[摘 要]目的 探討兒童原發(fā)性免疫性血小板減少癥(ITP)輔助性T細(xì)胞(Th17)/調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Treg)平衡及其臨床意義。方法 回顧性選取2020年1月至2022年12月本院收治的96例ITP患兒(ITP組)和125例健康兒童(對照組)為研究對象。96例患兒有2例失訪,根據(jù)預(yù)后將剩余94例患兒分為預(yù)后良好組(n=74)和預(yù)后不良組(n=20)。使用流式細(xì)胞儀檢測外周血Th17和Treg。收集ITP患兒臨床資料,并采用多因素Logistic回歸模型分析ITP患兒預(yù)后的影響因素;采用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線分析外周血Th17、Treg和Th17/Treg對ITP患兒預(yù)后的預(yù)測效能。結(jié)果 與對照組比較,ITP組Th17、Th17/Treg和白細(xì)胞計數(shù)(WBC)明顯較高(t=8.663、30.730、3.888,P<0.001),而Treg和淋巴細(xì)胞計數(shù)(ALC)明顯較低(t=25.496、16.237,P<0.001)。預(yù)后不良組Th17、Th17/Treg明顯高于預(yù)后良好組(t=5.423、11.174,P<0.001),Treg、血小板計數(shù)(PLT)和ALC明顯低于預(yù)后良好組(t=4.059、7.289、5.347,P<0.001),且兩組患者年齡存在顯著差異(χ2=8.520,P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,Th17(OR=1.517,95%CI:1.139~2.020)、Th17/Treg(OR=1.765,95%CI:1.285~2.425)均為ITP患兒預(yù)后良好的危險因素(P<0.05),Treg(OR=0.932,95%CI:0.877~0.990)、PLT(OR=0.936,95%CI:0.889~0.985)及ALC(OR=0.819,95%CI:0.700~0.958)為其保護(hù)因素(P<0.05)。ROC結(jié)果顯示,Th17、Treg和Th17/Treg單獨(dú)預(yù)測ITP患兒預(yù)后的曲線下面積(AUC)分別為0.682(95%CI:0.578~0.775)、0.778(95%CI:0.681~0.857)、0.721(95%CI:0.619~0.809),Th17、Treg和Th17/Treg聯(lián)合預(yù)測ITP患兒預(yù)后的敏感度為85.00%、特異度為87.84%,AUC為0.913(95%CI:0.837~0.961),優(yōu)于Th17(Z=2.481,P=0.013)、Treg(Z=2.549,P=0.011)和Th17/Treg(Z=2.042,P=0.041)單獨(dú)預(yù)測的AUC。結(jié)論 兒童原發(fā)性免疫性血小板減少癥的患兒Th17/Treg比例失衡,聯(lián)合檢測Th17、Treg及Th17/Treg可以提高對患兒預(yù)后的預(yù)測效能,為臨床提供重要的參考依據(jù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]兒童;原發(fā)性免疫性血小板減少癥;輔助性T細(xì)胞;調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞;預(yù)測
Doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5293.2025.01.002
[中圖分類號]R179 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼]A
[文章編號]1673-5293(2025)01-0007-06
The Th17/Treg balance in primary immune thrombocytopenia in children and its clinical significance
GAO Jie1,SONG Linlin2,LI Hongna1,XIE Nannan3
(1.Department of Pediatrics,2.Department of Pharmacy,CANGZHOU People’s Hospital,
Hebei Cangzhou 061000,China;3.Department of Pediatrics,Yihe Maternity and Gynecology
Hospital of Cangzhou People’s Hospital,Hebei Cangzhou 061000,China)
[Abstract] Objective To explore the balance of helper T cells (Th17)/regulatory T cells (Treg) in children with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and its clinical significance. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 96 children with ITP (ITP group) and 125 healthy children (control group) admitted to our hospital from January 2020 to December 2022.Of the 96 children,2 cases were lost to follow-up,and the remaining 94 children were divided into good prognosis group (n=74) and poor prognosis group (n=20) according to prognosis.Peripheral blood Th17 and Treg were detected using flow cytometry.Clinical data of ITP patients were collected,and multivariate logistic regression model was applied to analyze the factors affecting the prognosis of ITP patients.The predictive efficacy of peripheral blood Th17,Treg,and Th17/Treg for the prognosis of ITP patients was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results Compared with the control group,Th17,Th17/Treg and white blood cell count (WBC) in ITP group were significantly higher (t=8.663,30.730,3.888,Plt;0.001),while Treg and lymphocyte count (ALC) were significantly lower (t=25.496,16.237,Plt;0.001).Th17 and Th17/Treg in the poor prognosis group were higher than those in the good prognosis group (t=5.423,11.174,Plt;0.001),and the Treg,platelet count (PLT) and ALC in the poor prognosis group were significantly lower than those in the good prognosis group (t=4.059,7.289,5.347,Plt;0.001),and there was significant difference in age between the two groups (χ2=8.520,Plt;0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that Th17 (OR=1.517,95%CI:1.139-2.020),Th17/Treg (OR=1.765,95%CI:1.285-2.425) were all risk factors for good prognosis in ITP children (Plt;0.05),Treg (OR=0.932,95%CI:0.877-0.990),PLT (OR=0.936,95%CI:0.889-0.985) and ALC (OR=0.819,95%CI:0.700-0.958) were protective factors (Plt;0.05).The results of ROC showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of Th17,Treg,and Th17/Treg in predicting the prognosis of ITP children was 0.682 (95%CI:0.578-0.775),0.778 (95%CI:0.681-0.857),0.721 (95%CI:0.619-0.809),respectively.The sensitivity and specificity of the combination of Th17,Treg,and Th17/Treg in predicting the prognosis of ITP children were 85.00%,87.84%,and AUC was 0.913 (95%CI:0.837-0.961),which was better than the AUC of Th17 (Z=2.481,P=0.013),Treg (Z=2.549,P=0.011) and Th17/Treg (Z=2.042,P=0.041) alone. Conclusion The ratio of Th17/Treg in children with primary immune thrombocytopenia is unbalanced,and the combined detection of Th17,Treg and Th17/Treg can improve the predictive performance of children and provide an important reference for clinical practice.
[Key words] children;primary immune thrombocytopenia;helper T cells;regulatory T cells;forecast
免疫性血小板減少癥(immune thrombocytopenia,ITP)是一種自身免疫性疾病,在兒童中的發(fā)病率約4/10萬,且多為急性起病,主要癥狀表現(xiàn)為皮膚、牙齦和鼻腔出血、外傷后血流不止、少數(shù)發(fā)生腦出血,也有患者無出血表現(xiàn)[1-2]。ITP分為原發(fā)性和繼發(fā)性,繼發(fā)性ITP的具體發(fā)病機(jī)制不明,可能與病毒感染、自身免疫、雌激素水平、遺傳等多種因素有關(guān)[3]。盡管ITP為良性自限性疾病,但仍有一些患兒治療效果不佳、易反復(fù),診斷后12個月血小板計數(shù)(blood platelet count,PLT)仍未恢復(fù)正常[4-5]。探討ITP患兒預(yù)后的影響因素并對其預(yù)后進(jìn)行預(yù)測對于患兒預(yù)后的提高具有一定積極意義。輔助性T細(xì)胞 (helper T cells,Th17)和調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(regulatory T cells,Treg)在機(jī)體免疫反應(yīng)、防御反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮重要作用,Th17/Treg平衡對于維持免疫穩(wěn)態(tài)至關(guān)重要,Th17/Treg失衡能夠影響機(jī)體免疫應(yīng)答,甚至引起各種疾病的發(fā)生[6]。既往研究顯示,自身免疫性疾病多伴隨Th17/Treg失衡[7]。近年研究報道,Th17/Treg在ITP患兒中失衡,但Th17/Treg與ITP患兒預(yù)后的報道較少[8]。本研究通過檢測ITP患兒外周血Th17和Treg百分比,分析Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg與ITP預(yù)后的關(guān)系及預(yù)測價值,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1研究對象與方法
1.1研究對象
回顧性選取本院2020年1月至2022年12月期間收治的96例ITP患兒為ITP組,另選取同期125例健康兒童為對照組。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①ITP組符合ITP診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9],且為初診;②對照組體檢結(jié)果無異常;③1個月<年齡<14歲;④知情同意。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①既往白血病、先天性血小板減少癥史;②不接受隨訪;③不配合治療;④先天性免疫缺陷;⑤近3個月接受免疫抑制劑、糖皮質(zhì)激素等相關(guān)藥物治療。本研究由本院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會審核通過[批號:K2021-批件-094(11.9)]。
1.2方法
1.2.1外周血Th17和Treg水平檢測
兩組均于清晨空腹時采集外周血3 mL,加入肝素鈉抗凝,梯度離心法獲取單核細(xì)胞。分別加入Th17(CD4+和白細(xì)胞介素-17)和Treg(CD4+、CD25+、叉頭框蛋白P3+)的特異性標(biāo)記抗體進(jìn)行孵育,采用BD Accuri C6 PLUS流式細(xì)胞儀進(jìn)行檢測,計算Th17/Treg。
1.2.2預(yù)后
參考《兒童原發(fā)性免疫性血小板減少癥診療建議》[9]進(jìn)行治療,自患兒出院起隨訪一年(3、6、12個月門診復(fù)查),隨訪結(jié)束時PLT≥100×109/L且無出血為預(yù)后良好,反之為預(yù)后不良[9]。隨訪過程中失訪2例,根據(jù)上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將94例ITP患兒分為預(yù)后良好組(n=74)和預(yù)后不良組(n=20)。
1.2.3臨床資料
利用邁瑞B(yǎng)C30血細(xì)胞分析儀檢測兩組對象入院時白細(xì)胞計數(shù)(white blood cell count,WBC)、淋巴細(xì)胞計數(shù)(absolute lymphocyte count,ALC)和PLT,并收集ITP患兒出血程度、發(fā)病季節(jié)等資料。
1.3統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析
使用SPSS 25.0處理數(shù)據(jù)。計數(shù)資料,例如出血情況、血型等,用頻數(shù)(百分?jǐn)?shù))[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗。方差齊性且符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料,例如Th17、WBC等,用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x-±s)表示,采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗。多因素Logistic回歸模型分析ITP患兒預(yù)后的影響因素;受試者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲線分析評估外周血Th17、Treg和Th17/Treg預(yù)測ITP患兒預(yù)后的效能(敏感度、截斷值等)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1對照組、ITP組臨床資料比較
與對照組比較,ITP組Th17、Th17/Treg和WBC明顯較高(t=8.663、30.730、3.888,P<0.001),而Treg和ALC明顯較低(t=25.496、16.237,P<0.001)。見表1。
2.2影響ITP患兒預(yù)后的單因素分析
單因素分析顯示,預(yù)后不良組Th17、Th17/Treg高于預(yù)后良好組(t=5.423、11.174,P<0.001),Treg、PLT和ALC低于預(yù)后良好組(t=4.059、7.289、5.347,P<0.001),且兩組患者年齡分布存在顯著差異(χ2=8.520,P<0.05)。兩組出血情況、血型、初始療效等無顯著差異(P>0.05)。見表2。
2.3 ITP患兒預(yù)后的多因素Logistic回歸分析
以ITP患兒預(yù)后為因變量(不良=1、良好=0),以外周血Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg、PLT、ALC及年齡為因變量(均為連續(xù)變量)進(jìn)行多因素Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果如表3所示,Th17(OR=1.517,95%CI:1.139~2.020)、Th17/Treg(OR=1.765,95%CI:1.285~2.425)均為ITP患兒預(yù)后良好的危險因素(P<0.05),Treg(OR=0.932,95%CI:0.877~0.990)、PLT(OR=0.936,95%CI:0.889~0.985)及ALC(OR=0.819,95%CI:0.700~0.958)為其保護(hù)因素(P<0.05)。
2.4外周血Th17、Treg和Th17/Treg對ITP患兒預(yù)后的預(yù)測價值分析
以ITP患兒預(yù)后為因變量,以外周血Th17、Treg和Th17/Treg為檢驗變量進(jìn)行ROC分析,結(jié)果顯示,Th17、Treg和Th17/Treg單獨(dú)預(yù)測ITP患兒預(yù)后的敏感度分別為70.00%、65.00%、75.00%,特異度分別為81.08%、82.43%、81.08%,Th17、Treg和Th17/Treg聯(lián)合預(yù)測ITP患兒預(yù)后的敏感度為85.00%、特異度為87.84%,曲線下面積(area under the curve,AUC)為0.913(95%CI:0.837~0.961),優(yōu)于Th17(Z=2.481,P=0.013)、Treg(Z=2.549,P=0.011)和Th17/Treg(Z=2.042,P=0.041)單獨(dú)預(yù)測的AUC。見圖1、表4。
3討論
3.1 Th17/Treg在ITP中的研究意義
ITP病例數(shù)約占所有出血型疾病數(shù)量的1/3,其臨床表現(xiàn)異質(zhì)性高,至今尚無根治方法,其治療方案一般依據(jù)PLT變化及是否存在出血癥狀來確定[10-11]。隨著研究深入,ITP在一線治療的基礎(chǔ)上增加了二線治療,為改善患者的生活質(zhì)量帶來重要進(jìn)展[12]。在此背景下,進(jìn)一步探討Th17和Treg與ITP患兒預(yù)后的關(guān)系具有重要意義,不僅能為臨床治療提供指導(dǎo),還可能有助于改善患兒長期生活質(zhì)量。
3.2 Th17/Treg與ITP發(fā)生及預(yù)后的關(guān)系
在免疫反應(yīng)中,Th17和Treg細(xì)胞扮演著重要角色,二者比例失衡易導(dǎo)致自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)生[13]。Th17細(xì)胞由Th0細(xì)胞分化而成,能夠分泌白細(xì)胞介素(interleukin,IL)-17、IL-22等促炎因子,其中IL-17為前炎性細(xì)胞因子,通過招募中性粒細(xì)胞、刺激多種細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生致炎因子而放大炎癥反應(yīng)[14-15]。Treg由胸腺產(chǎn)生,分為自然Treg和適應(yīng)性Treg,能夠抑制自身反應(yīng)性T細(xì)胞的活化和增殖,從而防止自身免疫性疾病發(fā)生[16]。汪嘉佳等[17]研究表明,ITP成年患者治療后Treg升高、Th17降低,且Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg對成人ITP具有一定診斷價值。此外,金娜等[18]研究報道,白藜蘆醇納米粒能夠改善ITP大鼠脾組織中Th17和Treg平衡,緩解病理損傷。以上研究提示,Th17和Treg在ITP的發(fā)生、進(jìn)展中扮演著重要角色。本研究結(jié)果顯示,與對照組比較,ITP組Th17、Th17/Treg明顯較高,而Treg明顯較低,與黃寶山等[19]的報道基本一致,提示ITP的發(fā)生可能與Th17/Treg失衡有一定關(guān)聯(lián)。此外,預(yù)后不良組Th17和Th17/Treg高于預(yù)后良好組,Treg低于預(yù)后良好組,提示預(yù)后不良的患兒Th17/Treg失衡更為嚴(yán)重。由于預(yù)后不良的ITP患兒例數(shù)較少,本研究僅對Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg三個主要研究指標(biāo)進(jìn)行多因素Logistic分析,結(jié)果顯示,Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg均為ITP患兒預(yù)后的影響因素。
本研究進(jìn)一步采用ROC分析評估Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg對ITP患兒預(yù)后的預(yù)測效能,結(jié)果顯示,Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg單獨(dú)預(yù)測ITP患兒預(yù)后的特異度良好,分別為81.08%、82.43%、81.08%,敏感度分別為70.00%、65.00%、75.00%,提示Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg對ITP患兒預(yù)后具有一定預(yù)測價值,但單獨(dú)診斷的敏感度并不佳。進(jìn)一步分析顯示,Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg聯(lián)合預(yù)測ITP患兒預(yù)后的敏感度達(dá)85.00%,特異度為87.84%,且AUC(0.913)優(yōu)于單獨(dú)預(yù)測,提示Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg聯(lián)合預(yù)測ITP患兒預(yù)后的價值較高,結(jié)合截斷值推測,當(dāng)ITP患兒Th17>1.98%、Treg<2.82%、且Th17/Treg>0.67時,預(yù)后不良的風(fēng)險極高,臨床上可根據(jù)ITP患兒初診時外周血Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg水平對其預(yù)后進(jìn)行初步預(yù)測,對于預(yù)后可能不良的患兒,應(yīng)囑咐其監(jiān)護(hù)人定期復(fù)查,此外,在治療過程中可根據(jù)患兒Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg變化情況完善治療方案,降低預(yù)后不良發(fā)生幾率。
3.3影響ITP預(yù)后的其它因素
本研究單因素分析顯示,預(yù)后不良組ALC、PLT低于預(yù)后良好組,且兩組年齡存在顯著差異。多因素Logistic分析也進(jìn)一步提示初診時ALC和PLT為ITP患兒預(yù)后的影響因素。淋巴細(xì)胞具有特異免疫識別功能,介導(dǎo)體液和細(xì)胞免疫,感染、血液疾病等的發(fā)生常伴隨ALC異常[20]。免疫功能異常是ITP的主要病因,因此,我們推測,ALC通過影響機(jī)體免疫功能在ITP發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要作用,ALC越低,免疫功能越差,不利于患兒預(yù)后。血小板具有黏附、聚集等功能,促進(jìn)止血,促進(jìn)受損組織修復(fù)、再生,PLT是評估ITP病情及療效的一個重要指標(biāo),對于ITP患兒而言,PLT越低,病情可能越嚴(yán)重,后期更容易演變?yōu)槁訧TP,導(dǎo)致病情反復(fù)復(fù)發(fā),預(yù)后不良[21]。顧小海等[22]的研究認(rèn)為,除年齡、初診時PLT和ALC外,前驅(qū)感染也是ITP患兒預(yù)后的影響因素。然而王峰等[23]的報道卻顯示,初診時PLT并非ITP患兒預(yù)后影響因素。上述結(jié)果偏倚可能與樣本量及患兒的個體情況相關(guān),需進(jìn)一步深入分析。
綜上所述,本研究表明,ITP患兒Th17/Treg比例失衡,Th17、Treg、Th17/Treg聯(lián)合預(yù)測ITP患兒預(yù)后效能較高??赏ㄟ^觀察ITP患兒Th17/Treg平衡狀態(tài)預(yù)測其預(yù)后,指導(dǎo)進(jìn)一步治療。然而,本研究為單中心、小樣本研究,預(yù)測的敏感性和特異性受限于樣本量等因素,預(yù)測效能有待后續(xù)驗證。
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[專業(yè)責(zé)任編輯:吳紅艷]
[中文編輯:牛 惠;英文編輯:李曉雪]