[摘" 要]" 冠心病(CHD)作為常見的心血管疾病,嚴(yán)重危害人類健康,其中ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)致死率較高,及時(shí)有效地解決犯罪血管十分重要。經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)是STEMI患者的首選再灌注治療方法,能夠有效解決血管阻塞問題。然而,部分患者術(shù)后會(huì)發(fā)生冠狀動(dòng)脈慢血流(CSF)或無復(fù)流(NR)現(xiàn)象,嚴(yán)重影響預(yù)后。本文對(duì)CSF/NR的定義、診斷、流行病學(xué)、預(yù)測(cè)因素、機(jī)制及治療作一綜述,以期為冠心病PCI術(shù)后CSF/NR整體臨床把控給予一定的指導(dǎo)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]" 冠心??; 經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入;冠狀動(dòng)脈慢血流;無復(fù)流
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7593.2025.01.021
收稿日期:2024-04-19" 修回日期:2024-05-19" 錄用日期:2024-05-22
*海南省臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心項(xiàng)目(LCYX202207,LCYX202305);海南省人民醫(yī)院臨床創(chuàng)新及轉(zhuǎn)化培育550工程項(xiàng)目(2022CXZH01);海南省衛(wèi)生健康行業(yè)科研項(xiàng)目(22A200216)
**通信作者:曾" 敏, 電子郵箱hndzm6@126.com
Research progress on coronary slow flow or no-reflow of coronary heart disease
undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention surgery
Wang Mengdi,Zeng Min**
Health Care Centre of Hainan Hospital Affiliated to Hainan Medical University,Haikou" 570311
**Corresponding author:Zeng Min,email: hndzm6@126.com
[Abstract]" Coronary heart disease (CHD), a prevalent cardiovascular disorder, poses a significant threat to human health.Particularly, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is associated with a higher mortality rate.Timely and effective revascularization of the culprit vessels is crucial.Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a preferred and critical treatment modality for STEMI patients, effectively addressing vascular obstruction.However, a subset of patients experiences coronary slow flow (CSF) or no-reflow (NR) postoperatively, which severely impacts their prognosis.This article provides a comprehensive review of the definition, diagnosis, epidemiology, predictive factors, mechanisms, and treatment of CSF/NR, aiming to offer guidance for the clinical management of these complications following PCI in CHD patients.
[Key words]" Coronary heart disease; Percutaneous coronary interventions; Coronary slow flow; No-reflow
冠心?。–oronary heart disease,CHD)作為最常見的心血管疾病之一,嚴(yán)重危害人類健康,尤其是急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-elevated myocardial infarction,STEMI),致死率高達(dá)4%~21%,直接經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入(Percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)是STEMI患者的首選再灌注策略[1]??梢杂行Ы鉀Q犯罪血管阻塞問題,改善患者預(yù)后。然而,冠狀動(dòng)脈慢血流(Coronary slow flow,CSF)或無復(fù)流(No-reflow,NR)現(xiàn)象作為CHD患者 PCI術(shù)后并發(fā)癥之一,盡管恢復(fù)了梗死相關(guān)心外膜冠狀動(dòng)脈的通暢性,但仍無法實(shí)現(xiàn)心肌充分灌注,使病情復(fù)雜化。目前,CSF/NR研究機(jī)制尚不明確,可能與內(nèi)皮功能障礙、炎癥、微血管缺血、再灌注損傷、血栓栓塞、個(gè)體易感性有關(guān)。此外,CSF/NR現(xiàn)象增加PCI術(shù)后心血管事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),與心力衰竭、心律失常和遠(yuǎn)期死亡率有關(guān)[2]。因此,做好CSF/NR術(shù)前預(yù)測(cè)和術(shù)中治療在臨床實(shí)踐中至關(guān)重要。本文從CSF/NR的定義、診斷、流行病學(xué)、預(yù)測(cè)因素、機(jī)制及治療多角度出發(fā)并進(jìn)行綜述,為冠心病PCI術(shù)后發(fā)生CSF/NR提供一定的參考價(jià)值,減少CSF/NR發(fā)生率,提高患者生存率并改善預(yù)后。
1" CSF/NR定義及診斷
CSF/NR是指PCI后,盡管心外膜冠脈大血管血運(yùn)已開放,但冠脈血流仍減少甚至喪失,心肌細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)灌注不足現(xiàn)象。其特征是血管造影顯示心外膜血流緩慢或沒有順行性血流,在沒有機(jī)械血管阻塞證據(jù)的情況下導(dǎo)致心肌灌輸不足。臨床上一般以心肌梗死溶栓(Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI)血流分級(jí)來進(jìn)行診斷,0級(jí):血管完全堵塞,無血流灌注;1級(jí):血管病變受累部位有一部分血流,但無法有效到達(dá)遠(yuǎn)端;2級(jí):血流可至遠(yuǎn)端血管,但流動(dòng)速度相對(duì)緩慢;3級(jí):正常血流。CSF/NR通常用TIMI<3級(jí)來表示[3]。另一種診斷方法是校正的TIMI血流幀數(shù)法(Corrected TIMI frame count, CTFC),對(duì)冠脈血流評(píng)估,幀數(shù)增加構(gòu)成CSF/NR間接指數(shù),CTFC>40提示CSF/NR。另外,心電圖、心肌呈色分級(jí)(Myocardial blush grade, MBG)、心搏磁共振成像(Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging,CMRI)、心肌對(duì)比超聲心動(dòng)圖(Myocardial contrast echocardiography,MCE)、單光子發(fā)射計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描(Single photon emission computed tomography,SPECT)及正電子發(fā)射斷層掃描(Positron emission tomography,PET)等也可作為CSF/NR診斷方法。
2" CSF/NR流行病學(xué)及危險(xiǎn)因素
STEMI患者直接行PCI后CSF/NR的發(fā)生率為20.7%[4]。 NR現(xiàn)象在急性冠脈綜合征(Acute coronary syndrome,ACS)的發(fā)生率可高達(dá)32%[5]。長期吸煙、高血壓、高脂血癥、心房顫動(dòng)、腎功能不全、糖尿病是CSF/NR常見危險(xiǎn)因素。CSF/NR的發(fā)生率隨著腎功能的下降而增加,而腎小球?yàn)V過率是這種現(xiàn)象的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子 [6]。完全血運(yùn)重建和支架總長度≥40 mm是CSF/NR的危險(xiǎn)因素,非瓣膜病性心房顫動(dòng)腦卒中危險(xiǎn)CHA2DS2-VASc評(píng)分,對(duì)于CHD患者而言,如果該評(píng)分 ≥3分且存在≥2個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素(吸煙、心房顫動(dòng)、完全血運(yùn)重建、支架總長度≥40 mm),CSF/NR發(fā)生率達(dá)到14.53% [7]。肥胖患者的心外膜脂肪增加與冠狀動(dòng)脈血流受損有關(guān),體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(Body mass index,BMI)是CSF的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,BMI降低,可以在一定程度上有效減少CSF的發(fā)生[8]。超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白或前白蛋白、中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)、血漿葡萄糖水平、糖尿病、急性心肌梗死的Killip 分級(jí)、術(shù)中主動(dòng)脈球囊反搏(Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation,IABP)使用、造影劑劑量及血栓抽吸均是PCI術(shù)后CSF/NR的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[9]。PCI術(shù)前TIMI血流量、目標(biāo)病變直徑、側(cè)支循環(huán)、脈壓和 ST 段抬高導(dǎo)聯(lián)數(shù)是CSF/NR獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,TIMI血流量越低、側(cè)支循環(huán)越少、目標(biāo)直徑>3.5mm、脈壓下降、ST段抬高累及的導(dǎo)聯(lián)數(shù)越多,其發(fā)生率也隨之提升[10]。
3" CSF/NR預(yù)測(cè)因素
PCI術(shù)前進(jìn)行相關(guān)指標(biāo)預(yù)測(cè)有助于評(píng)估患者發(fā)生CSF/NR的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),胱抑素C、中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值、CHA2DS2-VASc評(píng)分、術(shù)中低血壓均可以用來預(yù)測(cè)CSF/NR的發(fā)生[4]。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分層模型的建立可以在患者疾病發(fā)生率初步篩查上提供更優(yōu)化的方案,一種新的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分層模型可以預(yù)測(cè)初次經(jīng)PCI期間的CSF/NR,即直接經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈慢血流/無復(fù)流風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(Risk-slow flow/no reflow,RK-SF/NR)評(píng)分:女性、總?cè)毖獣r(shí)長≥8 h、心搏驟停、左心室舒張末壓≥24 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)、左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)≤30%、近端前降支犯罪血管、血栓分級(jí)≥4級(jí)、術(shù)前TIMI血流0級(jí)和病變長度≥35mm,上述因素可以導(dǎo)致CSF/NR發(fā)生率顯著升高,對(duì)臨床有一定參考價(jià)值[11]。
對(duì)于 STEMI 患者,可溶性生長刺激基因2蛋白水平與PCI術(shù)中發(fā)生 CSF/NR有著顯著相關(guān)性,是CSF/NR發(fā)生的潛在預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)[4]。纖維蛋白原/白蛋白(Fibrinogen to albumin ratio,F(xiàn)AR)、高敏C反應(yīng)蛋白/白蛋白(High-sensitivity C-reactive protein to albumin ratio,CAR)和血漿致動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化指數(shù)(Atherogenic index of plasma,AIP)是NR發(fā)展的新預(yù)測(cè)因子,高齡、糖尿病病史、肌鈣蛋白水平高、血栓負(fù)荷重,均是PCI治療的原發(fā)性STEMI患者NR發(fā)生的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素,提示臨床需提高對(duì)上述因素的警惕性,其中FAR和CAR與CSF/NR存在顯著且獨(dú)立相關(guān)性,較高的纖維蛋白原水平與CSF/NR也顯著相關(guān)[12]。微小RNA(microRNA, miRNA)miR-660-5p水平較高的患者發(fā)生CSF/NR的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比miR-660-5p水平較低的患者高近5倍,具有預(yù)測(cè)評(píng)估價(jià)值,提示循環(huán)miR-660-5P水平可能更準(zhǔn)確地指導(dǎo)臨床治療[13]。另外,有研究顯示,血漿炎癥因子可溶性細(xì)胞間黏附分子-1(Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1,sICAM-1)、miR-148b-3p以及核富集豐富轉(zhuǎn)錄本1(Nuclear enriched abundant transcripts 1,NEAT1)表達(dá)水平可作為CSF/NR發(fā)生的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子,并闡明了NEAT1/miR-148b-3p/sICAM-1軸在CSF/NR疾病進(jìn)展中的關(guān)鍵作用,說明其作為CSF/NR治療新靶點(diǎn)具有潛在價(jià)值[14]。另外有研究表明,評(píng)估中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值、平均血小板體積和血小板分布寬度水平都與接受直接PCI 的患者的CSF/NR顯著相關(guān),具有一定的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值[15]。
4" CSF/NR發(fā)生機(jī)制
4.1" 血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙
血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的有效作用是保證血管的正常收縮和松弛,維持血管張力及結(jié)構(gòu)。血管內(nèi)皮舒張因子一氧化氮(Nitric oxide,NO)及收縮因子內(nèi)皮素-1(Endothelin-1,EF-1)、前列腺素(Prostaglandin,PG)等與CSF/NR發(fā)生有一定相關(guān)性[16]。靜息時(shí)CSF/NR患者血漿中內(nèi)皮型一氧化氮合酶(Endothelial NO synthase,eNOS)水平顯著降低,使得生成的NO減少,可能與內(nèi)皮功能障礙有關(guān),eNOS基因多態(tài)性與CSF之間存在關(guān)聯(lián),參與CSF/NR的發(fā)生和進(jìn)展[17]。CSF/NR患者的血漿ET-1水平升高[16]。盡管現(xiàn)有的文獻(xiàn)中表明PG與CSF/NR有一定的相關(guān)性,但并沒有表明兩者具體變化,有待進(jìn)一步研究。
凝集素樣氧化低密度脂蛋白受體-1(Lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1,LOX-1)是氧化低密度脂蛋白(Oxidized low density lipoprotein,Ox-LDL)的一種消滅受體,主要在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、平滑肌細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞中表達(dá),CSF/NR中LOX-1表達(dá)增加,進(jìn)一步揭示微血管內(nèi)皮功能受損情況[18]。
4.2" 炎癥
炎癥是CSF/NR發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要因素。冠狀動(dòng)脈造影前較高的系統(tǒng)免疫-炎癥指數(shù)(System im-mune-inflammation index,SII)與CSF/NR發(fā)生顯著獨(dú)立相關(guān),SII作為炎癥介質(zhì)可以預(yù)測(cè)CSF/NR的發(fā)生和嚴(yán)重程度[19]。CSF/NR患者中,有9種miRNA(miR-1、miR-133、miR-208a、miR-206、miR-17、miR-29、miR-223、miR-326、miR-155)作為炎癥重要指標(biāo),其表達(dá)水平顯著升高;同時(shí),miR-18a-5p、miR-106a5p 和 miR-223-3p 與大量炎癥和內(nèi)皮相關(guān)生物標(biāo)志物有關(guān),較高的 miR-16 表達(dá)會(huì)增強(qiáng)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷,炎癥標(biāo)志物和同時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)的 miRNA 在公認(rèn)的血管炎癥和內(nèi)皮功能障礙的后果之間提供了可能的關(guān)系,需要進(jìn)一步研究來揭示其詳細(xì)機(jī)制[20]。CSF/NR患者的血漿炎癥相關(guān)生物標(biāo)志物基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶2、可溶性分化簇9、配體黏附分子和C-反應(yīng)蛋白水平較高,與CTFC呈正相關(guān)[21]。
4.3" 微循環(huán)缺血、再灌注損傷
心外膜冠狀動(dòng)脈無論是長時(shí)間還是短暫閉塞,在數(shù)分鐘內(nèi)會(huì)出現(xiàn)不可逆心肌損傷,最終導(dǎo)致心肌細(xì)胞缺血死亡,從而引發(fā)一系列不良事件。主要表現(xiàn)為內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷、心肌內(nèi)出血,進(jìn)一步造成微血管阻塞(Microvascular obstruction, MVO);而心肌細(xì)胞損傷因冠狀動(dòng)脈血流再灌注時(shí)引起的繼發(fā)性損傷會(huì)進(jìn)一步加劇。后者是由受損微循環(huán)血流突然恢復(fù),增加了細(xì)胞和間質(zhì)水腫,加劇內(nèi)皮不連續(xù)性和缺血性心肌的促炎狀態(tài),中性粒細(xì)胞激活釋放其染色質(zhì)到細(xì)胞外,成為了冠狀動(dòng)脈血栓的重要組成部分,與CHD患者的MVO具有高度相關(guān)性[22]。此外,缺血或再灌注損傷會(huì)增加氧自由基釋放,進(jìn)一步激活應(yīng)激活化蛋白激酶相關(guān)蛋白信號(hào)通路,促進(jìn)線粒體過度裂變,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞死亡,加重微循環(huán)功能紊亂[23]。
4.4" 血栓栓塞
心肌梗死時(shí)動(dòng)脈斑塊的破裂或PCI術(shù)中栓子的脫落,會(huì)促進(jìn)血小板活化并招募白細(xì)胞,引起凝血級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),造成冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)血栓形成。與此同時(shí),血小板、白細(xì)胞、炎癥介質(zhì)募集及微血栓的遠(yuǎn)端栓塞可引起內(nèi)皮功能障礙和遠(yuǎn)端微血管阻塞/痙攣,增加血流阻力。在血栓負(fù)荷重的情況下對(duì)梗死血管進(jìn)行PCI時(shí),情況可能會(huì)進(jìn)一步惡化,導(dǎo)致血栓栓塞到遠(yuǎn)端微血管,損傷冠狀動(dòng)脈微循環(huán)[24]。
4.5" 個(gè)體易感性
CSF/NR與個(gè)體對(duì)微血管功能障礙的易感性相關(guān),這種傾向可以通過遺傳或后天形成。例如,高膽固醇血癥、全身性動(dòng)脈高血壓和糖尿病等典型心血管危險(xiǎn)因素會(huì)導(dǎo)致ACS微血管功能障礙。另外,一些遺傳多態(tài)性,例如腺苷受體基因的1976TC多態(tài)性,可能誘發(fā)其發(fā)生[25]。
5" CSF/NR治療
目前,CSF/NR的主要治療方法為使用冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)藥物使冠狀動(dòng)脈舒張,或者冠狀動(dòng)脈預(yù)處理、遠(yuǎn)端缺血適應(yīng)或減少血栓形成物質(zhì)栓塞和增加冠狀動(dòng)脈血流量。
5.1" 他汀類藥物
他汀類藥物具有抗血小板聚集、改善血管內(nèi)皮功能、穩(wěn)定動(dòng)脈斑塊、調(diào)血脂、抗氧化、抗炎癥反應(yīng)等作用。系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)和薈萃分析結(jié)果顯示,與安慰劑或低強(qiáng)度他汀類藥物相比,在PCI治療STEMI之前接受長期或短期高強(qiáng)度阿托伐他汀或辛伐他汀治療的患者NR事件顯著減少。在PCI之前給予高強(qiáng)度他汀類藥物(單劑量或長期)可顯著降低類似患者CSF/NR的發(fā)生率[26]。
5.2" 抗血小板藥物
抗血小板藥物是CHD指南推薦二級(jí)預(yù)防藥物,也是PCI術(shù)常規(guī)應(yīng)用藥物。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),二磷酸腺苷P2Y12受體拮抗劑再灌注時(shí)給藥可減少梗死灶范圍,起一定的保護(hù)作用[27]。然而,血小板抑制和患者結(jié)局研究分析發(fā)現(xiàn),氯吡格雷和替格瑞洛在心肌灌注方面沒有差異,國外研究中(在導(dǎo)管室或救護(hù)車上給予替卡格雷以打開冠狀動(dòng)脈),STEMI患者院前給予替卡格雷并未改善PCI 前冠狀動(dòng)脈再灌注[28]。 另外有研究針對(duì)降低ACS患者1年后終點(diǎn)事件的研究指出,替格瑞洛藥物使用方案明顯劣于普拉格雷方案[29]。根據(jù)心臟磁共振的評(píng)估,血小板抑制靶向再灌注損傷研究測(cè)試在再灌注前靜脈注射坎格雷洛可以降低 MVO 的發(fā)生率,并減少STEMI 患者的梗死灶大小[29]。糖蛋白 Ⅱb/Ⅲa 抑制劑是抑制血小板聚集的抗血小板藥物,對(duì)ACS有益,能夠改善STEMI患者再灌注TIMI血流,在一定程度上降低事件發(fā)生率,改善患者預(yù)后[30]。
5.3" 擴(kuò)冠藥物
腺苷可使冠狀動(dòng)脈平滑肌松弛,還具有抗血小板作用,增加微血管血流。直接PCI術(shù)中冠脈內(nèi)使用腺苷可以降低術(shù)后NR的發(fā)生率,但未顯示出其他臨床終點(diǎn)的獲益,包括心肌梗死、心力衰竭、MACE和全因死亡。這可能與腺苷極短的半衰期相關(guān),同時(shí),其使用過程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)心動(dòng)過緩伴房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯、低血壓、呼吸困難等一些副作用,臨床關(guān)注同時(shí),仍需要更大規(guī)模的隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)來充分驗(yàn)證[31]。硝普鈉通過釋放NO擴(kuò)張冠狀動(dòng)脈和外周微循環(huán),降低微血管阻力及心臟負(fù)荷,從而改善微循環(huán),在PCI術(shù)中可以預(yù)防性使用硝普鈉,預(yù)防性減少CSF及重大不良心血管事件發(fā)生[32]。前列地爾在改善CSF/NR患者心絞痛癥狀方面比硝酸異山梨酯更有效[28]。
5.4" 腎上腺素
術(shù)前冠狀動(dòng)脈腎上腺素給藥可以改善長期左心室收縮功能及冠狀動(dòng)脈末期血流,有效降低CSF/NR的發(fā)生[33]。
5.5" 聯(lián)合藥物治療
在冠狀動(dòng)脈給藥方式下,無論從速度還是療效上,往往聯(lián)合優(yōu)于單一,能夠更加突出有效解決問題,恢復(fù)心肌血運(yùn),在防治CSF/NR上有顯著的臨床意義。近年來,替羅非班及尼可地爾在臨床上被逐步廣泛應(yīng)用,但兩者聯(lián)合應(yīng)用研究受到的關(guān)注相對(duì)較少,目前有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),兩者聯(lián)合治療比單獨(dú)使用替羅非班藥物治療在降低NR發(fā)生率上更勝一籌[34]。
5.6" 自體輸血
自體輸血(Autologous blood transfusion, ABT )在逆轉(zhuǎn)NR方面的成功率為82.8%,與其他藥物措施相當(dāng),如冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)給予腺苷和硝普鈉、單獨(dú)腺苷、一些鈣通道阻滯劑、血管擴(kuò)張劑(尼可地爾、硝普鈉)以及腎上腺素,其成功率從65%到95%不等,常規(guī)療法不適合時(shí),向冠狀動(dòng)脈注入高氧的自體血和進(jìn)行球囊血管成形術(shù)有改善CSF/NR作用,特別是在血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定和心律失常的情況下,出現(xiàn)危險(xiǎn)性血栓形成和血流動(dòng)力紊亂時(shí),保持血液流動(dòng)及高血氧可減少內(nèi)皮損傷和心肌壞死,增加生存率[35]。
5.7" 血栓抽吸
為了進(jìn)一步阻止CSF/NR現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生,減少支架內(nèi)血栓形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),在冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)血栓負(fù)荷較大的情況下應(yīng)選擇性地進(jìn)行血栓抽吸,但血栓抽吸不能降低STEMI的不良心血管事件發(fā)生率,該方法存在一定爭(zhēng)議。另外,在CTFC評(píng)估方法下,與傳統(tǒng)PCI相比,使用遠(yuǎn)端濾器進(jìn)行栓塞保護(hù),可以減少NR事件的發(fā)生,對(duì)臨床具有一定的參考價(jià)值[26]。
5.8" 心臟康復(fù)
PCI術(shù)前給予藥物的同時(shí),聯(lián)合心臟康復(fù)比單純使用藥物治療的患者血漿中低密度脂蛋白膽固醇、甘油三酯、超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白、同型半胱氨酸和精氨酸的水平顯著降低,加快冠狀動(dòng)脈血流速度,明顯改善CSF/NR的癥狀[23]。
6" 小結(jié)與展望
CSF/NR作為一種嚴(yán)重的PCI術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,嚴(yán)重威脅患者的生命安全。其可能的發(fā)生機(jī)制主要與血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙、炎癥、微循環(huán)缺血、再灌注損傷、血栓栓塞及個(gè)體易感性相關(guān)。后續(xù)的研究應(yīng)該從影響因素出發(fā),建立相關(guān)預(yù)測(cè)模型,以減少CSF/NR發(fā)生。藥物和血栓抽吸、遠(yuǎn)端栓塞過濾器等在CSF/NR治療中雖然有作用,但尚缺乏大規(guī)模、多中心臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果做支撐,有待于進(jìn)一步研究。
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