg/kg劑量腹腔注射APAP溶液,WT小鼠control組和 TSLPR ?/? 小鼠 control組則注射等體積生理鹽水。以上所有小鼠應(yīng)用APAP或生理鹽水6 h后,在麻醉下被解剖胸腹腔,用心臟采血法采集血液后收集肝臟。
1. 4 血清樣本 采集的小鼠血液靜置離心后提取血清,在本院檢驗(yàn)科通過(guò)全自動(dòng)化學(xué)分析儀檢測(cè)小鼠血清ALT、AST水平。
1. 5 肝組織病理學(xué) 留取部分新鮮肝組織并用含4%多聚甲醛的固定液浸泡過(guò)夜,用于 HE染色,經(jīng)乙醇脫水、二甲苯透明、石蠟包埋、切片(片厚5 μm)。常規(guī)HE染色、中性樹膠封片后,光鏡下觀察肝組織的病理表現(xiàn)。應(yīng)用Image J軟件量化肝組織的壞死面積。
1. 6 實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR 采用Trizol法提取RNA,將所有提取的RNA樣品濃度定量在1 000 ng/μL,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA,之后進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增反應(yīng),選取 GAPDH 作為內(nèi)參基因,通過(guò)2 ???Ct 方法計(jì)算相應(yīng)基因的相對(duì)表達(dá)水平。相關(guān)引物信息見(jiàn)表1。
1. 7 Western Blot檢測(cè) 利用PIRA組織裂解液提取肝組織總蛋白,采用BCA法測(cè)定蛋白水平。每個(gè)樣本分別取50 μg蛋白,用12%聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳,然后轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF膜。用5%脫脂牛奶室溫下封閉PVDF膜1 h,然后分別置于相應(yīng)的一抗溶液中,4 ℃下孵育過(guò)夜。所有抗體稀釋濃度均為1∶1 000。次日,TBST緩沖液洗膜5次后,將膜置于辣根過(guò)氧化物酶結(jié)合的二抗中,室溫下孵育1 h。采用化學(xué)發(fā)光凝膠成像系統(tǒng)(美國(guó)ProteinSimple公司)掃描,然后應(yīng)用Image J軟件評(píng)估和量化蛋白條帶。
1. 8 氧化應(yīng)激相關(guān)指標(biāo)的檢測(cè) 按照說(shuō)明書操作,使用相應(yīng)的試劑盒檢測(cè)小鼠肝組織中 GSH、MDA、SOD水平。
1. 9 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用 GraphPad Prism 9. 0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。計(jì)量資料以 x ˉ ±s表示,兩組間比較采用成組t檢驗(yàn);多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,進(jìn)一步兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn)。Plt;0. 05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2. 1 過(guò)量APAP對(duì)小鼠肝功能、肝臟炎癥及TSLP表達(dá)的影響 分組方法如1. 3. 1節(jié)所述。與control組相比,APAP組肝損傷標(biāo)志物血清 ALT、AST和肝組織炎癥因子IL-6、TNF-α的表達(dá)明顯升高,而肝組織GSH含量明顯降低(P值均lt;0. 001);在建模成功的基礎(chǔ)上,小鼠肝組織的TSLP蛋白和mRNA表達(dá)較control組顯著升高(P值均lt;0. 01)(圖1)。
2. 2 rTSLP對(duì) APAP 作用小鼠的血清肝酶和肝組織病理的影響 分組方法如 1. 3. 2 節(jié)第一部分實(shí)驗(yàn)所述。
APAP 組血清 ALT、AST 較 control 組升高,APAP+rTSLP組血清ALT、AST較APAP組降低,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均lt;0. 05)(圖2a、b)。在過(guò)量APAP的作用下,小鼠肝組織HE染色表現(xiàn)為沿著中央靜脈放射狀壞死,而在應(yīng)用APAP前給予rTSLP能夠明顯改善上述病理?yè)p傷(Plt;0. 01)(圖2c)。
2. 3 rTSLP對(duì)小鼠肝臟氧化應(yīng)激的影響 分組方法如1. 3. 2節(jié)第一部分實(shí)驗(yàn)所述。相比于control組,APAP組小鼠肝臟MDA水平升高,SOD和Nrf2水平下降;與APAP組比較,APAP+rTSLP 組 MDA水平降低,SOD和 Nrf2水平上升,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均lt;0. 05)(圖3)。
2. 4 rTSLP對(duì)小鼠自噬發(fā)生的影響 分組方法如1. 3. 2節(jié)第一部分實(shí)驗(yàn)所述。LC3 Ⅰ/Ⅱ、Beclin1、P62是表明自噬發(fā)生的重要蛋白。APAP+rTSLP 組與 control 組相比,LC3 Ⅰ/Ⅱ、Beclin1、P62的表達(dá)差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均lt;0. 01)(圖4)。
2. 5 rTSLP對(duì)小鼠肝臟PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路和mTOR信號(hào)通路活化的影響 分組方法如 1. 3. 2 節(jié)第一部分實(shí)驗(yàn)所述。APAP+rTSLP 組與 control 組相比,p-Akt/Akt 和 p-mTOR/mTOR差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均lt;0. 01)(圖5)。
2. 6 TSLPR ?/? 小鼠與WT小鼠建模后的比較 分組方法如1. 3. 2節(jié)第二部分實(shí)驗(yàn)所述。相比于WT小鼠APAP組,TSLPR -/- 小鼠APAP組ALT、AST、MDA水平均明顯升高,自噬蛋白LC3 Ⅰ/Ⅱ表達(dá)顯著降低(P值均lt;0. 01);就PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路而言,Akt活化程度更低(Plt;0. 01)(圖6)。
3 討論
TSLP主要由上皮細(xì)胞分泌,其在炎癥、自身免疫性疾病、腫瘤中具有非常重要的作用。雖然TSLP是過(guò)敏性因子,但有研究[10] 發(fā)現(xiàn),TSLP在許多非過(guò)敏性疾病的病理生理過(guò)程中亦發(fā)揮了作用。
TSLP在肝臟中表達(dá)豐富,尤其是肝細(xì)胞,在HCV感染導(dǎo)致慢性丙型肝炎伴冷球蛋白血癥患者的肝臟中,TSLP由肝細(xì)胞和角質(zhì)細(xì)胞分泌,并且其促進(jìn)疾病的進(jìn)展[11] 。Li等 [8] 對(duì)TSLP在肝臟缺血再灌注損傷中的作用進(jìn)行了研究,初步檢測(cè)到rTSLP的應(yīng)用可能會(huì)降低APAP誘導(dǎo)急性肝損傷小鼠的血清ALT水平,但其作用機(jī)制尚未得知。刀豆球蛋白 A(Concanavalin A, ConA)也是一種常見(jiàn)的導(dǎo)致肝損傷的藥物,在其誘導(dǎo)的肝損傷中,TSLP/TSLPR信號(hào)可加重肝毒性[12]。ConA與APAP誘導(dǎo)的肝損傷均為藥物誘導(dǎo)的肝臟無(wú)菌性炎癥,但TSLP在兩者中所起的作用卻截然相反,為此,本研究對(duì)TSLP在APAP 引起的肝毒性中的作用予以進(jìn)一步探討。在ConA誘導(dǎo)的肝損傷中,TSLP和IL-4在肝臟可能相互作用形成前饋的炎性級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),從而促進(jìn)嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞在肝臟的分布,并且TSLP通過(guò)作用于不同亞型的粒細(xì)胞促進(jìn)輔助性T淋巴細(xì)胞2應(yīng)答而調(diào)節(jié)肝損傷[12] 。TSLP在過(guò)量APAP誘導(dǎo)的肝損傷小鼠中起到保護(hù)作用,主要是因?yàn)?TSLP 對(duì)自噬的進(jìn)一步誘導(dǎo)。氧化應(yīng)激損傷是APAP肝毒性的中心機(jī)制,而自噬在APAP誘導(dǎo)的急性肝損傷中作為保護(hù)機(jī)制,可清除細(xì)胞內(nèi)受損的細(xì)胞器和導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞損傷的有害物質(zhì),從而改善細(xì)胞組織的氧化應(yīng)激程度,保護(hù)肝臟免受APAP引起的氧化應(yīng)激損傷[13]。
Nrf2是機(jī)體重要的抗氧化保護(hù)機(jī)制分子,參與藥物代謝解毒[14] 。在過(guò)量APAP導(dǎo)致的肝損傷中,Nrf2有助于降低 APAP 代謝過(guò)程的高反應(yīng)性中間代謝物的毒性[15-16] ,因此能夠活化Nrf2的激動(dòng)劑,這也許會(huì)成為保護(hù)肝細(xì)胞免受 APAP損傷的潛在靶點(diǎn)[17] 。Nrf2為轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,其下游包括醌氧化還原酶1、血紅素加氧酶1等,因此這些分子組成也被稱為Nrf2抗氧化應(yīng)答元件[18] 。在本研究中,rTSLP蛋白能夠提升應(yīng)用過(guò)量 APAP注射的小鼠肝組織 Nrf2 的表達(dá),改善氧化應(yīng)激程度,因此rTSLP可提升APAP誘導(dǎo)的急性肝損傷小鼠模型的抗氧化能力。
mTOR蛋白是磷酸肌醇3激酶相關(guān)激酶家族的一個(gè)進(jìn)化保守的絲氨酸/蘇氨酸(Ser/Thr)激酶,其包括兩個(gè)不同的信號(hào)復(fù)合物,即mTOR復(fù)合物(mTORC)1和mTORC2,mTOR通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)自噬相關(guān)蛋白和溶酶體生物合成,在自噬過(guò)程中發(fā)揮負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)作用[19] 。本研究結(jié)果亦顯示,APAP+rTSLP組的自噬發(fā)生相較于control組明顯增加,而p-mTOR的表達(dá)降低。
TSLP能夠誘導(dǎo)Akt磷酸化而影響細(xì)胞凋亡、增殖、生長(zhǎng)和生存。PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路在APAP誘導(dǎo)的肝損傷中是一種保護(hù)性的信號(hào)通路[20] 。有研究 [8] 證明,TSLP能磷酸化活化Akt,與自噬的誘導(dǎo)相關(guān)。本研究顯示,在過(guò)量APAP誘導(dǎo)的肝毒性中,就PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路而言,腹腔注射rTSLP蛋白的小鼠肝組織自噬發(fā)生和p-Akt表達(dá)較APAP小鼠有升高趨勢(shì);沉默了TSLPR基因的小鼠相較于 WT小鼠而言,在建模后肝組織的 p-Akt表達(dá)下調(diào),此時(shí),表征自噬發(fā)生的蛋白LC3 Ⅰ/Ⅱ水平亦降低。
然而,PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路和mTOR信號(hào)通路在APAP肝損傷中的關(guān)系還有待進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。已有多項(xiàng)研究[21-22]表明,PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路活化時(shí)能夠促進(jìn)mTOR的磷酸化,PI3K/Akt信號(hào)磷酸化增強(qiáng)時(shí),能夠使mTOR的磷酸化水平升高,自噬發(fā)生水平下降,而本研究表明,APAP+rTSLP組小鼠肝臟中自噬發(fā)生較control組增加,同時(shí)p-Akt表達(dá)升高,而p-mTOR的表達(dá)降低,這與之前的研究不一致。因此,在過(guò)量APAP誘導(dǎo)的急性肝損傷小鼠中,PI3K/Akt對(duì)于mTOR的作用可能不是主要的,并不能影響自噬的發(fā)生,該信號(hào)通路可能有其他作用機(jī)制,例如增加重要的抗氧化因子Nrf2的表達(dá)[23],其中的機(jī)制還有待進(jìn)一步探究。
綜上所述,本研究通過(guò)小鼠在體實(shí)驗(yàn)表明TSLP能夠增加自噬,降低氧化應(yīng)激,從而改善過(guò)量APAP引起的急性肝損傷,并且其作用機(jī)制可能與PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路的激活和mTOR的抑制相關(guān),為進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)APAP誘導(dǎo)肝損傷的診療靶點(diǎn)提供了理論基礎(chǔ),也擴(kuò)展了關(guān)于TSLP在肝臟無(wú)菌性炎癥領(lǐng)域的認(rèn)識(shí)。
倫理學(xué)聲明: 本研究方案于2021年2月1日經(jīng)由廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物倫理委員會(huì)審批,批號(hào):202005022,符合實(shí)驗(yàn)室動(dòng)物管理與使用準(zhǔn)則。
利益沖突聲明: 本文不存在任何利益沖突。
作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明: 陳文賞負(fù)責(zé)課題設(shè)計(jì),資料分析,撰寫論文;尹明景參與收集數(shù)據(jù),修改論文;朱繼金負(fù)責(zé)擬定寫作思路,指導(dǎo)撰寫文章并最后定稿。
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收稿日期:2024-05-23;錄用日期:2024-08-14
本文編輯:葛俊