[摘 要]目的 分析妊娠合并甲狀腺功能異常孕婦其子代甲功及甲功五項變化,為臨床應用提供依據。方法 選擇2020年1月至2022年6月在我院收治的100例甲狀腺功能異常孕婦作為研究對象,根據診斷結果進一步分為甲減組(n=50)和甲亢組(n=50),同期選擇50例正常妊娠的健康孕婦作為對照組;所有孕婦在妊娠12周及妊娠24周孕檢時采集空腹靜脈血,檢測受試者血中血清游離三碘甲狀腺原氨酸(FT3)、血清游離甲狀腺素(FT4)、促甲狀腺激素(TSH)、三碘甲狀原氨酸(T3)、甲狀腺素(T4)水平;分娩后6周及12周時采集幼兒空腹靜脈血,檢測FT3、FT4、TSH、T3、T4水平;采用Spearman相關性分析母親甲狀腺功能狀況與其子代甲功變化及甲功五項的相關性。結果 甲亢組、甲減組和對照組的孕婦在妊娠24周時FT3、FT4、TSH、T3、T4水平與妊娠12周相比存在顯著差異(Plt;0.05);甲亢組在妊娠24周時FT3、FT4、T3、T4水平最高,TSH水平最低,甲減組在妊娠24周時FT3、FT4、T3、T4水平最低,TSH水平最高;甲減組孕婦其子代在出生后6周和12周時出現甲狀腺功能減退的人數占比分別為34.0%、38.0%;甲亢組、甲減組的子代在產后12周FT3、FT4、TSH、T3、T4水平與產后12周時對照組的子代相比存在顯著差異(Plt;0.05),甲亢組的子代在產后12周時FT3、FT4、T3、T4水平最高,TSH水平最低,甲減組的子代在產后12周時FT3、FT4、T3、T4水平最低,TSH水平最高;孕婦甲狀腺功能狀況與子代甲狀腺功能狀況呈顯著正相關關系(r=0.703,Plt;0.05);孕婦甲狀腺功能狀況與其子代的FT3、FT4、T3、T4水平呈顯著正相關關系(r值分別為0.765、0.694、0.685、0.727),與TSH水平呈顯著負相關關系(r=-0.703),且差異均存在統(tǒng)計學意義(Plt;0.05)。結論 孕婦甲狀腺功能狀態(tài)與其子代甲功變化及甲功五項存在顯著性相關關系,尤其是妊娠期甲減孕婦,應對其進行及時干預治療并密切關注子代甲狀腺功能狀況,防止對嬰兒發(fā)育和智力產生不良影響。
[關鍵詞]甲亢;甲減;妊娠;嬰兒;甲狀腺功能;甲功五項
Doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5293.2025.01.011
[中圖分類號]R172 [文獻標識碼]A
[文章編號]1673-5293(2025)01-0064-05
Evaluation of thyroid function of offspring in pregnant women with thyroid dysfunction
LI Hui1,YU Xiaoqing1,LIU Zuoxia2
(1.Department of Pediatrics;2.Department of Laboratory,Daxing District
People’s Hospital of Beijing,Beijing 102600,China)
[Abstract] Objective To observe and analyze changes in thyroid function status and five items of thyroid function of offspring of pregnant women with thyroid dysfunction,so as to provide a basis for clinical practice. Methods 100 pregnant women with abnormal thyroid function who admitted to our hospital from January 2020 to June 2022 were selected as research subjects,and all pregnant women were divided into hypothyroidism group and hyperthyroidism group according to thyroid function of the pregnant woman (n=50 in each group).Other 50 healthy pregnant women with normal thyroid function were as the control group.Fasting venous blood was collected for all pregnant women at 12 weeks and 24 weeks of gestation (G12 and G24),and serum levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3),free tetraidothyronine (FT4),thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraidothyronine (T4) of them were detected.At 6 months and 12 months after birth,the fasting venous blood of the infants was collected,and the serum levels of FT3,FT4,TSH,T3 and T4 were detected also.Spearman correlation was used to analyze correlations of maternal thyroid function statuses with changes in thyroid function status and five items of thyroid function of the offspring. Results At G24,the serum levels of FT3,FT4,TSH,T3 and T4 of the pregnant women in the hyperthyroidism group,the hypothyroidism group and the control group were all significantly different from those at G12,and the differences were statistically significant (all Plt;0.05).In the hyperthyroid group,the serum FT3,FT4,TSH,T3 and T4 levels of the pregnant women were the highest and the TSH level was the lowest at G24,while in the hypothyroidism group,the serum FT3,FT4,T3 and T4 levels were the lowest and the TSH level was the highest at G24.And in the hypothyroidism group,the proportions of hypothyroidism in the offspring at 6 weeks and 12 months after birth were 34% and 38% respectively.At 12 weeks after birth,the serum levels of FT3,FT4,T3 and T4 of the infants in the hyperthyroidism group and the hypothyroidism group were different from those of the infants in the control group (all Plt;0.05).The serum levels of FT3,FT4,TSH,T3 and T4 of the offspring in the hyperthyroidism group and the hypothyroidism group were significantly different from those of the offspring in the control group at 12 weeks after birth (all Plt;0.05):the serum levels of FT3,FT4,T3 and T4 of the offspring in the hyperthyroidism group were the highest and the TSH level was the lowest at 12 weeks after birth,while in the hypothyroidism group,the serum levels of FT3,FT4,T3 and T4 of the offspring were the lowest and the TSH level was the highest at 12 weeks after birth.The maternal thyroid function status was significantly positively correlated with her offspring’s thyroid function status (r=0.703,Plt;0.05),and the thyroid function statuses of the pregnant women were significantly positively correlated with serum levels of FT3,FT4,T3 and T4 of their offspring (r=0.765,0.694,0.685 and 0.727 respectively),while the maternal serum TSH level was negatively correlated with that of their offspring (r=-0.703),and the differences were all statistically significant (all Plt;0.05). Conclusion There are significant correlations between the maternal thyroid function statuses and their offspring’s changes in thyroid function and the five items of thyroid function.Especially for those pregnant women with hypothyroidism,timely interventions and treatment should be given,and the thyroid function statuses of their offspring should be focused closely,in order to prevent from adverse effects of maternal hypothyroidism on physical development and intellectual development of their offspring.
[Key words] hyperthyroidism;hypothyroidism;pregnancy;infant;thyroid function;five items of thyroid function
妊娠合并甲狀腺功能異常指孕期孕婦出現甲狀腺功能異常,包括甲狀腺功能亢進和甲狀腺功能減退[1]。甲狀腺功能亢進(甲亢)指甲狀腺分泌過多的甲狀腺激素,導致身體新陳代謝過快[2]。妊娠期發(fā)生甲亢可能會增加胎兒早產、低出生體重的風險,還可能增加孕婦患高血壓、心血管疾病、產后出血等并發(fā)癥的概率[3]。甲狀腺功能減退(甲減)指甲狀腺分泌的甲狀腺激素不足,導致身體新陳代謝減慢[4]。妊娠期間發(fā)生甲抗可能會影響胎兒智力發(fā)育,增加早產、低出生體重、胎兒死亡的風險,還可能引發(fā)妊娠期高血壓、貧血、子癇前期、胎盤剝離等并發(fā)癥[4]。目前妊娠合并甲狀腺功能異?;颊咂渥哟募坠凹坠ξ屙椬兓陨儆醒芯浚虼?,本研究旨在分析妊娠合并甲狀腺功能異常產婦其子代甲功及甲功五項變化,為臨床應用提供依據。
1資料與方法
1.1研究對象
選擇2020年1月至2022年6月在我院收治的100例甲狀腺功能異常孕婦作為研究對象,檢測孕婦血中促甲狀腺激素(TSH)、血清游離甲狀腺素(FT4)、甲狀腺過氧化物酶抗體(TPOAb)水平,并依據《妊娠和產后甲狀腺疾病診治指南(第2版)》[5]將上述研究對象根據甲狀腺功能異常情況分為甲減組(n=50)和甲亢組(n=50),同期選擇50例正常妊娠的健康孕婦作為對照組。
1.2納排標準
納入標準:①患者經檢查確診為甲狀腺功能異常;②受試者在我院完成妊娠周期的隨訪和分娩;③孕前12周未服用胺碘酮;④所有研究對象的監(jiān)護人均知情同意自愿參與研究。排除標準:①合并疑似甲狀腺癌的甲狀腺結節(jié);②合并結締組織病變;③合并其他自身免疫疾??;④臨床資料缺失或主動申請退出本研究。本研究已經我院倫理委員會審議并批準。
1.3檢測方法
所有受試孕婦在妊娠12周(G12)和24周(G24)孕檢時采集空腹靜脈血,檢測受試者血中血清游離三碘甲狀腺原氨酸(FT3)、FT4、TSH、三碘甲狀原氨酸(T3)、甲狀腺素(T4)水平,并對甲狀腺功能異常孕婦依照指南標準[5]進行對癥治療和干預。對受試者進行隨訪,并在分娩后的6周和12周時采集幼兒的空腹靜脈血,檢測FT3、FT4、TSH、T3、T4水平,并分析幼兒的甲狀腺功能,將幼兒依照標準[6]分為甲狀腺功能減退者、健康查體者。
1.4統(tǒng)計學方法
應用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計分析,計量資料以x-±s表示,行t檢驗,計數資料以n(%)表示,行χ2分析。采用Spearman相關性分析母親甲狀腺功能狀況與其子代甲功變化及甲功五項的相關性。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2結果
2.1孕婦甲狀腺功能指標檢測結果比較
甲亢組、甲減組和對照組的孕婦在G24時FT3、FT4、TSH、T3、T4水平與G12相比存在顯著差異(Plt;0.05);甲亢組、甲減組的孕婦在G24時FT3、FT4、TSH、T3、T4水平與G24時的對照組孕婦相比存在顯著差異(Plt;0.05);甲亢組孕婦在G24時FT3、FT4、TSH、T3、T4水平與G24時的甲減組孕婦相比存在顯著差異(Plt;0.05)。甲亢組在G24時FT3、FT4、T3、T4水平最高,TSH水平最低,甲減組在G24時FT3、FT4、T3、T4水平最低,TSH水平最高,詳見表1。
2.2各組孕婦子代甲狀腺功能檢測結果比較
甲減組孕婦經產后隨訪發(fā)現,子代在出生后6周和12周時出現甲狀腺功能減退的人數占比分別為34.0%、38.0%,詳見表2。
2.3各組子代甲狀腺功能指標檢測結果比較比較
甲亢組、甲減組和對照組的子代在產后12周時FT3、FT4、TSH、T3、T4水平與產后6周時相比存在顯著差異(Plt;0.05);甲亢組、甲減組的子代在產后12周FT3、FT4、TSH、T3、T4水平與產后12周時對照組的子代相比存在顯著差異(Plt;0.05);甲亢組的子代在產后12周時FT3、FT4、TSH、T3、T4水平與產后12周時甲減組的子代相比存在顯著差異(Plt;0.05)。甲亢組的子代在產后12周時FT3、FT4、T3、T4水平最高,TSH水平最低,甲減組的子代在產后12周時FT3、FT4、T3、T4水平最低,TSH水平最高,詳見表3。
2.4孕婦甲狀腺功能狀況與其子代甲功變化的相關性
研究結果顯示,孕婦甲狀腺功能狀況與子代甲狀腺功能狀況呈顯著正相關關系,相關系數r=0.703,P=0.013。
2.5孕婦甲狀腺功能狀況與其子代甲功五項的相關性
本組研究結果顯示,孕婦甲狀腺功能狀況與其子代的FT3、FT4、T3、T4水平呈顯著正相關關系,與TSH水平呈顯著負相關關系,且差異存在統(tǒng)計學意義(Plt;0.05),詳見表4。
3討論
3.1妊娠合并甲狀腺功能異常與嬰幼兒甲狀腺功能異常分析
妊娠合并甲狀腺功能異常指在孕期,孕婦患有甲狀腺功能異常,包括甲亢和甲減[7]。甲亢可能增加孕婦患高血壓、心血管疾病、產后出血等并發(fā)癥風險,甲減可能導致孕期貧血、子癇前期、胎盤早剝等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[7]。此外,甲狀腺功能異常還可能增加孕婦患產后抑郁癥的風險[8]。對于妊娠期出現甲狀腺功能異常的孕婦,應及早進行甲狀腺功能檢查,包括血清甲狀腺激素水平和抗甲狀腺抗體的檢測。臨床中,對甲亢或甲減合并妊娠患者進行干預時,需建立一個綜合治療團隊,包括內分泌學專家、產科醫(yī)生和其他相關專家,以確保母兒得到全面管理及照顧[9]。治療方案根據孕婦具體情況制定,包括孕婦甲狀腺功能異常的類型、病情嚴重程度、孕周及胎兒情況等[10]。
嬰幼兒甲狀腺功能異常指出生后嬰兒甲狀腺功能異常,其中最常見的是嬰幼兒甲減[11]。甲狀腺激素對嬰兒神經系統(tǒng)發(fā)育至關重要,嬰幼兒甲減可能導致嬰兒智力發(fā)育受損,包括認知能力、言語和運動技能的延遲[12]。甲狀腺激素在嬰兒體內調節(jié)能量代謝和骨骼發(fā)育,嬰幼兒甲減可能導致嬰兒生長緩慢、肌肉松弛、骨骼畸形,還可能影響心臟功能,引起心律不齊和心臟結構異常[13]。早發(fā)現、早治療嬰幼兒甲減對嬰兒發(fā)展至關重要,通過及時糾正甲狀腺激素不足以減少或避免智力發(fā)育障礙和身體發(fā)育障礙發(fā)生,提高生活質量[14-15]。
3.2妊娠合并甲狀腺功能異常與子代甲功五項之間的相關性
在妊娠期間,母體與胎兒之間存在密切的甲狀腺激素交流[16]。甲功五項,包括T4、FT4、T3、FT3、TSH,可反映甲狀腺功能狀態(tài),在妊娠期上述指標會受多種因素影響,包括孕周的變化與孕婦體內的激素水平變化[17]。妊娠期甲亢孕婦,其甲狀腺激素水平升高可能導致胎兒在子宮內受到高甲狀腺激素刺激,對胎兒的甲狀腺功能產生抑制作用[18]。因此,出生后,嬰幼兒的甲功五項可能呈現異常模式:FT4和FT3水平可能升高,TSH水平通常較低。上述異常通常在幾周內自行恢復正常,對嬰兒的健康影響較小[19]。對于妊娠期甲減孕婦,胎兒受甲狀腺激素不足影響,導致嬰幼兒甲功五項異常[20]。嬰幼兒可能出現嬰幼兒甲狀腺功能減退,表現為FT4和FT3水平降低,TSH水平升高,需及早干預治療,防止對嬰兒發(fā)育和智力產生不良影響[21]。本組研究結果顯示,母親孕期甲狀腺功能狀態(tài)與子代甲狀腺功能狀態(tài)呈顯著正相關關系,進一步分析顯示,母親孕期甲狀腺功能狀態(tài)與子代的FT3、FT4、T3、T4呈顯著正相關關系,與TSH呈顯著負相關關系,同樣驗證了上述闡述。
本研究臨床樣本數較少,隨訪周期較短,后續(xù)將擴大樣本量,開展長期追蹤隨訪進行進一步探究。
綜上所述,孕婦甲狀腺功能狀態(tài)與其子代甲功變化及甲功五項存在顯著性相關關系,尤其是妊娠期甲減孕婦,應對其及時干預治療并密切關注子代甲狀腺功能狀況,防止對嬰兒發(fā)育和智力產生不良影響。
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[專業(yè)責任編輯:肖延風]
[中文編輯:馮佳圓;英文編輯:楊周岐]