【摘要】 目的:探究微波消融術(shù)、傳統(tǒng)開放式甲狀腺手術(shù)在絕經(jīng)期甲狀腺良性結(jié)節(jié)中的應(yīng)用效果。方法:選取2019年1月—2022年10月九江市第三人民醫(yī)院接診的168例絕經(jīng)期甲狀腺良性結(jié)節(jié)患者作為研究對(duì)象,按照手術(shù)方式將其分為對(duì)照組及研究組,各84例。對(duì)照組采用傳統(tǒng)開放式甲狀腺手術(shù)治療,研究組采用微波消融術(shù)治療。比較兩組血清中游離三碘甲狀腺原氨酸(FT3)、血清游離甲狀腺素(FT4)、促甲狀腺激素(TSH)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)水平;檢測(cè)CD4+、CD8+水平,并計(jì)算CD4+/CD8+比值。比較兩組手術(shù)情況、治療效果、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及復(fù)發(fā)率。結(jié)果:研究組術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后引流量均少于對(duì)照組,手術(shù)時(shí)間、切口長(zhǎng)度均短于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。術(shù)后1個(gè)月,兩組FT3、FT4水平均低于術(shù)前,TSH水平均高于術(shù)前,且研究組FT3、FT4和TSH水平均高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。術(shù)后1 d,兩組IL-6、TNF-α、CRP均高于術(shù)前,但研究組均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。術(shù)后1 d,兩組CD4+和CD4+/CD8+均低于術(shù)前,CD8+均高于術(shù)前,但觀察組術(shù)后CD4+和CD4+/CD8+水平均高于對(duì)照組,CD8+水平低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。研究組治療總有效率高于對(duì)照組,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、復(fù)發(fā)率均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:應(yīng)用微波消融術(shù)可有效改善絕經(jīng)期甲狀腺良性結(jié)節(jié)患者圍手術(shù)期相關(guān)情況,且對(duì)患者甲狀腺功能影響較小,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、復(fù)發(fā)率均較低,預(yù)后情況好。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 微波消融術(shù) 傳統(tǒng)開放甲狀腺切除術(shù) 甲狀腺良性結(jié)節(jié) 預(yù)后 復(fù)發(fā)
Impact of Microwave Ablation and Traditional Open Thyroid Surgery on Menopausal Patients with Benign Thyroid Nodules/ZONG Shanshan, NI Suning. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(26): 0-071
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the effect of microwave ablation and traditional open thyroid surgery on benign thyroid nodule in menopause. Method: A total of 168 menopausal patients with benign thyroid nodules admitted to the Third People's Hospital of Jiujiang City from January 2019 to October 2022 were selected as the study objects, and they were divided into control group and study group according to the surgical method, with 84 cases in each group. The control group was treated with traditional open thyroid surgery, and the study group was treated with microwave ablation. The levels of serum free triiodothyronine (FT3), serum free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and C reactive protein (CRP) were compared between the two groups. The levels of CD4+ and CD8+ were detected, and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ was calculated. The surgery conditions, treatment effect, complication rate and recurrence rate were compared between the two groups. Result: The blood loss and postoperative drainage volume of the study group were lower than those of the control group, and the surgery time and incision length were shorter than those of the control group (P<0.05). One month after surgery, FT3, FT4 levels in two groups were lower than those before surgery, TSH levels were higher than those before surgery, and FT3, FT4 and TSH levels in the study group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). On the first day after surgery, IL-6, TNF-α and CRP in both groups were higher than those before surgery, but those in the study group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). On the first day after surgery, CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ in both groups were lower than those before surgery, and CD8+ were higher than those before surgery, but the levels of CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, and the level of CD8+ was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The total effective rate of the study group was higher than that of the control group, and the complication rate and recurrence rate were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Microwave ablation can effectively improve the perioperative conditions related to menopausal patients with benign thyroid nodules, with minimal impact on thyroid function, the procedure also has a low rate of complications and recurrence, and the prognosis is favorable.
[Key words] Microwave ablation Traditional open thyroid surgery Benign thyroid nodule Prognosis Recurrence
First-author's address: Fourth Department of Surgery, the Third People's Hospital of Jiujiang City, Jiujiang 332000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.26.016
甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)在臨床疾病中較為常見,多發(fā)生于女性,臨床可單發(fā)、多發(fā),且具有較高的甲狀腺癌進(jìn)展率。甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)臨床發(fā)病率逐年升高,且發(fā)病趨于年輕,對(duì)患者生活影響較大[1-2]。甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)臨床主要表現(xiàn)為短期內(nèi)明顯增大,產(chǎn)生局部壓迫,并導(dǎo)致患者聲音嘶啞、發(fā)音困難,結(jié)節(jié)具有不規(guī)則性狀,且臨床質(zhì)地硬,若患者甲狀腺超聲檢查出現(xiàn)微小鈣化、結(jié)節(jié)邊緣不規(guī)則、結(jié)節(jié)內(nèi)血流信號(hào)紊亂則提示結(jié)節(jié)向惡性發(fā)展[3]。多數(shù)患者甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)屬于良性病變,實(shí)施手術(shù)治療可實(shí)現(xiàn)較理想的效果,對(duì)該類患者給予傳統(tǒng)開放式甲狀腺手術(shù)治療,可顯著減輕臨床癥狀,但術(shù)后瘢痕較明顯[4]。使用微波消融術(shù)治療,對(duì)甲狀腺功能的影響較小、創(chuàng)傷較小,且發(fā)生并發(fā)癥的概率較低等特征,安全性較高,在臨床上其療效受到較充分的認(rèn)可[5]。在本文研究中,主要探究微波消融術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)開放式甲狀腺手術(shù)對(duì)絕經(jīng)期甲狀腺良性結(jié)節(jié)患者預(yù)后復(fù)發(fā)的影響,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2019年1月—2022年10月九江市第三人民醫(yī)院接診的168例絕經(jīng)期甲狀腺良性結(jié)節(jié)患者作為研究對(duì)象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):均符合甲狀腺良性結(jié)節(jié)的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);經(jīng)彩超、CT確診為甲狀腺良性結(jié)節(jié),直徑≤3 cm,位于甲狀腺中下極;處在絕經(jīng)期;甲狀腺功能正常;符合手術(shù)相關(guān)指征。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):惡性病變;伴有甲狀腺惡性腫瘤、甲狀腺囊腫等癥狀;存在心、腎等臟器功能障礙;高危臨床病史;卵巢功能早衰、卵巢腫瘤;伴有血液疾??;甲功及甲狀腺自身抗體障礙。按照手術(shù)方式將患者分為對(duì)照組及研究組,各84例。本研究經(jīng)九江市第三人民醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者及家屬知情同意本研究。
1.2 方法
研究組采用微波消融術(shù)治療,患者呈伸臥位,消毒、鋪巾,完成麻醉后,經(jīng)彩超探及甲狀腺右葉與高低不等回聲,大小約為3 cm×2 cm,邊界較為清晰,形態(tài)相對(duì)規(guī)則,確認(rèn)腫物周邊的范圍,先在右側(cè)甲狀腺外包膜的邊緣輸注范圍約為1 cm的生理鹽水的隔離帶,于腫物的遠(yuǎn)端包膜處進(jìn)入消融針,對(duì)腫瘤組織進(jìn)行逐層消融,直到對(duì)腫瘤組織完全消融,取碘伏給予消毒,用無菌敷料進(jìn)行覆蓋。對(duì)照組采用傳統(tǒng)開放式甲狀腺手術(shù)治療,麻醉方式及體位與研究組相同,在患者胸骨切跡的上方約2 cm位置行長(zhǎng)6~8 cm的橫向切口,確定喉返神經(jīng)后,將其甲狀腺被膜、頸深筋膜、頸闊肌等組織進(jìn)行逐層分離,并按患者病灶的實(shí)際狀況,對(duì)其實(shí)施部分或全部甲狀腺切除術(shù),后送檢患者的病理組織,獲得確診后,留置引流管,最后將患者的切口進(jìn)行逐層縫合。兩組術(shù)后均實(shí)施常規(guī)的抗感染治療。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.3.1 手術(shù)情況 觀察兩組術(shù)中出血量、手術(shù)時(shí)間、切口長(zhǎng)度、術(shù)后引流量。
1.3.2 甲狀腺功能指標(biāo) 分別于術(shù)前抽取患者清晨空腹靜脈血3 mL,離心10 min(3 000 r/min,半徑為5 cm),分離上層血清,-80 ℃保存。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法檢測(cè)兩組甲狀腺功能指標(biāo)、炎癥因子水平;實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟:將游離三碘甲狀腺原氨酸(FT3)、血清游離甲狀腺素(FT4)、促甲狀腺激素(TSH)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品稀釋,倒入EP管,后加入FT3、FT4、TSH、IL-6、TNF-α、CRP標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品,混勻,后將其倒入空白孔中,室溫下孵育90 min,在孔中加入洗滌緩沖液,重復(fù)清洗,后加入50 μL FT3、FT4、TSH、IL-6、TNF-α、CRP抗體,室溫下孵育60 min,加入洗滌緩沖液,重復(fù)清洗,加入100 μL SP結(jié)合液,封孔,室溫下孵育45 min,加入洗滌緩沖液,重復(fù)清洗,后加入100 μL TMB顯色液,450 mm、570 mm下測(cè)定OD值,查出FT3、FT4、TSH、IL-6、TNF-α、CRP水平。術(shù)后1 d再次檢測(cè)IL-6、TNF-α、CRP水平,術(shù)后1個(gè)月檢測(cè)FT3、FT4、TSH。
1.3.3 免疫功能指標(biāo) 術(shù)前、術(shù)后1 d采用上海然哲儀器設(shè)備有限公司的流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)兩組CD4+、CD8+水平,并計(jì)算CD4+/CD8+比值。
1.3.4 治療效果 其中顯效為癥狀基本消失,身體恢復(fù);有效為癥狀有所減輕,身體好轉(zhuǎn);無效為未達(dá)到上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn),病情甚至加重、惡化;治療總有效率=(顯效+有效)例數(shù)/總例數(shù)×100%。
1.3.5 并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及復(fù)發(fā)率 統(tǒng)計(jì)兩組聲音嘶啞、皮下積液、喉返神經(jīng)損傷、甲狀腺功能低下等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。進(jìn)行1年隨訪,觀察術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率,復(fù)發(fā)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):通過細(xì)針穿刺活檢或二次手術(shù)后的病理學(xué)檢查確診新病灶或異常淋巴結(jié)中存在癌細(xì)胞。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
本研究數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析和處理,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,采用字2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組基線資料比較
研究組年齡45~80歲,平均(58.98±10.47)歲;病程9~42個(gè)月,平均(27.23±16.88)個(gè)月。對(duì)照組年齡45~80歲,平均(58.70±10.42)歲;病程8~45個(gè)月,平均(28.18±18.83)個(gè)月。兩組基線資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),有可比性。
2.2 兩組手術(shù)情況比較
研究組術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后引流量均少于對(duì)照組,手術(shù)時(shí)間、切口長(zhǎng)度均短于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
2.3 兩組甲狀腺功能指標(biāo)比較
術(shù)前,兩組甲狀腺功能指標(biāo)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后1個(gè)月,兩組FT3、FT4水平均低于術(shù)前,TSH水平均高于術(shù)前,且研究組FT3、FT4和TSH水平均高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.4 兩組炎癥因子水平比較
術(shù)前,兩組炎癥因子水平比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后1 d,兩組IL-6、TNF-α、CRP均高于術(shù)前,但研究組均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
2.5 兩組免疫功能指標(biāo)比較
術(shù)前,兩組免疫功能指標(biāo)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后1 d,兩組CD4+和CD4+/CD8+均低于術(shù)前,CD8+均高于術(shù)前,但觀察組術(shù)后CD4+和CD4+/CD8+水平均高于對(duì)照組,CD8+水平低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表4。
2.6 兩組治療效果比較
研究組治療總有效率高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=4.987,P=0.026),見表5。
2.7 兩組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、復(fù)發(fā)率比較
研究組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率均低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=6.908,P=0.009),見表6。研究組復(fù)發(fā)率為1.23%(1/81),低于對(duì)照組的10.96%(8/73),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=6.598,P=0.010)。
3 討論
甲狀腺良性結(jié)節(jié)在內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)中屬于常見病和多發(fā)病,隨著疾病的發(fā)展,病灶體積不斷增大,可導(dǎo)致吞咽困難、局部疼痛,并增加惡變風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[6-7]。在甲狀腺的治療中常采用手術(shù)治療,但手術(shù)治療會(huì)對(duì)甲狀旁腺造成損害,損傷喉返神經(jīng)[8]。甲狀腺切除術(shù)是臨床上常用于甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)治療中的外科手術(shù)之一,切除部分甲狀腺,可維持所需的生理功能,但不適用于有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、手術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)及彌漫性甲狀腺青年患者等[9-10]。在高小鵬等[11]研究中,傳統(tǒng)開放式甲狀腺手術(shù)在手術(shù)期間可充分顯露病灶部位,手術(shù)操作者進(jìn)行手術(shù)較為方便,但患者手術(shù)過程中出血量較多,而對(duì)于耐受手術(shù)程度較差的患者而言,該手術(shù)有較大風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且術(shù)后可能會(huì)留有較顯著的瘢痕,對(duì)美觀性有嚴(yán)重影響,與本文研究結(jié)果“對(duì)照組術(shù)中出血量大于研究組,切口長(zhǎng)度長(zhǎng)于研究組”一致。應(yīng)用微波消融術(shù)可有效減少手術(shù)時(shí)間,縮短手術(shù)切口,避免手術(shù)瘢痕,且可判斷出患者的準(zhǔn)確位置,進(jìn)行穿刺,使其結(jié)節(jié)處病灶壞死,且手術(shù)處理較簡(jiǎn)便,避免了對(duì)血管進(jìn)行結(jié)扎等步驟,可有助于縮減手術(shù)所用時(shí)間[12-13]。在高靜等[14]研究中,微波消融術(shù)可經(jīng)熱量實(shí)施,使病灶產(chǎn)生凝固性壞死,有效促進(jìn)術(shù)后恢復(fù),改善病情,且由于該手術(shù)是在患者的皮膚處扎入微波針實(shí)施手術(shù)操作,可降低手術(shù)瘢痕,以達(dá)到患者對(duì)美容效果的需求,并降低對(duì)患者甲狀腺組織的損害程度,減少對(duì)患者分泌功能的影響,可作為臨床對(duì)甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)治療的最佳選擇,與本文研究中結(jié)果一致。
手術(shù)可對(duì)機(jī)體造成一定程度損傷,病原體會(huì)借助手術(shù)切口進(jìn)入患者體內(nèi),造成炎癥反應(yīng),機(jī)體內(nèi)炎癥反應(yīng)主要通過炎癥因子水平變化反映,其中IL-6、TNF-α、CRP為常見的炎癥因子指標(biāo)。IL-6是由成纖維細(xì)胞分泌,在正常人體內(nèi)水平較低,但在手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷等應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下水平顯著升高;TNF-α生物活性復(fù)雜,在炎癥反應(yīng)、免疫調(diào)控、腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)等方面均具有一定作用[15-16]。在趙掌團(tuán)等[17]研究中,IL-6、TNF-α、CRP是促炎癥因子若其水平升高則會(huì)起到促炎作用,加劇其對(duì)機(jī)體的損傷,在臨床上可作為機(jī)體受損程度的重要指標(biāo)。在李嫚等[18]研究中,CRP是一種急性蛋白,感染的發(fā)生可使其表達(dá)水平升高,促進(jìn)IL-6、TNF-α等炎癥因子產(chǎn)生,加劇炎癥反應(yīng)。在本文研究中,研究組的炎癥因子水平均低于對(duì)照組,說明微波消融術(shù)可有效降低絕經(jīng)期甲狀腺良性結(jié)節(jié)患者體內(nèi)炎癥反應(yīng),緩解機(jī)體損傷程度。
T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群可對(duì)機(jī)體免疫功能進(jìn)行反應(yīng),其中免疫細(xì)胞亞群表達(dá)升高,可導(dǎo)致免疫系統(tǒng)紊亂,促使機(jī)體發(fā)生損傷[19]。臨床進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療,可對(duì)病灶周圍組織造成一定的損傷,導(dǎo)致機(jī)體應(yīng)激反應(yīng),使炎癥因子釋放速度加快,并抑制免疫功能,提高并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,抑制術(shù)后恢復(fù)[20-21]。在李陽等[22]研究中,手術(shù)會(huì)降低患者免疫功能指標(biāo),導(dǎo)致免疫功能抑制。本文研究顯示,研究組免疫功能較好,說明微波消融術(shù)對(duì)絕經(jīng)期甲狀腺良性結(jié)節(jié)患者的免疫功能影響較小,在一定程度上可促進(jìn)切口愈合,緩解免疫功能,降低并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。
綜上所述,使用微波消融術(shù)對(duì)絕經(jīng)期甲狀腺良性結(jié)節(jié)治療可有助于緩解患者臨床癥狀,減輕炎癥反應(yīng),促進(jìn)甲狀腺功能恢復(fù),增強(qiáng)免疫功能,改善預(yù)后。
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(收稿日期:2024-02-03) (本文編輯:馬嬌)